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PubMed2006

The relation between dimensions of attachment and internalizing or externalizing problems during adolescence.

The authors examined the relation between dimensions of attachment and internalizing and externalizing problems in 15- to 16-year-old adolescents (n = 62) who completed the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; J. Feeney, P. Noller, & M. Hanrahan, 1994) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR; T. M. Achenbach, 1991). In total, the ASQ dimensions accounted for 48% of the variance in scores on the broad YSR internalizing problem scale. Three ASQ dimensions (confidence, discomfort with closeness, preoccupation with relationships) accounted for unique variance. Girls exhibited higher problem scores than did boys even when the authors considered ASQ scores. The authors observed comparable results for the anxious/depressed subscales. The confidence, discomfort, and preoccupation dimensions predicted scores on the withdrawn subscale. The authors observed weak relations or no relations between results on the ASQ and the externalizing problems scale. In conclusion, dimensions of attachment are powerful predictors of internalizing problems in adolescents. The authors discussed the potential cause and effect relationship between attachment variables and self-reported problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures.

Three studies explored the effects of subliminal threat on the activation of representations of attachment figures. This accessibility was measured in a lexical decision task and a Stroop task following threat- or neutral-word primes, and was compared with the accessibility of representations of other close persons, known but not close persons, and unknown persons. Participants also reported on their attachment style. Threat primes led to increased accessibility of representations of attachment figures. This effect was specific to attachment figures and was replicated across tasks and experiments. Attachment anxiety heightened accessibility of representations of attachment figures even in neutral contexts, whereas attachment avoidance inhibited this activation when the threat prime was the word separation. These effects were not, explained by trait anxiety. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of attachment-system activation in adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychophysiology in attachment interviews: converging evidence for deactivating strategies.

By asking the subject to consider a host of potentially threatening attachment-related issues, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) allows an assessment of different strategies for regulating the attachment system. These strategies can be assessed along the 2 dimensions of security/anxiety and deactivation/hyperactivation. The greatest inferential leaps may be in characterizing strategies as deactivating. For example, individuals using deactivating strategies often report extremely positive relationships with parents, display restricted recall of attachment memories, and play down the significance of early attachment experiences. If these descriptive features are guided by a strategy that requires diverting attention from attachment information, subjects employing this strategy should experience conflict or inhibition during the Attachment Interview. In the present study, skin conductance levels were monitored for 50 college students during a baseline period and throughout the Attachment Interview. Subjects employing deactivating strategies showed marked increases in skin conductance levels from baseline to questions asking them to recall experiences of separation, rejection, and threat from parents. This finding supports the notion that individuals employing deactivating attachment strategies experience conflict or inhibition during the Attachment Interview.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A comparison of chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis: acceptability of procedure and maternal attachment to pregnancy.

Sixty-one women with high-risk pregnancies participated in a clinical trial comparing chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis. They were assessed initially on five background measures and maternal attachment to the fetus, then were randomly assigned to either chorionic villi sampling or an amniocentesis group. Women were further assessed for maternal attachment three times during pregnancy. During the final assessment, those who were planning future pregnancies were asked which of the two procedures they would prefer. No differences between groups were found on any of the five background measures. All 31 women who considered future pregnancies indicated a preference for chorionic villi sampling, regardless of the procedure they underwent during the study. Women receiving chorionic villi sampling reported significantly greater attachment during the second trimester than did women receiving amniocentesis, who viewed themselves as being less attached than other pregnant women during this period. The findings were interpreted as evidence for attachment suppression among women undergoing amniocentesis.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paternal attachment behavior as related to presence at delivery and preparenthood classes: a pilot study.

This pilot study explored father-infant attachment and its relationship to preparenthood classes, presence at delivery, and infant state. The sample consisted of 48 fathers and their infants who were observed in the mother's hospital room between 12 and 72 hours after delivery. The fathers were divided into three groups: those who took classes and were present at delivery, those who were present at delivery but did not take classes, and those who neither took classes nor were present at delivery. Fathers who were present at delivery demonstrated more social attachment behavior than fathers who were not present. Also, presence at delivery was significant in regard to total attachment scores. Sleeping infants elicited significantly less attachment behavior from fathers. Preparenthood classes were not significant in regard to fathers' attachment behavior. Results of this study support the theory of a sensitive period shortly after birth for the development of the parental-infant bond for fathers as well as mothers, and demonstrates, indirectly, that alert, awake infants may elicit certain attachment behaviors from fathers.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attachment and panic disorder.

A dysfunctional relationship between parents and children can influence cognitive and emotional development and contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders, particularly panic disorder (PD). With the aim of exploring childhood experiences of parenting in PD patients, we compared subjectively perceived climate and objective recall by administering the Parental Bonding Instrument and 10 adjunctive items to 22 out-patients and 22 matched controls. Our analysis showed that DSM-III-R-diagnosed PD patients reported their parents to be significantly less caring than did the control group, while there was no significant difference in objective recall of parenting experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of positioning errors on magnification factors in the mandible in digital panorama imaging].

Magnification factors (VF) in relation to various head positions were evaluated for a digital panoramic radiography machine (Orthophos DS, Sirona) by means of a dry skull phantom. Six metallic objects were attached to the facial layer of the mandible. A set of 170 digital radiographs (program 1) was produced, with defined positioning errors within the vertical and horizontal plane. Repeated digital measurements of the object images were performed by one reader, applying the mouse-driven measurement tool integrated in the proprietary software. In addition, the central layer of the radiographic device was experimentally determined and its location compared to that of the accurately positioned dry mandible. All objects were located on the outside of the central layer of minimum distortion and therefore placed towards the sensor. One- and two-way analysis of variance was applied for the statistical evaluation of the data, with VF as dependent variable and the positions as factors, respectively. Vertical inclinations of the skull affected horizontal VF only in the premolar region (p = 0.0069). However, when the skull was rotated within the horizontal plane, VF was significantly influenced in all anatomical regions of the mandible (p = 0.0001). This was particularly obvious in the premolar region, with a maximum variation of 10.3%. Fluctuations of VF were more pronounced in the premolar region than at the mandibular angle. We conclude from this study that, as expected, digital panoramic radiographs exhibit identical distortion effects as compared to conventional panoramic x-rays. Exact quantification of regional magnification requires (spherical) reference objects with known dimensions. Horizontal magnification is quite unreliable and far less reproducible than vertical magnification. Whenever several panoramic radiographs of one patient are to be compared quantitatively, accurate positioning of the patients' head is a necessary prerequisite.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2000

The development of attachment in new relationships: single subject analyses for 10 foster infants.

This paper presents single-subject analyses of newly developing attachment relationships in 10 foster infant-caregiver dyads. Using a diary methodology, at least 2 months of daily data were provided by foster parents on infants' attachment behaviors. Foster infant attachment was also assessed using the Strange Situation. Foster mother state of mind regarding attachment was measured using the Adult Attachment Interview. For eight infants, diary data revealed predominant patterns of attachment behavior emerging within 2 months of placement. In most cases, diary data predicted Strange Situation classifications. Both Strange Situation and diary data indicated that the three children placed in foster care before 12 months of age with foster parents having primary or secondary autonomous states of mind were classified as having secure attachments. The five children placed after 12 months of age showed predominantly insecure attachment behavior in the diary and were classified as insecure in the Strange Situation. Contingency analyses of behavioral sequences reported in the diary revealed that foster parents tended to complement their foster childrens' attachment behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Toward the next quarter-century: conceptual and methodological challenges for attachment theory.

Attachment theory and research have offered fundamental insights into early sociopersonality development for the past quarter-century. As its scope expands throughout the life course with applications to developmental psychopathology, however, attachment work faces important conceptual and methodological challenges. These include (a) expanding Bowlby's theoretical formulations to address developmental changes in the nature of attachment organization beyond infancy, the converging influence of multiple attachment relationships, and the nature and development of internal working models: (b) systematically validating assessments of attachment security for older ages in the context of enhanced theoretical understanding of how attachment itself changes with age; (c) new methodological approaches to understanding the relations between attachment and later behavior in light of empirical evidence of stability and change in attachment security and the need for explicit theoretical predictions of the sequelae of attachment security; and (d) more complex conceptualizations of the associations among attachment, contextual risk, and later behavior. These are similar to the challenges facing the original pioneers of attachment theory and research, suggesting that familiar problems must now be reconsidered against the landscape of new applications of attachment work and the insights of contemporary developmental science.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Environmental influences on neural plasticity, the limbic system, emotional development and attachment: a review.

The effects of early environmental influences on neural plasticity, the limbic system, and social and emotional development are reviewed and an illustrative case study is briefly discussed. Deprived or abnormal rearing conditions induce severe disturbance in all aspects of social and emotional functioning, and effect the growth and survival of dendrites, axons, synapses, interneurons, neurons, and glia. The amygdala, cingulate, and septal nuclei develop at different rates which correlate with the emergence of wariness, fear, selective attachments, play behavior, and the oral and phallic stages of development. These immature limbic nuclei are "experience-expectant," and may be differentially injured depending on the age at which they suffer deprivation. The medial amygdala and later the cingulate and septal nuclei are the most vulnerable during the first three years of life. If denied sufficient stimulation these nuclei may atrophy, develop seizure-like activity or maintain or form abnormal synaptic interconnections, resulting in social withdrawal, pathological shyness, explosive and inappropriate emotionality, and an inability to form normal emotional attachments.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2006

Introduction to the special section on attachment theory and psychotherapy.

In this introduction to the special section on attachment theory and psychotherapy, the editors briefly describe the key points of attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980) and its relevance to psychotherapy. They then outline their criteria for the selection of papers and briefly describe their emphasis. The aim of this section is to present novel and thought-provoking research that highlights the ways attachment theory principles contribute to understanding psychotherapy practice and outcome. It was the editors' goal to ensure breadth of coverage in terms of specific problems, range of populations, and types of treatments represented and to emphasize attachment-based treatments and outcomes. ((c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Attachment theory and group processes: the association between attachment style and group-related representations, goals, memories, and functioning.

Four studies examined attachment-style differences in group-related cognitions and behaviors. In Studies 1-2, participants completed scales on group-related cognitions and emotions. In Studies 3-4, participants were divided into small groups, and their performance in group tasks as well as the cohesion of their group were assessed. Both attachment anxiety and avoidance in close relationships were associated with negative group-related cognitions and emotions. Anxiety was also related to the pursuit of closeness goals and impaired instrumental performance in group tasks. Avoidance was related to the pursuit of distance goals and deficits in socioemotional and instrumental performance. Group cohesion significantly moderated the effects of attachment anxiety. The discussion emphasizes the relevance of attachment theory within group contexts.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attachment, self-esteem, worldviews, and terror management: evidence for a tripartite security system.

On the basis of prior work integrating attachment theory and terror management theory, the authors propose a model of a tripartite security system consisting of dynamically interrelated attachment, self-esteem, and worldview processes. Four studies are presented that, combined with existing evidence, support the prediction derived from the model that threats to one component of the security system result in compensatory defensive activation of other components. Further, the authors predicted and found that individual differences in attachment style moderate the defenses. In Studies 1 and 2, attachment threats motivated worldview defense among anxiously attached participants and motivated self-enhancement (especially among avoidant participants), effects similar to those caused by mortality salience. In Studies 3 and 4, a worldview threat and a self-esteem threat caused attachment-related proximity seeking among fearful participants and avoidance of proximity among dismissing participants. The authors' model provides an overarching framework within which to study attachment, self-esteem, and worldviews.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: a meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview.

About a decade ago, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985) was developed to explore parents' mental representations of attachment as manifested in language during discourse of childhood experiences. The AAI was intended to predict the quality of the infant-parent attachment relationship, as observed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation, and to predict parents' responsiveness to their infants' attachment signals. The current meta-analysis examined the available evidence with respect to these predictive validity issues. In regard to the 1st issue, the 18 available samples (N = 854) showed a combined effect size of 1.06 in the expected direction for the secure vs. insecure split. For a portion of the studies, the percentage of correspondence between parents' mental representation of attachment and infants' attachment security could be computed (the resulting percentage was 75%; kappa = .49, n = 661). Concerning the 2nd issue, the 10 samples (N = 389) that were retrieved showed a combined effect size of .72 in the expected direction. According to conventional criteria, the effect sizes are large. It was concluded that although the predictive validity of the AAI is a replicated fact, there is only partial knowledge of how attachment representations are transmitted (the transmission gap).

Adult↗