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PubMed1994

Soluble CD antigen (cytokine) expression in various hyperthyroid states and use in the assessment of propylthiouracil treatment.

The soluble CD antigens sCD8, sCD23, and sCD25 are increased in untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism. These levels remain elevated when euthyroidism is established in response to propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy but decrease to control values after PTU treatment is discontinued, when euthyroidism has been established and maintained. Neither sCD8 nor sCD23 are elevated in patients with euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy nor in the hyperthyroid phase of subacute thyroiditis. sCD25 is increased to an intermediate degree in these disorders. Soluble CD8 > or = 450 U/ml is sensitive, specific, and predictive of PTU success as sole therapy or need for definitive therapy in untreated and PTU-treated Graves' hyperthyroidism, exceeding the predictive values of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody, and T3 radioimmunoassay.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Propylthiouracil treatment decreases the susceptibility to oxygen radical-induced lung damage in newborn rats exposed to prolonged hyperoxia.

In newborn rats, antenatal thyroid stimulation with thyroid-releasing hormone is associated with developmental decreases in pulmonary antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased survival rates during prolonged hyperoxic exposure, with pathologic evidence of increased O2-induced lung damage. Propylthiouracil (PTU), in addition to its antithyroid effects, reportedly has antioxidant properties. To explore possible pulmonary protective effects from both the antithyroid and antioxidant properties of PTU, we administered PTU (0.015%) in drinking water to timed-pregnant rats for the final 10 d of gestation and during lactation; control rats received untreated water. The survival rate of the PTU-treated pups when placed in more than 95% O2 at birth was consistently higher at all time periods in hyperoxia from 6 d [PTU, 81 of 81 (100%); control pups, 70 of 84 (83%); p < 0.01] to 14 d [PTU, 41 of 53 (77%); control pups = 14 of 56 (25%); p < 0.01]. Further evidence of increased tolerance to more than 95% O2 in PTU pups included a significant decrease in the incidence of microscopic intraalveolar edema, decreased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), and a significant increase in lung tissue surfactant-related phospholipids compared with O2-exposed control pups. No differences were present in lung structural maturation, antioxidant enzyme activity response to hyperoxia, or lung tissue O2 radical formation in more than 95% O2. We conclude that PTU treatment has important postnatal effects that protect newborn rats against oxidant-induced lung injury and lethality during hyperoxia, which may be related to PTU inhibition of thyroid hormone production, effect on O2 metabolism, or its direct antioxidant properties.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Transfer of phospholipids and cholesterol from triglyceride-rich emulsions to HDL in rats treated with alloxan, propylthiouracil or ethanol.

1. The transfer of lipids that constitute the surface of lipoprotein particles, phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol, from chylomicrons and VLDL to other lipoproteins, mainly HDL, was examined. 2. Emulsions known to mimic the metabolism of chylomicrons labeled with [3H]-phosphatidylcholine, [14C]-cholesterol or [3H]-triolein were injected through a cannula implanted into the carotid artery of male Wistar rats weighing 280-350 g. Plasma clearance of the radioactively labeled emulsion lipid constituents and transfer of surface lipids from the emulsions to native HDL and LDL were measured in plasma samples collected at 2-min intervals during 10 min. 3. The transfer was measured in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes (single intraperitoneal dose, 140 mg/kg body weight) or with propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism (0.1% v/v in drinking water for 30 days), or given ethanol (20% in drinking water) for a period of 30 days, and in control rats. 4. The entry of emulsion phospholipids into the HDL fraction was not affected by the different treatments (controls: 9.3 +/- 0.6% of injected radioactivity, N = 8; diabetes: 12.5 +/- 2.4%, N = 9; hypothyroidism: 10.9 +/- 0.9%, N = 13; ethanol: 7.8 +/- 0.9%, N = 5). However, phospholipid transfer to the LDL fraction was increased in diabetes (10.0 +/- 2.3%) and hypothyroidism (12.1 +/- 1.3%) compared to controls (6.7 +/- 0.9%). Transfer of unesterified cholesterol from the emulsions to LDL and HDL was increased in both diabetic and hypothyroid rats (controls, LDL: 1.6 +/- 0.6%, HDL: 2.5 +/- 0.6, N = 5; diabetes, LDL: 5.3 +/- 1.2, HDL: 8.4 +/- 2.1 N = 5; hypothyroidism, LDL: 4.0 +/- 0.6, HDL: 3.6 +/- 0.4, N = 8). In ethanol-treated rats, transfer of surface lipids was similar to controls.

Alloxan↗

PubMed1993

Effect of pre- and postnatal propylthiouracil administration on the propagation of cortical spreading depression of adult rats.

The effect of treatment with propylthiouracil early in life (PTU; 8 mg k-1 day-1, ip, from day 17 of gestation to postnatal day 42) on the susceptibility of the cerebral cortex to spreading depression (SD) was studied in 13 adult Wistar rats (90-100 days of age). Ten animals injected with Ringer solution served as control. Adult PTU-treated rats displayed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight (mean +/- SD: 139.9 +/- 28.9 g vs 304.9 +/- 42.8 g) as well as wet brain weight (1.39 +/- 0.12 g vs 1.86 +/- 0.13 g) and dry brain weight (247.3 +/- 24.2 mg vs 359.4 +/- 30.1 mg). Their thyroid glands presented histological changes indicative of hypofunction and SD velocity of propagation was significantly reduced all along the 6 h of the recording session (mean +/- SD ranges: 1.90 +/- 0.46 to 2.52 +/- 0.68 mm/min vs 3.49 +/- 0.57 to 3.71 +/- 0.55 mm/min). The results indicate that PTU early in life was effective in producing hypothyroidism and that in this situation cortical susceptibility to SD is impaired.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Propylthiouracil-induced fulminant hepatitis: case report and review of the literature.

Propylthiouracil (PTU), a thyroid hormone inhibitor, is widely used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Rarely, the drug has been associated with severe hepatotoxicity. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who developed jaundice and profound liver dysfunction with rapid progression to metabolic encephalopathy while receiving PTU therapy. She died despite extensive therapeutic measures including orthotopic liver transplantation. Her rapid clinical course and fatal outcome show that in spite of regular monitoring, severe, rare, rapidly occurring complications of PTU therapy may still occur.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[A case of Grave's disease with MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis during propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy following interstitial pneumonitis].

A 68-year-old man who developed MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis during propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment is reported. In 1986, he was diagnosed as having interstitial pneumonitis. Although he tested positive for antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor, he had no symptoms and was followed up without therapy. Five years later, the diagnosis of Graves's disease was made after complaints of body weight loss, diplopia and exophthalmos. Tests showed positivity for anti-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibody, antithyroidperoxidase antibody and antithyroglobulin antibody. He was treated with PTU and prednisolone for four years. In November 1995, hematuria and proteinuria developed, and renal function deteriorated rapidly. A renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis and the serum titer of MPO-ANCA was markedly elevated. He was treated with a high dose of prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. Although the serum creatinine level gradually decreased, irreversible renal dysfunction persisted. In this patient, the presence of various autoantibodies had been recognized for several years before MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis developed. Polyclonal B-cell activation and PTU treatment may have played a role in the pathogenesis of MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in liver biochemical tests at diagnosis and after propylthiouracil therapy for hyperthyroidism.

We investigated liver biochemical tests at diagnosis and after a 6-week treatment with propylthiouracil (PTU) in forty-three patients with hyperthyroidism. At diagnosis, 60.5% of the patients had at least one liver biochemical abnormality. Elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels were observed in 19 (44.2%). 10 (23.3%), 6 (14%) and 6 (14%) of the patients, respectively. After 6-week treatment with PTU, seven (16.3%) patients developed subclinical hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by elevation of ALT levels. Age, sex, type of goiter (either diffuse or multinodular) and presence or absence of abnormal liver biochemical tests at diagnosis were not significant in determining the possibility of the development of hepatotoxicity. These data suggest that liver biochemical test abnormalities are frequently observed in hyperthyroid. However, presence or absence of these abnormalities do not indicate to the development of subclinical hepatoxicity during 6-week PTU therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Propylthiouracil-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies.

We present a case study of a 52-year-old female patient with hyperthyroidism which had been diagnosed at the age of 35. However, the malfunction of thyroid had been poorly controlled. Thyroid function was returning to normal after the administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) 300 mg/day, however purpura appeared in both lower extremities. Renal function deteriorated rapidly, and the patient was admitted to our hospital. According to the biopsies, leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the skin was apparent, and crescent formation was observed in the glomerulus. Serological examination revealed positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3 (Pr3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Antinuclear autoantibody was positive. After cessation of PTU and administration of prednisolone, the purpura disappeared and ANCA were becoming negative. Renal function recovered gradually. Thyroid function was kept within normal range using iodine solution. Thus, it is strongly suggested that PTU-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with ANCA.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗

PubMed1997

[A case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis induced by propylthiouracil (PTU)].

We have experienced a case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-related glomerulonephritis induced by propylthiouracil (PTU). A 45-year-old female had been treated with PTU for 4 years after the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. She was referred to out hospital because of abrupt macroscopic hematuria and moderate proteinuria after several days of upper respiratory tract infection. On admission, her laboratory findings showed deterioration of renal function. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis without deposition of immune complexes. Her serology was found to be MPO-ANCA-positive and cytoplasmic-ANCA-negative. Based of these findings, we diagnosed idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis. Following the initiation of steroid pulse therapy, her urinary protein excretion and renal function gradually improved in parallel with a decrease in the MPO-ANCA titer. Although steroid therapy effectively responded to their renal function without the withdrawal of PTU, it seems that PTU may be closely associated with the development of (MPO-ANCA)-related glomerulonephritis in this case. Therefore, hyperthyroidism patients treated with PTU should be paced under vigilant observation by monitoring their urinalysis and serum creatinine level.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗

PubMed1996

[The effects of propylthiouracil on the fetal thyroid and serum concentration in pregnant women].

In order to study the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on the fetal thyroid and serum concentration, 9 women undergoing therapeutic abortion at the second trimester of pregnancy were given a single dose of 50, 100 and 150 mg PTU respectively. The concentrations of PTU in the maternal and fetal serum and those in the fetal thyroid tissues were determined with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method, the lowest limit of which was 25 micrograms/L. After an oral bolus of PTU, the PTU concentrations in the maternal serum reached a peak level after one hour and there was a wide individual variation of the peak value. The study showed PTU could be transferred through the placenta from the maternal blood to the fetal blood and highly accumulated in the fetal thyroid tissues. The fetal serum PTU concentrations correlated with those of their mothers at the same time (r = 0.7084, P < 0.02) and the concentrations in the fetal thyroid tissues could be evaluated by the maternal serum peak level after an oral bolus. PTU didn't inhibit the fetal thyroid peroxidase activity even when the maternal serum PTU concentration reached 4 mg/L, which is the lowest effective therapeutic concentration of PTU in adults.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[MPO-ANCA related vasculitis with pulmonary hemorrhage during propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy].

We described a case of pulmonary hemorrhage associated with myeloperoxidase-antineurophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA) without renal involvement during propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. A 36-years old female was admitted to our hospital because of progressive dyspnea with hemosputum after flu-like symptom and episcleritis. She had been receiving PTU for three years to Graves' disease. On admission her chest Xp showed bilateral massive infiltrative shadow and bronchofiberscopy demonstrated pulmonary hemorrhage. MPO-ANCA and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies were positive, but she had normal urinalysis and normal renal function. After withdraw of PTU, pulmonary hemorrhage disappeared. But 15 days later pulmonary hemorrhage recurred associated with high MPO-ANCA titer. Corticosteroid bolus therapy and oral cyclophasphamide administration improved pulmonary hemorrhage, and MPO-ANCA titer also decreased. It is suggested that MPO-ANCA and PTU might be closely related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hemorrhage in this case.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effect of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism on the onset of skeletal muscle necrosis in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice.

1. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are X-linked disorders caused by defects in muscle dystrophin. The mdx mouse is an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy which has a point mutation in the dystrophin gene, resulting in little (<3%) or no expression of dystrophin in muscle. Mdx mice show a characteristic pattern of muscle necrosis and regeneration. Muscles are normal until the third postnatal week when widespread necrosis commences. This is followed by muscle regeneration, with the persistence of centrally nucleated fibres. 2. This work has examined the hypothesis that the onset of this muscle necrosis is associated with postnatal maturation of the thyroid endocrine system and that pharmacological inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis delays the onset of muscle necrosis. 3. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations of mice were found to rise immediately before the onset of muscle necrosis in the mdx mouse, and induction of hypothyroidism by treatment of animals with propylthiouracil was found to delay the onset of muscle necrosis. 4. The results provide the first demonstration of experimental delay of muscle necrosis by manipulation of the endocrine system in muscle lacking dystrophin, and provide a novel insight into the way in which a lack of dystrophin interacts with postnatal development to precipitate muscle necrosis in the mdx mouse.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Pharmacological effects of propylthiouracil on corticosterone secretion in male rats.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the direct effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on corticosterone secretion both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Male rats were divided into 4 groups and then injected subcutaneously with saline, PTU, PTU plus thyroxine (T4), or T4 once daily for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, rats were decapitated or received adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), intravenously. Zona fasciculata-reticularis (ZFR) cells from normal, saline-, PTU-, PTU plus T4-, or T4-treated rats were incubated with ACTH, forskolin, 8-Br-cAMP, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) +/- PTU (1, 2, or 5 mg/mL) at 37 degrees C for 2 hours. Corticosterone concentrations in plasma and cell media, and 3':5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in ZFR cells were determined by radioimmunoassay. The effects of PTU on the activities of steroidogenic enzymes in ZFR cells were measured by the amounts of intermediate steroidal products separated by thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS: The basal and ACTH-stimulated levels of plasma corticosterone in PTU-treated rats were lower as compared to saline-treated animals. Both basal and ACTH-stimulated corticosterone secretion were inhibited by PTU > 2 mg/mL in rat ZFR cells. The cAMP production induced by forskolin was lower in PTU, PTU plus T4, or T4-treated rats than in saline-treated animals. Chronic administration of PTU or PTU plus T4 inhibited the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21 beta-hydroxylase, and 11 beta-hydroxylase activities. Administration of PTU (1, 2, and 5 mg/mL) suppressed the basal, ACTH, 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, and DOC-stimulated corticosterone secretion in rat ZFR cells. Likewise, PTU > 2 mg/mL inhibited the ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated levels of intracellular cAMP in rat ZFR cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PTU counteracts both basal and ACTH-induced adrenal steroidogenesis through their attenuation of the activity of 11 beta-hydroxylase and cAMP production in rat ZFR cells.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1998

[A pediatric case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic (ANCA)-related crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with propylthiouracil treatment for Graves' disease].

We treated a 13-year-old girl who developed myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-related crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) during propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment for Graves' disease. MPO-ANCA-related crescentic GN during PTU therapy has been described previously in only one recent report of 2 children. We report this case here and describe 15 (13 adult cases) more patients with MPO-ANCA-related GN associated with PTU found in a literature review. The mean age at onset was 41.3 years, and the length of PTU administration ranged from 2 weeks to 6 years (mean 3.5 years). Clinical signs and symptoms were hematuria (100%), proteinuria (100%), arthralgia (7 of 16 cases; 43.8%), fever (4 cases; 20.0%), purpura (2 cases; 12.5%), skin ulcer (1 case; 6.3%) and dyspnea (1 case; 6.3%). These patients were treated with steroid (15 cases; 93.8%), cyclophosphamide (8 cases; 50.0%), steroid pulse therapy (4 cases; 25.0%), or plasma exchange (1 case; 6.3%), or were not treated (1 case; 6.3%). Most patients revealed crescentic GN (15 cases; 93.8%) on renal biopsy, while one exhibited mesangial proliferative GN (6.3%). For 2 of the 16 patients (12.5%) irreversible renal dysfunction persisted and hemodialysis was started. Patients with Graves' disease treated with PTU should be observed carefully by urinalysis and monitoring of the serum creatinine level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Association between 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness and colonic neoplasms.

Inadequate vegetable intake appears to increase colon cancer risk. Since genetic variation in taste influences vegetable preference, we tested associations between bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), a measure of taste genetics, and number of colonic polyps, a measure of colon cancer risk, in 251 men who underwent screening lower endoscopy. Patients used the general Labeled Magnitude Scale to rate bitterness of 1.6 mg PROP delivered via filter paper. A subset of 86 patients reported weekly vegetable intakes, excluding salad or potatoes. PROP bitterness correlated significantly with polyp number, an effect separate from age-associated increases in polyp number. The PROP-polyp relationship was strongest in men over 66 years, and older men with polyps were most likely to be overweight or obese. In the subset reporting vegetable intake, men who tasted PROP as more bitter consumed fewer vegetables. These preliminary findings suggest that taste genetics may influence colon cancer risk, possibly through intake of vegetables.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Understanding creaminess perception of dairy products using free-choice profiling and genetic responsivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil.

Flavor and texture contribute to the perception of creaminess in dairy products, but the nature of this interaction is not well understood. Previous studies on the genetic ability to perceive the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) reveal the existence of individual differences in creaminess perception. The objective of the present study was to use PROP-classified subjects to gain insight into this individual variation to better understand the cues for creaminess in dairy products, and to ascertain the contributions of flavor and texture to the integrated perception of creaminess. Ten nontasters and 10 supertasters of PROP participated in the study. Subjects evaluated nine commercial dairy products using Free-Choice Profiling (FCP), a type of descriptive analysis that allows subjects to rate products on individual lists of descriptors. Generalized Procrustes Analysis was used to develop separate consensus spaces for nontasters and supertasters. The models for both groups accounted for approximately 54% of the variance in the data and were resolved in two dimensions (a dairy flavor/texture axis and a sweet-sour continuum). The products were arranged in a similar pattern along the dimensions in both models. However, nontasters used a limited number of simple terms (sour, sweet, milky and mouthcoating) to describe the products, whereas supertasters used a more complex vocabulary (rich, buttery, creamy, light, grainy, gritty and sandy). The model for nontasters gave equal weight to the sweet-sour and dairy flavor/texture dimensions (28 and 26% variance, respectively); whereas, the model for supertasters relied more heavily on the dairy flavor/texture dimension (34% variance), and less so on the sweet-sour dimension (20% variance). These data suggest that the overall impression of creaminess was similar for nontasters and supertasters, but the cues the two groups used to judge creaminess differed.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Propylthiouracil-induced microscopic polyangiitis.

The use of propylthiouracil (PTU) has been associated with various forms of vasculitis. We herein describe the case of a patient with Grave's disease who, after years of PTU therapy, developed a necrotizing vasculitis with anti-serine protease-3 antibodies. Despite treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, the patient died of intra-alveolar hemorrhage secondary to her vasculitis. Based on the vessel size involved, the organ distribution of pathologic findings, and lack of granulomas, autopsy findings were felt to be more consistent with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) than with her original clinical diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. Her case satisfied both clinical and pathologic criteria for MPA. An MPA diagnosis is important to consider in similar clinical presentations because therapy may just need to be early withdrawal of an inciting drug, such as PTU, and the initiation of corticosteroids without cytotoxic therapy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Bitter receptor gene (TAS2R38), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness and alcohol intake.

BACKGROUND: Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), chemically related compounds, are probes for genetic variation in bitter taste, although PROP is safer with less sulfurous odor. Threshold for PROP distinguishes nontasters (increased threshold) from tasters (lower threshold); perceived intensity subdivides tasters into medium tasters (PROP is bitter) and supertasters (PROP is very bitter). Compared with supertasters, nontasters have fewer taste papillae on the anterior tongue (fungiform papillae) and experience less negative (e.g., bitterness) and more positive (eg, sweetness) sensations from alcohol. We determined whether the TAS2R38 gene at 7q36 predicted PROP bitterness, alcohol sensation and use. METHODS: Healthy adults (53 women, 31 men; mean age 36 years)--primarily light and moderate drinkers--reported the bitterness of five PROP concentrations (0.032-3.2 mM) and intensity of 50% ethanol on the general Labeled Magnitude Scale. PROP threshold and density of fungiform papillae were also measured. Subjects had common TAS2R38 gene haplotypes [alanine-valine-isoleucine (AVI) and proline-alanine-valine (PAV)]. RESULTS: PROP bitterness varied significantly across genotypes with repeated measures ANOVA: 26 AVI/AVI homozygotes tasted less bitterness than either 37 PAV/AVI heterozygotes or 21 PAV/PAV homozygotes. The PAV/PAV group exceeded the PAV/AVI group for bitterness only for the top PROP concentrations. The elevated bitterness was musch less than if we defined the groups using psychophysical criteria. With multiple regression analyses, greater bitterness from 3.2 mM PROP was a significant predictor of greater ethanol intensity and less alcohol intake--effects separate from age and sex. Genotype was a significant predictor of alcohol intake, but not ethanol intensity. With ANOVA, AVI/AVI homozygotes reported higher alcohol use than either PAV/AVI heterozygotes or PAV/PAV homozygotes. When age effects were minimized, PROP bitterness explained more variance in alcohol intake than did the TAS2R38 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results support taste genetic effects on alcohol intake. PROP bitterness serves as a marker of these effects.

Adult↗