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Results for “Paraffin Embedding”

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PubMed1998

The evaluation of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) in cutaneous lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma: a study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

The etiologic role of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) remains controversial. This polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship of HHV8 in KS from our geographical region and to determine its utility in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. Forty-two biopsy specimens were studied, including nine AIDS-associated cases and four from classic KS. Of the 39 patients included, 21 were HIV+ and 18 had no clinical evidence of HIV infection. Only a single (internal) primer pair was used in the PCR. All PCR products were tested with an HHV8 specific probe by dot blot analysis. Seven of the nine AIDS KS specimens were positive for HHV8 on electrophoresis, and all nine were positive after dot blot. Two of four specimens from classic KS were positive for HHV8 on the gel electrophoresis, and three of four were positive on blot confirmation. Non-KS specimens from 15 HIV+ patients yielded one positive venous hemangioma from a man with HHV8-positive KS at another site. Specimens from HIV-unrelated controls with a variety of diagnoses were negative by PCR with blot. The predominant negativity for HHV8 in non-KS lesions suggests that HHV8 is not widespread in our patients. These results demonstrate yet another series linking KS with HHV8 and show that paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens are satisfactory for this technique.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

DNA-Flow cytometric analysis of bladder TCC using paraffin-embedded tissues.

A retrospective study of DNA flow cytometry (FCM) in paraffin-embedded tissues of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was performed on 239 biopsy samples taken from 81 patients in the period from 1984 to 1994. 210 (87%) were analysable. Of these samples 21 patients had multiple biopsies taken from large tumours and/or bladder mucosa showing an endoscopically normal appearance. DNA-FCM results have been evaluated comparing ploidy and histopathological grade, clinical stage and different clinical status, i.e., first diagnosis, recurrence and patients who died from bladder cancer. Our results indicate that 'diploid' FCM correlated with a better prognosis, whilst DNA aneuploid correlated with malignancy and a poorer prognosis. There was a trend to an increasing incidence of DNA aneuploidy as the grade of the tumour rose and the proportion of biopsies with aneuploidy was significantly higher in malignant tissue samples, recurrences and in biopsies from patients who died from TCC than in other groups. In 12 patients from whom several biopsies were obtained, samples from recurrences had significantly higher DNA aneuploidy than those from the first diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of trisomy 18 on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded autopsy material from 10 fetuses and infants with unknown karyotype and anomalies suggestive of trisomy 18 were subjected to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Nuclei were extracted from the tissues and hybridized with a chromosome 18-specific centromere probe. The hybridization was successful in 9 of 10 cases. Two cases showed three hybridization signals in most of the nuclei (74% and 85%). These had anomalies frequently occurring with trisomy 18 (congenital heart defect, omphalocele, and horseshoe kidney). Two cases showed a mixture of two and three signals (47%/49% and 59%/36%), suggesting the possibility of mosaicism. One of these cases had anomalies consistent with a trisomy 18 phenotype. In the other case intrauterine growth retardation and syndactylies suggested triploidy. Hybridization with a chromosome 8-specific probe gave a distribution of two and three signals (34% and 62%, respectively). This result strengthened the suspicion of a possible triploid mosaicism. In five of the cases most of the nuclei showed two signals (85% to 88%). However, as only one type of tissue was examined for enumeration of chromosome 18, the possibility of organ mosaicism or other chromosome aberrations cannot be excluded. The FISH technique is applicable on macerated and autolysed formalin-fixed tissue, making it possible to retrospectively analyze autopsy material from aborted and stillborn fetuses and infants. This analysis contributes to a better quality of perinatal autopsies and is helpful in parental counseling.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2000

Alkali-catalyzed beta-elimination of periodate-oxidized glycans: a novel method of chemical deglycosylation of mucin gene products in paraffin embedded sections.

Altered expression of mucin gene products has been described in many epithelial cancers including colorectal cancer. However, mucins are heavily O-glycosylated making the study of apomucin expression difficult. In this study, we describe a novel method of chemical deglycosylation of mucin gene products on paraffin embedded formalin-fixed tissue sections. In the normal and cancerous colorectum, our results suggest that alkali-catalyzed beta-elimination of periodate oxidized glycan method of chemical deglycosylation modifies the structure of carbohydrates sensitive to mild periodate oxidation resulting in less steric hindrance and selectively removes Tn and sialyl-Tn structures, partially exposing the underlying apomucin epitopes. Using this method, we have demonstrated that the MUC1 tandem repeat epitope recognized by MAb 139H2 is masked predominantly due to steric hindrance by carbohydrate structures whereas the MUC2 tandem repeat epitope recognized by MAb CCP58 and pAb MRP and the MUC3 tandem repeat epitope recognized by pAb M3P are masked by the presence of carbohydrate side chains O-linked to Ser/Thr residues within the epitope. Considerable differences in the level and pattern of expression of the epitopes in the tandem repeat region of apomucins of MUC1, MUC2, and MUC3 were observed between normal and cancerous colorectal cancer tissues. We conclude that this novel chemical deglycosylation method that causes selective cleavage of distinct glycans will be useful in unmasking various mucin gene products and glycoproteins containing similar O-glycosidic linkages in the tissue sections of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded normal and pathological tissues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Telomerase activity and telomerase subunits gene expression patterns in neuroblastoma: a molecular and immunohistochemical study establishing prognostic tools for fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues.

PURPOSE: We have recently demonstrated that telomerase activity (TA) is an independent prognostic factor in neuroblastomas. In the present study, the prognostic impact of TA and gene expression of the three major telomerase subunits is evaluated by molecular and immunohistochemical techniques in fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-three neuroblastomas of all stages were analyzed for TA. The TA levels of 75 neuroblastoma cases were correlated with gene expression of telomerase subunits hTRT, human telomerase RNA (hTR), and telomerase protein 1 (TP1) by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using an innovative approach on the LightCycler instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). For selected cases, the applicability of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for hTRT expression analysis was investigated in paraffin-embedded tissues. TA and subunit expression patterns were correlated with traditional prognostic indicators and disease outcome. RESULTS: TA was present in a total of 39 (29.3%) of 133 neuroblastomas and in 31 (29.8%) of 104 initial neuroblastomas without cytotoxic pretreatment. TA was significantly correlated with both event-free and overall survival (P <.0001). Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between expression levels of TA and hTRT (P <.0001) as well as hTR (P <.001). Multivariate analysis revealed only TA and tumor stage but not serum lactate dehydrogenase, MYCN amplification, or age at diagnosis as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: The significant correlation with clinical outcome strongly recommends that analysis of TA be incorporated into the clinical investigation of each individual neuroblastoma at the time of diagnosis. Because the mere presence or absence of TA without further quantification is sufficient basis for predicting disease outcome, the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay could be complemented with but not replaced by analysis of hTRT or hTR expression.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2000

Recovering DNA and optimizing PCR conditions from microdissected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded materials.

Microdissection is a powerful technique in molecular pathology and genetic investigations. To detect genetic alterations such as gene mutation or deletion from tumor specimen, the purity of target cells is extremely critical. Unwanted cell contamination will dramatically dilute the detectable level of the abnormality. The major obstacle in clinical research is to obtain sufficient and qualified DNA from a small amount of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded materials. We have successfully modified our previous protocols and overcome the difficulties of recovery of DNA. After these modifications, almost every single formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimen has been successfully amplified in the required DNA region.

DNA↗

PubMed1994

Androgen receptor immunostaining and its tissue distribution in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections after microwave treatment.

We used microwave (MW) oven heat treatment to unmask human androgen receptor (AR) immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Prostate tissue was used as an AR-positive control. Tissue sections were boiled in citrate buffer in a conventional MW oven for 30 min, followed by immunostaining with a validated murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), F39.4.1, raised against a peptide included in the N-terminal domain of the 100 KD human AR. AR immunostaining was localized to the nuclei of prostate secretory epithelial cells but was weak or absent in basal cells and of variable intensity in the stromal cells. Slides exposed to less than 10 min of MW heat treatment or none at all manifested no AR immunoreactivity. Tissue morphology was well preserved. Immunohistochemical determination of AR status in a wide variety of human tissues was consistent with that previously reported by others using frozen sections. MW heat treatment of tissue samples in an excellent method of localizing AR antigenicity, enabling immunohistochemical evaluation of AR status in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed2001

Amplified in situ hybridization with peptide nucleic acid probes for differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous Mycobacterium species on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival biopsy and autopsy samples.

The aim of this study was to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of in situ hybridization (ISH) using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes and tyramide-based amplification for the differentiation between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. We performed ISH simultaneously with both probes on 86 specimens from different organs: 70 obtained at autopsy and 16 by biopsy, all with a histologic evidence of mycobacterial infection confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen-positive staining. Taking culture as the "gold standard," the sensitivity and the specificity of the MTB probe were 100% (41/41) and 95% (38/40), respectively. In only 2 cases ISH failed to identify mycobacteria. Culture results were not available in 3 cases. We propose ISH as a relatively simple and rapid method to differentiate mycobacteria on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens (it is more specific than usual histologic stains) and as an alternative to polymerase chain reaction, allowing the morphologic evaluation of positive bacilli.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1987

Effects of fixation and processing on the immunohistochemical visualization of type-I, -III and -IV collagen in paraffin-embedded liver tissue.

We compared the effects of different fixatives and enzymatic-digestion procedures on the immunohistochemical visualization of type-I, -III and -IV collagen in paraffin-embedded normal human liver sections. None of the fixatives tested allowed the staining of these antigens without prior enzymatic digestion. The best results i.e. strong staining intensity and well-defined localization, were obtained when liver tissue was fixed in Bouin's fluid or in other solutions containing picric acid. Several other fixatives, including Carnoy's fluid, Lillie's AAF, 10% neutral formalin and 96% ethanol, gave unsatisfactory results. Pepsin was ineffective for unmasking type-I and -III collagen antigens, and was only partially effective for visualizing the type-IV collagen antigen. The best results were obtained when material fixed in Bouin's fluid was embedded in paraffin and digested with trypsin. Using this procedure, the results were comparable to those obtained in unfixed frozen sections with respect to the staining intensity, specificity and non-specific staining.

Collagen↗

PubMed1990

Study of stringency conditions for human papillomavirus DNA detection on cell lines, frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue sections by in situ hybridization with biotinylated probes.

In situ hybridization was mainly used for typing human papillomavirus (HPV) in paraffin-embedded or frozen sections under stringent conditions (SC). We tested 5 different conditions of stringency with biotinylated HPV 1, 2, 16 and 18 probes on 3 cell lines (Sihà and CaSki with HPV16, HeLa with HPV18) by varying the concentration of formamide in the hybridization mixture and washings in order to determine the stringency conditions to be used to assess the presence of HPV and its typing: A-low stringency, hybridization at 35 degrees C below the melting temperature of DNA (Tm-35 degrees C) and washings without formamide; B-low stringency, hybridization and washings at Tm-35 degrees C; C-medium stringency, hybridization at Tm-35 degrees C and washings at Tm-12 degrees C; D-high stringency, hybridization at Tm-12 degrees C and washing without formamide; E-very high stringency, hybridization and washings at -12 degrees C. This study showed that HPV typing required a high stringency. On the contrary, under non stringent conditions (NSC), each cell line was positive with the heterologous probes. When 3 to 5 stringency conditions were assayed on 4 frozen samples, similar results were obtained. Typing required high stringency conditions whereas NSC allowed HPV detection. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the specificity of the reaction in lesions positive with more than one type. Stringent (Tm-12 degrees C) and non stringent (Tm-35 degrees C) conditions of hybridization were further applied to 57 biopsy sections (17 frozen and 40 paraffin-embedded specimens) from typical wart lesions and lesions suspected of HPV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biopsy↗

PubMed1983

Utility of monoclonal antibodies directed against B and T lymphocytes and monocytes in paraffin-embedded sections.

Monoclonal antibodies reactive with B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes were applied to B-5-, Bouin's-, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. Most antigens were destroyed or masked by fixation or embedding procedures, or both. However, T200, an antigen present in all lymphoid and hematopoietic cells, and Leu M1, an antigen in granulocytes, were well preserved in formalin-fixed tissues. Leu 1 and BA-1, antigens present on T and B lymphocytes, respectively, were preserved in Bouin's-fixed specimens. With careful selection of fixatives, identification of some T and B lymphocytes and granulocytes by monoclonal antibodies in paraffin-embedded specimens is possible.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

High-throughput DNA extraction from old paraffin-embedded biopsies.

We have developed a rapid and reliable microporous spin-column-based method for high-throughput extraction of DNA from old paraffin-embedded biopsies. The method was developed specifically for PCRs and molecular genetic studies. De-waxing and DNA extraction from tissues is performed in only one vessel, minimizing pipetting steps and eliminating supernatant/pellet procedures. All steps are performed at 60 degrees, 55 degrees and 95 degrees C minimize deleterious DNase activity. The amount of the extracted DNA was measured spectrophotometrically, and the quality of the extracted DNA and the PCR products was controlled on ethidium bromide-stained 3% agarose gel. The presented method for DNA extraction is less laborious and more convenient than previously published methods. It provides means by which extensive, paraffin-embedded material can be subjected to molecular genetic studies.

Actins↗

PubMed1994

[DNA cytometry using paraffin embedded tumor tissues. Comparison of flow cytometry (FCM) and image cytometry (ICM)].

In order to examine the correlation of cytometric DNA ploidy in paraffin-embedded tumour material, a comparison was made of flow (FCM) and image cytometry (ICM); in the case of ICM FEULGEN-stained tissue sections (8-10 microns) and in some cases nuclear suspensions were used. Tumour tissue from seminomas (FCM: n = 50; ICM/section: n = 28), oral squamous carcinomas (FCM: n = 110; ICM/section: n = 50) and adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder (FCM: n = 50; ICM/section: n = 46; ICM/nuclear susp.: n = 40) was studied. The concordance regarding diploid/non-diploid characteristics was 96.5% in the case of seminomas, 87% in oral carcinomas and 100% in gallbladder carcinomas. A statistically significant correlation of DNA indices of FCM with ICM histograms was found in all three organ tumours examined. 6% of oral and up to 18% gallbladder carcinomas, however, could not be evaluated by means of FCM due to poor quality of the histograms (coefficient of variation (CV) > 6%). In the determination of DNA indices and resolution of multiploid stemlines, FCM analysis proved to be superior. Regional intratumoural differences and rare tumour populations were best detected by ICM using sections. Without correction factors being used, these sections did not show any significant deviation of DNA indices from the other methods used. Our study has revealed that in paraffin-embedded tumour material FCM and ICM usually provide well-correlating results, when standardised and controlled preparation and measuring procedures are applied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative mRNA expression analysis of neurotrophin-receptor TrkC and oncogene c-MYC from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primitive neuroectodermal tumor samples.

Most recent studies analyzing candidate biological prognostic factors (including neurotrophin receptor TrkC and proto-oncogene c-MYC) in childhood primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors (PNET) are limited by small patient numbers due to dependence on fresh-frozen tumor material. In contrast, large archives of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PNET samples exist from homogeneously treated patients. The ability of real-time RT-PCR to assay very small mRNA fragments makes this assay amenable to studies where the RNA is moderately or even highly degraded. We have optimized RNA isolation from archive PNET samples and found that TrkC and c-MYC mRNA measurements significantly correlated with those obtained from matching fresh-frozen tissues. Exploitation of already existing archives of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded PNET samples may accelerate the building of better stratification systems for PNET patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The specificity of interphase FISH translocation probes in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections is readily assessed using automated staining and scoring of tissue microarrays constructed from murine xenografts.

Implementation of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays in the clinical laboratory requires validation against established methods. Validation tools in common use include exchange of consecutive sections with another institution that has already established the FISH assay, comparison with conventional banded metaphase cytogenetics, confirmation of specificity using probed normal metaphases, consecutive paraffin sections of a validation set tested by a reference laboratory, and specificity assessment against well characterized cell lines. We have investigated the feasibility of using tissue microarrays (TMA) constructed from murine xenografts as a preliminary specificity-screening tool for validation of interphase FISH assays. Cell lines currently in use for FISH controls are used to generate xenografts in SCID mice which are fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. A TMA is constructed using duplicate donor cores from the xenograft blocks. Xenografts used represent a wide range of translocations used routinely for formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections evaluated by FISH. Probe cocktails (Abbott-Vysis), for several non-random translocations associated with hematologic neoplasms and soft tissue sarcomas have been used in this manner. On-line deparaffinization, cell conditioning, and prehybridization steps are automated using a staining workstation (Ventana Discovery XT); hybridization and stringency washes are performed manually offline. FISH-probed TMAs are tracked using a Metasystems image scanner and analyzed using classifiers specifically developed for each molecular abnormality. FISH results for each xenograft in the TMA correspond exactly to the genotype previously established for the parent cell line from which the xenograft was prepared. Moderate complexity tissue microarrays constructed from murine xenografts are excellent validation tools for initial assessment of interphase FISH probe specificity.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Monoclonal antibody Leu-22 (L60) permits the demonstration of some neoplastic T cells in routinely fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

Monoclonal antibody Leu-22 (L60) detects a T cell-associated antigen which is stably expressed in routinely fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. We investigated the utility of monoclonal antibody Leu-22 to immunophenotype routinely processed lymphoid neoplasms by determining its reactivity in 105 archival pathologic specimens of lymphoid neoplasia that had been previously immunophenotyped by standard cell suspension and frozen tissue section techniques. Monoclonal antibody Leu-22 reacted with 69% of T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), including cases belonging to each of the major clinicopathologic categories, and with 22% of B cell NHLs, but did not react with the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells of Hodgkin's disease (HD). We concluded that monoclonal antibody Leu-22 reacts preferentially but not exclusively with T cell NHLs. Therefore, we performed parallel analyses of the same 105 cases with monoclonal antibodies leukocyte common antigen (LCA), Leu-M1, LN1, and LN2, which detect various paraffin-resistant antigens, and of 80 of these cases with monoclonal antibody UCHL1, which detects a paraffin-resistant T cell-associated antigen. UCHL1 reacted with 61% of the T cell NHLs studied. Sixty-nine percent of T cell NHLs expressed the LCA+, Leu-22+ or Leu-M1+, LN1- phenotype and 47% of B cell NHLs expressed the LCA+, Leu-22-, Leu-M1-, LN1+ phenotype. These phenotypes had a false-positive rate of only 7%. The substitution of UCHL1 for Leu-22 or the combined use of UCHL1 and Leu-22 in this panel did not improve our ability to correctly predict the T cell phenotype of these lymphoid neoplasms. LN1 and LN2 reacted with 13% and 56% of T cell NHLs, respectively, and LN2 reacted with RS cells in 85% of cases of HD. In summary, our results demonstrate that the judicious use of monoclonal antibody Leu-22 in combination with other selected commercially available monoclonal antibodies permits the determination of the B cell or T cell origin of a high proportion of NHLs, and is helpful in the differential diagnosis between HD and NHL among cases that have been routinely fixed and paraffin-embedded.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2003

Fluorescent in situ hybridization on isolated tumor cell nuclei: a sensitive method for 1p and 19q deletion analysis in paraffin-embedded oligodendroglial tumor specimens.

In oligodendroglial neoplasms, losses of chromosomal material at 1p and 19q associate with chemosensitivity and prolonged survival. Thus, 1p/19q testing is increasingly proposed for use in brain tumor diagnosis and prognostic assessment. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a classic technique for investigation of 1p/19q status in paraffin-embedded tissues. A major limitation of this method is truncation of tumor cell nuclei complicating assessment of hybridization results. In our study, we analyzed 1p and 19q status in a series of 79 oligodendroglial neoplasms (49 oligodendrogliomas, 30 oligoastrocytomas, WHO: 57 Grade II, 22 Grade III tumors) and controls (gliotic brain tissue: n = 4, diffuse low-grade astrocytoma: n = 4) using FISH on isolated whole tumor cell nuclei, prepared as cytospin preparations, thus bypassing the problem of nuclear truncation. For interpretation of FISH results, we used consensus criteria as defined by the SIOP-Europe Neuroblastoma Study Group for analysis of peripheral neuroblastic tumors. FISH yielded interpretable results in 98.7% for 1p and 92.1% for 19q. Chromosome 1p/19q alterations comprised deletions (1p: 79.5%, 19q: 80%) and imbalances (1p: 11.5%, 19q: 12.9%). 1p aberrations were more frequent in oligodendroglioma than in oligoastrocytoma (100% versus 75.9%, P =.001). The frequency of 1p/19q alterations was not significantly different in WHO Grade II or Grade III tumors or in primary and recurrent tumors. We conclude that FISH on isolated cell nuclei, with application of the SIOP Europe Neuroblastoma consensus criteria, is a sensitive method for detection and interpretation of 1p and 19q aberrations in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of oligodendroglial neoplasms.

Brain Neoplasms↗

PubMed2000

Utility of rush paraffin-embedded tangential sections in the management of cutaneous neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) modified by the use of tangential, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded histologic specimens is advantageous in treating selected skin neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: To review the use of our experience with a modification of MMS to treat lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), lentigo maligna (LM) and other melanoma in situ (MIS) lesions, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), and angiosarcoma. METHODS: Our experience utilizing a modification of MMS in the treatment of 77 patients with LM or other MIS, 23 patients with LMM, 11 patients with DFSP, 1 patient with AFX, and 1 patient with angiosarcoma was reviewed. Length of follow-up and rate of recurrence were examined. A literature review of this pertinent modification of the Mohs technique was performed. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients underwent MMS for melanocytic (LM, MIS, LMM), spindle cell (DFSP, AFX), and vascular malignant neoplasms. One patient developed locally recurrent LM and one patient with LMM developed satellite metastasis. Regional lymph node metastasis occurred in one patient with LMM and in a patient with angiosarcoma. CONCLUSION: The use of Mohs micrographic surgery in conjunction with rush formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tangential histologic sections provides the accuracy and tissue conservation of the Mohs procedure while ensuring more confident interpretation of histology in cases of lentigo maligna, lentigo maligna melanoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, atypical fibroxanthoma, and angiosarcoma.

Aged↗