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PubMed2006

Calcium retention in adolescent boys on a range of controlled calcium intakes.

BACKGROUND: National calcium requirements in the United States for boys are based on data from girls. On average, boys develop larger skeletons than do girls, yet it is unknown whether the additional skeletal accretion in boys requires additional dietary calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine calcium retention in adolescent boys in response to a range of controlled intakes and to compare the intake needed for maximal retention in boys with that needed in adolescent girls studied under the same conditions. DESIGN: Thirty-one boys aged 12-15 y participated in 3-wk metabolic balance studies testing a range (700-2100 mg/d) of calcium intakes in a crossover study design with a 2-wk washout period. Calcium intake was varied by using a beverage fortified with calcium citrate malate. After a 1-wk equilibration period, calcium retention was calculated as dietary calcium intake minus the calcium excreted in the feces and urine over the following 2 wk. The dietary intake at which maximal calcium retention occurred was determined by using a nonlinear regression model. The results in boys were compared with those obtained in 35 adolescent girls previously studied under the same protocol. RESULTS: Maximal calcium retention in boys was achieved at an intake of 1140 mg/d. Calcium retention was higher (by 171 +/- 38 mg/d) in boys than in girls at all calcium intakes studied. CONCLUSION: The higher calcium retention in boys than in girls was attained through higher net calcium absorption and lower urinary excretion than in girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Retention of iron by rat intestine in vivo as affected by dietary fiber, ascorbate and citrate.

The effects of pH, ascorbate, citrate and dietary fiber on retention of ferrous and ferric iron by jejuno-ileal segments of rat intestine were examined in vivo. Iron was introduced in an isosmotic solution of sodium chloride and dextrose buffered by 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid (BES) and acetate. Stabilization of the iron solutions was aided by use of iron concentrations less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml injected into the intestine for 10-min periods. Iron retention was optimal over a broad pH range from 5 to 7.8. Inclusion of ascorbic acid in the solution injected (5, 25 or 75 micrograms/ml) did not increase retention of iron in either valence state. A low concentration of sodium citrate (2 mM) had no effect on iron retention, but increasing the concentration to 5 mM released iron from the mucosa. Maize and wheat fibers decreased the retention of ferrous iron by binding and by promoting autoxidation and formation of poorly soluble iron polymers. Bound ferrous iron was released completely at pH below 5. Retention of ferric iron was also lowered in the presence of fiber, presumably as a result of polymerization. Retention of iron by the rat in the absence of ligands was independent of valence state.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Male rats exposed to linuron in utero exhibit permanent changes in anogenital distance, nipple retention, and epididymal malformations that result in subsequent testicular atrophy.

Prenatal exposure to the herbicide linuron, a weak androgen receptor antagonist, has been shown to perturb androgen-dependent male rat reproductive development as evidenced by slight decreases in anogenital distance (AGD), increased retention of areolae/nipples, and induction of epididymal malformations in combination with testicular atrophy in the adult rat over dose levels ranging from 12.5 to 100 mg/kg/day. Studies were undertaken to determine whether linuron-mediated changes in AGD and nipple retention are permanent, whether linuron is a direct testicular toxicant, and if there was an association between areola/nipple retention and malformations. Pregnant rats were administered corn oil vehicle or linuron by gavage at 0 or 50 mg/kg/day (n = 8 controls, 20 treated) from gestation days 12 to 21. Male offspring were necropsied on postnatal days (PND) 35 and 56. Linuron-exposed male rats exhibited a significant (8%) decrease in AGD on PND 1 and a similar decrease was also observed on PND 56. Linuron-exposed male rats displayed an increase in areola retention on PND 13, as evidenced by 0.6 +/- 0.5 and 3.3 +/- 0.4 areolae per rat in the control and exposed groups, respectively. Male rats displayed a significant increase in nipple retention on PND 35 and 56 (collectively) of 0 +/- 0.5 and 1.7 +/- 0.3 nipples per rat in control and exposed groups, respectively. On PND 35, 4/51 rats (3/9 litters) from linuron-treated dams displayed enlarged testes in combination with malformed epididymides. Epididymal malformations were observed in 19/51 rats (6/9 litters) in the linuron-exposed dose group. On PND 56, grossly enlarged and edematous testes were seen in 16/56 linuron-exposed rats (6/9 litters). Epididymal lesions were observed in 23/58 rats (6/9 litters). Microscopically, all linuron-exposed animals that exhibited a testicular lesion on PND 56 also displayed an epididymal lesion. These lesions were not seen in control animals. Approximately 25 and 60% of the male offspring that had malformations of the epididymis and vas deferens did not exhibit either areolae on PND 13 or nipples at necropsy, respectively. These data indicate that in utero linuron exposure to 50 mg/kg/day results in permanent changes in AGD and nipple retention in male rats. Moreover, these findings indicate that linuron-induced testicular atrophy, which is observed in adult rats, is secondary to increased intratubular pressure resulting from obstruction of testicular fluid outflow subsequent to malformation of the epididymides. These data also suggest that although linuron-mediated retention of areolae on PND 13 and nipples at necropsy may be suggestive of altered testosterone-mediated reproductive development seen in adult rats, these endpoints are not predictive.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1987

Retention of sealants over carious and sound tooth surfaces.

Bacteriologic and clinical studies suggest that sealants can be used therapeutically on incipient caries of the enamel. The present study was designed to explore this approach further by determining whether there is a difference in retention rates on sound or carious tooth surfaces sealed for the first time as well as resealed surfaces. A total of 1766 teeth were sealed for subjects 12-14 yr of age of which 120 were judged to be carious. Mouths were divided sagittally on a random basis and an ultraviolet light activated resin with a filler or an autopolymerizing resin without a filler was placed on contralateral surfaces of all molar and premolar teeth. The effects of sealant type, caries status, arch and tooth type on retention over a 2-yr period were tested using Mantel-Haenszel statistics. At the end of 1 yr, 88% of the teeth sealed with the autopolymerizing resin were judged to be completely intact compared to 82% of the teeth filled with the ultraviolet light resin. At the end of the second year the retention rates were 84% and 75% respectively. The retention rates for carious and sound teeth at the end of both years were almost identical. Overall, premolars had a 15% more favorable retention rate than molars. There were minimal differences between arches although maxillary premolars had approximately a 5% higher retention rate than mandibular premolars. The reverse was true for molar teeth. Retention of sealants at the end of the second year (resealed after 1 yr) was 4% less than comparable teeth sealed initially.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Sites of symptomatic gas retention during intestinal lipid perfusion in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Gas pooling within the gut may produce abdominal symptoms but the segment of the intestine responsible for gas retention is unknown. Our aim was to determine the role of the proximal and distal bowel in symptomatic gas accumulation using an experimental model of gas retention triggered by intraluminal lipids. SUBJECTS: Sixteen healthy subjects. METHODS: A gas mixture (N2, O2, and CO2 in venous proportions) was infused into the intestine at12 ml/min for three hours and gas evacuation was continuously measured via an anal cannula connected to a barostat. Abdominal perception and girth changes were measured at 10 minute intervals. Lipids (1 kcal/min) were simultaneously perfused either into the duodenum (n = 8) or into the ileum (n = 8). Each subject was studied twice on separate days, with gas infused into the jejunum or ileum. RESULTS: Duodenal lipids produced retention of gas infused into the jejunum (646 (62) ml) but the volume retained was much smaller when gas was infused directly into the ileum (262 (90) ml; p<0.05). The effects on gas retention were even more pronounced during ileal perfusion of lipids (1546 (184) ml during jejunal gas infusion and 847 (142) ml during ileal gas infusion; p<0.05). Abdominal distension correlated with the volume of gas retained (r = 0.87; p<0.001). Healthy subjects tolerated gas retention, and significant symptoms (score 3.7 (0.8)) developed only during jejunal gas infusion plus ileal lipid perfusion when gas retention was very large. CONCLUSION: Intraluminal lipids induce intestinal gas retention, predominantly acting on the proximal small bowel.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1998

Exertional dyspnoea in patients with airway obstruction, with and without CO2 retention.

BACKGROUND: Dyspnoea is a common and disabling symptom in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Unfortunately the mechanisms that produce dyspnoea are still poorly understood. The relationship between dyspnoea and the load on the ventilatory muscles, chemical drive, and ventilatory indices was therefore assessed in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease during an incremental exercise test. METHODS: Fifty patients with a wide range of obstructive pulmonary disease (mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 66.1 (28.8)% predicted) performed an incremental cycle ergometer test. A subdivision was made between subjects with CO2 retention (delta PaCO2 > or = 0, n = 22) and subjects without CO2 retention (delta PaCO2 < 0, n = 28) during exercise. During the test dyspnoea (Borg score), oesophageal pressures (mechanical load on the ventilatory muscles (time tension index (TTI), blood gas tensions, and minute ventilation were measured. Correlations for changes in mechanical and chemical factors with changes in dyspnoea score were calculated to assess relevant factors. An analysis of covariance was used to examine whether there was a relationship between dyspnoea score and each of these factors and whether this relationship was different between the subgroups with and without CO2 retention. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the independent effect of each parameter on dyspnoea sensation. Furthermore, the amplitude of pleural pressure swing ((Pi + Pe)act) generated at maximal work load (Ptot, an indication of the load on all respiratory muscles) was calculated. Analysis of covariance was used to assess whether there was a relationship between tidal volume (VT) and Ptot and whether this relationship was different between the groups (slopes are an expression of the length-tension inappropriateness, LTI). RESULTS: In the total group and the group without CO2 retention a significant correlation between dyspnoea and the increase in the inspiratory time tension index (TTIi) was present. In the group with CO2 retention a significant correlation was seen between dyspnoea and delta PaCO2. The factors delta PaO2, delta VE%MVV and delta (VT/Ti) showed a correlation with a p value of < or = 0.10 both in the total group and in those without CO2 retention. In an analysis of covariance the relationship between dyspnoea score and delta PaCO2 appeared to be significantly different between the two subgroups, being more pronounced in the group with CO2 retention. No other relationships with change in dyspnoea score were found. There was no significant relationship between VT and Ptot in the total group nor in the two subgroups, indicating some length-tension inappropriateness in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with distinctive pulmonary disease who are normocapnic or hypocapnic the mechanical load (delta TTIi) and length-tension inappropriateness (LTI) on ventilatory muscles seem to be the main determinant of exertional dyspnoea. As soon as hypercapnia occurs, this seems to override all other inputs for dyspnoea.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1985

Beta-adrenergic mediators increase pulmonary retention of instilled phospholipids.

Retention of radiolabeled phospholipid vesicles instilled into the alveolar space was studied with the isolated perfused rat lung and quantitated by measuring the percent of instilled radioactivity remaining in lung after five lavages. With synthetic [14C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC):egg PC: phosphatidylglycerol:cholesterol (10:5:2:3) vesicles, there was a rapid (within 5 min) base-line retention of 10.3 +/- 0.25% (n = 11) followed by a slower phase of linear retention over the next 4 h. Retention at 2 h with perfused lungs was 18.6 +/- 0.60% (n = 9) and was similar to values obtained with lungs in vivo. Net retention (total minus base line) was stimulated 93% by isoproterenol, 173% by 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), and 39% by 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; propranolol blocked the effect of isoproterenol. The retention of natural (biosynthesized) surfactant [14C]PC was stimulated 92% by 8-Br-cAMP. The results suggest that the retention of exogenous phospholipid by the isolated perfused lung represents phospholipid uptake and that this process is under beta-adrenergic control. Secretion and uptake may be physiologically linked to regulate the concentration of surfactant on the alveolar surface.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed1988

Neutrophil retention in model capillaries: deformability, geometry, and hydrodynamic forces.

The initial retention of neutrophils within the pulmonary microvascular bed occurs in both physiological and pathological states, yet the factors responsible for this retention are poorly understood. Because the diameter of the neutrophil is approximately 7.03 micron and the mean pulmonary capillary diameter is 5.5 micron, we postulated that geometric constraints imposed by the microvascular bed, the deformability of the neutrophil, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of blood were important determinants of neutrophil retention. We used a filtration system wherein 111In-labeled human neutrophils (111In-N) suspended in a serum-containing buffer were passed through Nuclepore filters of known pore size. Compared with 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes (99mTc-RBC), the passage of 111In-N was delayed and a higher percentage was retained within the filter. Because the neutrophil and RBC are approximately equal in diameter, the deformability of the neutrophil must be less than that of RBC. As the flow rate increased, retention in the filters decreased logarithmically from 72 +/- 5% (flow rate 0.5 ml/min) to 15 +/- 4% (10.0 ml/min). As the number of RBC in the buffer increased, neutrophil retention in 5-micron filters decreased in a linear fashion from 65 +/- 6% at hematocrit of 0 to 33 +/- 2% at hematocrit of 10. The perfusion pressure and shear stress were of critical importance, and there was a logarithmic relationship between retention and perfusion pressure or shear stress (tau), whether the increase in pressure or tau was generated by increasing flow or by increasing the hematocrit of the perfusate. As the pore size of the filter increased, the retention of neutrophils decreased in a logarithmic fashion: from 75 +/- 5% in the 3-micron filter to 4 +/- 1.3% in the 12-micron filter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recruitment and retention of rural African Americans in diabetes research: lessons learned.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to describe lessons learned about recruitment and retention of rural African Americans from published literature, the authors' research, and research experience. Two rural, community-based research studies with African Americans with diabetes are used to illustrate different issues and strategies in recruitment and retention. METHODS: Relevant MEDLINE articles and clinical studies were reviewed, and the design, implementation, and results of the 2 community-based studies were evaluated. Information from the literature, research results, and sample selection, participation, and attrition experiences were synthesized to determine effective approaches for recruitment and retention. RESULTS: Research funding, design, and implementation; recruitment methods; culturally competent approaches; caring, trusting provider-patient relationships; incentives; follow-up; and factors in the rural environment emerged as important issues influencing recruitment and retention. CONCLUSION: Recruitment and retention of African Americans in rural diabetes research is a significant challenge, and adequate funding should be sought early in the research process. Culturally competent approaches; caring, trusting relationships; incentives; and follow-up are important concepts in successful recruitment, participation, and retention of African Americans. The lessons learned may be applicable to the more widespread issue of recruitment and retention of rural African Americans in diabetes education programs.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2004

Sodium retention in black and white female adolescents in response to salt intake.

Increased sodium (Na(+)) retention in blacks could be related to the high prevalence of hypertension in adult blacks. Na(+) retention in response to controlled dietary Na(+) has not been rigorously compared in the different race groups. The present study assessed Na(+) retention in 22 black and 14 white girls, 11-15 yr old, during 3 wk on a low (1.3 g, 57 mmol)- and during 3 wk on a high (4 g, 172 mmol)-Na(+) diet in a randomized order, crossover design. Subjects were matched by postmenarcheal age and weight. After a 1-wk equilibration period, the mean daily Na(+) retention was 357 +/- 69 mg (15.5 +/- 3.0 mmol) in blacks and 239 +/- 37 mg (10.4 +/- 1.6 mmol) in whites on the low-Na(+) diet and 991 +/- 138 mg (43.1 +/- 6.0 mmol) in blacks vs. 334 +/- 90 mg (14.5 +/- 3.9 mmol) in whites (P < 0.001) on the high-Na(+) diet. The greater Na(+) retention in blacks was not accompanied by an increase in fecal or sweat Na(+) excretion. Blood pressure and weight did not increase despite the Na(+) retention, and thus, the retained Na(+) appeared to reside in a nonextracellular compartment that we speculate to be bone. In summary, black girls showed greater Na(+) retention compared with white girls. The difference in Na(+) handling may contribute to underlying racial differences in susceptibility to hypertension.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Total body retention of orally administered 47-calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Using a whole body radiation detector, we have measured the total body retention of 47-Ca 7 days after oral administration of the isotope to patients with various disorders of calcium metabolism. The percent retention of 47-Ca given with 90 mg of unlabeled (carrier) calcium varied with the calcium metabolic status as follows: normals (n equals 14), 33-43 percent (mean 38); primary hyperparathyroidism (n equals 28), 32-74 percent (mean 52); idiopathic hypercalciuria (n equals 9), 34-49 percent (mean 42); and hypercalcemia of other etiology (n equals 3), 23-26 percent (mean 25). Almost half (13/28) of those with hyperparathyroidism showed a retention above 55 percent, distinguishing them from subjects with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Retention of 47-Ca correlated poorly with clinical measures of severity of hyperparathyroidism. When isotope was diluted with a smaller amount of carrier calcium (20 mg), retention was increaseed in normals (n equals 5) to 46-54 percent (mean 50) and in hyperparathyroidism (n equals 5) to 64-87 percent (mean 73). After surgical cure of hyperparathyroidism retention of isotope returned toward normal in 5 of 7 subjects. Whole body retention of orally administered 47-Ca may prove useful in detecting hyperparathyroidism in subjects with mild hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

Postpartum weight retention among women in Rio de Janeiro: a follow-up study.

This study presents follow-up results on trends in postpartum weight retention among women in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at 0.5, 2, 6, and 9 months postpartum. The outcome variable, weight retention, was calculated by subtracting the reported pre-pregnancy weight from the observed weight at each interview. Statistical analyses used means and a 95% confidence interval for weight retention. Mean weight retention was 4.7, 4.1, 3.4, and 3.1kg at 0.5, 2, 6 and 9 months postpartum, respectively. At completion of the study, the largest weight retention was observed in women over 30 years of age (4.2kg) and with 30% or more of body fat (5.9kg). The rate of reduction in weight retention was 0.4kg/month, 0.2kg/month, and 0.1kg/ month for the periods 0.5-2, 2-6, and 6-9 months, respectively. The largest reductions were observed among young, single women and those with < 30% of body fat at baseline. The results suggest that variables such as age, parity, schooling, and body fat may be important predictors of postpartum weight retention.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the bromosulfophthalein 30-minute retention test for the diagnosis of hepatic disease in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) retention testing in dogs with and without histopathologically confirmed hepatobiliary disease. Medical records of 150 dogs with hepatobiliary disease having both a BSP test and hepatic biopsy were retrieved. Histopathologic slides of liver tissue were reviewed, and dogs were classified according to 1 of 11 histopathologic categories. Twenty-five clinically normal random-source dogs were used as controls for hepatic biopsy and BSP testing. No dogs suffered adverse effects due to BSP administration. BSP retention was significantly (P < .05) higher in hospitalized (13.9%) than control (3.2%) dogs, but the test could not distinguish between hospitalized dogs with different types of hepatobiliary disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of BSP retention as a test for hepatic disease were calculated. Using 5.0% as a cutoff for normal BSP retention resulted in a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 76%. Using 6.0% as a cutoff for normal BSP retention resulted in a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 70%. Dogs of this study having BSP retention of >6% had at least an 86% chance of having an abnormal liver. We concluded that continued use of BSP retention testing is warranted as a noninvasive diagnostic test for liver disease in dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Vatless manufacturing of low-moisture part-skim mozzarella cheese from highly concentrated skim milk microfiltration retentates.

Low-moisture, part-skim (LMPS) Mozzarella cheeses were made from concentration factor (CF) 6, 7, 8, and 9, pH 6.0 skim milk microfiltration (MF) retentates using a vatless cheese-making process. The compositional and proteolytic effects of cheese made from 4 CF retentates were evaluated as well as their functional properties (meltability and stretchability). Pasteurized skim milk was microfiltered using a 0.1-microm ceramic membrane at 50 degrees C to a retentate CF of 6, 7, 8, and 9. An appropriate amount of cream was added to achieve a constant casein:fat ratio in the 4 cheesemilks. The ratio of rennet to casein was also kept constant in the 4 cheesemilks. The compositional characteristics of the cheeses made from MF retentates did not vary with retentate CF and were within the legal range for LMPS Mozzarella cheese. The observed reduction in whey drained was greater than 90% in the cheese making from the 4 CF retentates studied. The development of proteolytic and functional characteristics was slower in the MF cheeses than in the commercial samples that were used for comparison due to the absence of starter culture, the lower level of rennet used, and the inhibition of cheese proteolysis due to the inhibitory effect of residual whey proteins retained in the MF retentates, particularly high molecular weight fractions.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Predictors of substance abuse treatment retention among women and men in an HMO.

BACKGROUND: Although prior research has examined predictors of treatment retention in public alcohol and drug treatment programs, little is known about factors that influence treatment retention in an insured outpatient population. Because there is growing evidence that the factors which influence treatment retention may differ by gender, we identify sex-specific predictors. METHODS: We recruited all eligible intakes to a health maintenance organization's outpatient alcohol and drug treatment program during a 2-year period and obtained a sample of 317 women and 599 men. The programs, day hospital and traditional outpatient modalities, were abstinence based. We separated our sample by sex and used least squares and logistic regression to identify independent predictors of length of stay and program completion, respectively. RESULTS: One general pattern of predictors of increased retention was shared by women and men in this alcohol and drug treatment program--fewer and less severe drug problems. However, most predictors were sex-specific. Among women, retention was predicted by having higher incomes, belonging to ethnic categories other than African American, being unemployed, being married, and having lower levels of psychiatric severity. Among men, predictors of higher retention included being older, receiving employer suggestions to enter treatment, and having abstinence goals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of examining aspects of the course of treatment separately by sex. They also suggest treatment factors that may enhance retention among insured populations, including employer referrals, psychiatric services, and drug-related services.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

(99m)Tc-sestamibi retention characteristics during pharmacologic hyperemia in human myocardium: comparison with coronary flow reserve measured by Doppler flowire.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to investigate the increase in myocardial (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (sestamibi) retention in humans during pharmacologic vasodilation. METHODS: For calculation of the increase in (99m)Tc-sestamibi retention during hyperemia, baseline and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced hyperemic stress sestamibi studies were performed using a same-day rest-stress protocol. On the injection of sestamibi, left ventricular dynamic data were obtained for 90 s. The increase in sestamibi retention from baseline to hyperemia was calculated by the formula [abstract: see text] where Cm(h)(t) and Cm(b)(t) are myocardial counts on the tomographic image, and Cb(b)(tau) and Cb(h)(tau) are the left ventricular blood-pool counts during the first transit of sestamibi at baseline and during hyperemia, respectively. Coronary flow increase during intravenous ATP stress was measured using intracoronary Doppler flow guide wire and compared with the scintigraphic results of 28 measurements in 22 patients. RESULTS: Sestamibi retention increased as coronary flow velocity increased but plateaued at >2.5-3 times baseline flow velocity. The relationship between the increase in sestamibi retention (Y) and the increase in flow (X) is expressed as follows: Y = 0.44 + 0.60X - 0.068X(2) (r = 0.82). CONCLUSION: In humans, the increase in (99m)Tc-sestamibi myocardial retention underestimates coronary flow reserve, particularly at high flow rates. Knowledge of these tracer retention characteristics will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the manner and interpretation of stress sestamibi imaging.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2004

[Application of saucer shaped cavity and retentive groves in class II cavity restoration].

PURPOSE: To observe the clinical effects of class II cavity restoration by using saucer shaped cavity and retentive grooves and dovetail retentive cavity. METHODS: 550 cases needing to have class II cavity preparations were divided into two groups randomly to have class II cavity restoration by using saucer shaped cavity and retentive groups or dovetail retentive cavity. The same light cured posterior composite resin restorative material was used 2 groups. After two years of follow-up, The clinical effects were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in two groups (P>0.05) in respects to loss of retention, margin sealing, Secondary caries, grooves occlusal abrasion, pulp reaction and margin coloration. CONCLUSION: Using saucer shaped cavity and retentive grooves had the similar effect to dovetail retentive cavity.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed2005

Effects of forced egg-retention in Aedes albopictus on adult survival and reproduction following application of DEET as an oviposition deterrent.

The insect repellent DEET (0.1% concentration), used as a mosquito oviposition deterrent in the laboratory, influenced the retention and maintenance of mature eggs by caged gravid female Aedes albopictus Skuse. This egg-retention mechanism could benefit survival because the gravid females were ultimately able to lay maintained eggs upon availability of water, but the length of forced egg-retention time reduced the number of eggs laid per female. Gravid females with retained eggs also laid a higher percentage of eggs that failed to tan, and this percentage increased with time duration of egg-retention. Percent egg hatch was not significantly affected by DEET when used as an oviposition deterrent; however, percent hatch was affected by time duration of egg-retention in both treated (exposed to DEET) and untreated (control) gravid females. The rate of egg hatch was considerably reduced after three weeks of retention; this reduction declined to zero for treated and control females at six and four weeks post-treatment, respectively. The fecundity and fertility of gravid female Ae. albopictus were affected by the time duration of forced egg-retention.

Aedes↗