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PubMed2000

Genetic study of glutathione accumulation during cold hardening in wheat.

The effect of cold hardening on the accumulation of glutathione (GSH) and its precursors was studied in the shoots and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Cheyenne (Ch, frost-tolerant) and cv. Chinese Spring (CS, moderately frost-sensitive), in a T. spelta L. accession (Tsp, frost-sensitive) and in chromosome substitution lines CS (Ch 5A) and CS (Tsp 5A). The fast induction of total glutathione accumulation was detected during the first 3 d of hardening in the shoots, especially in the frost-tolerant Ch and CS (Ch 5A). This observation was corroborated by the study of de novo GSH synthesis using [(35)S]sulfate. In Ch and CS (Ch 5A) the total cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine (precursors of GSH), hydroxymethylglutathione and GSH contents were greater during the 51-d treatment than in the sensitive genotypes. After 35 d hardening, when the maximum frost tolerance was observed, greater ratios of reduced to oxidised hydroxymethylglutathione and glutathione were detected in Ch and CS (Ch 5A) compared to the sensitive genotypes. A correspondingly greater glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity was also found in Ch and CS (Ch 5A). It can be assumed that chromosome 5A of wheat has an influence on GSH accumulation and on the ratio of reduced to oxidised glutathione as part of a complex regulatory function during hardening. Consequently, GSH may contribute to the enhancement of frost tolerance in wheat.

Cold Temperature↗

PubMed1997

Chromosome mapping of low-temperature induced Wcs120 family genes and regulation of cold-tolerance expression in wheat.

Low-temperature (LT) induced genes of the Wcs120 family in wheat (Triticum aestivum) were mapped to specific chromosome arms using Western and Southern blot analysis on the ditelocentric series in the cultivar Chinese Spring (CS). Identified genes were located on the long arms of the homoeologous group 6 chromosomes of all 3 genomes (A, B, and D) of hexaploid wheat. Related species carrying either the A, D, or AB genomes were also examined using Southern and Western analysis with the Wcs120 probe and the WCS120 antibody. All closely related species carrying one or more of the genomes of hexaploid wheat produced a 50 kDa protein that was identified by the antibody, and a Wcs120 homoeologue was detected by Southern analysis in all species. In the absence of chromosome arm 6DL in hexaploid CS wheat no 50 kDa protein was produced and the high-intensity Wcs120 band was missing, indicating 6DL as the location of Wcs120 but suggesting silencing of the Wcs120 homoeologue in the A genome. Levels of proteins that cross-reacted with the Wcs120 antibody and degrees of cold tolerance were also investigated in the Chinese Spring/Cheyenne (CS/CNN) chromosome substitution series. CNN chromosome 5A increased the cold tolerance of CS wheat. Densitometry scanning of Western blots to determine protein levels showed that the group 5 chromosome 5A had a regulatory effect on the expression of the Wcs120 gene family located on the group 6 chromosomes of all three hexaploid wheat genomes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT.

Winter wheat and barley varieties require an extended exposure to low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization), whereas spring varieties do not have this requirement. In this study, we show that in these species, the vernalization gene VRN3 is linked completely to a gene similar to Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). FT induction in the leaves results in a transmissible signal that promotes flowering. Transcript levels of the barley and wheat orthologues, designated as HvFT and TaFT, respectively, are significantly higher in plants homozygous for the dominant Vrn3 alleles (early flowering) than in plants homozygous for the recessive vrn3 alleles (late flowering). In wheat, the dominant Vrn3 allele is associated with the insertion of a retroelement in the TaFT promoter, whereas in barley, mutations in the HvFT first intron differentiate plants with dominant and recessive VRN3 alleles. Winter wheat plants transformed with the TaFT allele carrying the promoter retroelement insertion flowered significantly earlier than nontransgenic plants, supporting the identity between TaFT and VRN-B3. Statistical analyses of flowering times confirmed the presence of significant interactions between vernalization and FT allelic classes in both wheat and barley (P < 0.0001). These interactions were supported further by the observed up-regulation of HvFT transcript levels by vernalization in barley winter plants (P = 0.002). These results confirmed that the wheat and barley FT genes are responsible for natural allelic variation in vernalization requirement, providing additional sources of adaptive diversity to these economically important crops.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2000

Isolation and mapping of microsatellite markers specific for the D genome of bread wheat.

The potential of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the D genome of wheat, as a source of microsatellite markers for hexaploid bread wheat was investigated. By screening lambda phage and plasmid libraries of Ae. tauschii genomic DNA, dinucleotide microsatellites containing GA and GT motifs were isolated and a total of 65 functional microsatellite markers were developed. All primer pairs that were functional in Ae. tauschii amplified well in hexaploid wheat. Fifty-five loci amplified by 48 primer sets were placed onto a genetic framework map of the reference population of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) 'Opata 85' x 'W7984'. The majority of microsatellite markers could be assigned to the chromosomes of the D genome of wheat. The distribution of the markers along the chromosomes is random. Chromosomal location of 22 loci nonpolymorphic in the reference population was determined using nullitetrasomic lines of Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring'. The results of this study demonstrate the value of microsatellite markers isolated from Ae. tauschii for the study of bread wheat. The microsatellite markers developed improve the existing wheat microsatellite map and can be used in a wide range of genetic studies and breeding programs.

Bacteriophage lambda↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recycling soil nitrate nitrogen by amending agricultural lands with oily food waste.

With current agricultural practices the amounts of fertilizer N applied are frequently more than the amounts removed by the crop. Excessive N application may result in short-term accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in soil, which can easily be leached from the root zone and into the ground water. A management practice suggested for conserving accumulated NO3-N is the application of oily food waste (FOG; fat + oil + greases) to agricultural soils. A two-year field study (1995-1996 and 1996-1997) was conducted at Elora Research Center (43 degrees 38' N, 80 degrees W; 346 m above mean sea level), University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of FOG application in fall and spring on soil NO3-N contents and apparent N immobilization-mineralization of soil N in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer. The experiment was planned under a randomized complete block design with four replications. An unamended control and a reference treatment [winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop] were included in the experiment to compare the effects of fall and spring treatment of oily food waste on soil NO3-N contents and apparent N immobilization-mineralization. Oily food waste application at 10 Mg ha(-1) in the fall decreased soil NO3-N by immobilization and conserved 47 to 56 kg NO3-N ha(-1), which would otherwise be subject to leaching. Nitrogen immobilized due to FOG application in the fall was subsequently remineralized by the time of fertilizer N sidedress, whereas no net mineralization was observed in spring-amended plots at the same time.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1993

A 'zebra' chromosome arising from multiple translocations involving non-homologous chromosomes.

An alloplasmic wheat line carrying a 'zebra' chromosome z5A was isolated from the derivatives of an Elymus trachycaulus x Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring hybrid. Chromosome z5A was named zebra because of its striped genomic in situ hybridization pattern. z5A consists of four chromosome segments derived from E. trachycaulus and four chromosome segments, including the centromere, from wheat. The short arm of z5A paired with the telocentric chromosome 1H(t)S of E. trachycaulus and the long arm with the long arm of normal 5A. z5A also carried several genetic markers derived from 1H(t)S. Chromosome 1H(t) was the only E. trachycaulus chromosome found in the sib plants of a previous generation from which z5A was derived. Monosomic 5A and telocentric chromosome 5AL were also found in most of the sib plants. The zebra chromosome most probably originated from spontaneous multiple translocations between chromosomes 5A and 1H(t)S or 5A and 1H(t).

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed1972

Cyclopropane Fatty acids in relation to earliness in spring and drought tolerance in plants.

Long chain cyclopropane fatty acids were observed in the sulfolipid fraction extracted from leaves of the early spring plants Galanthus nivalis L. and Anthriscus silvestris L. (Hoffm.). The content of cyclopropane fatty acids with 25 carbon atoms appeared to be clearly correlated with earliness in spring, and it ranged from 68% (G. nivalis L., snow drop) to 0.5% (wheat). Several long chain cyclopropane fatty acids were found in the drought-tolerant Corynephorus canescens (L.) P.B., exclusively in the phosphatidyl choline fraction.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Molecular genetic mapping of Gby, a new greenbug resistance gene in bread wheat.

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rhodani),is one of the major insect pests of wheat worldwide and it is important to develop a basic understanding of the chromosomal locations of known and new greenbug resistance genes. Gby is a new greenbug resistance gene in the wheat line 'Sando's selection 4040'. A mapping population used in this study was derived from a cross of Sando's 4040 and PI220127, a greenbug susceptible wheat land race from Afghanistan. A progeny test indicated that Gby is inherited as a single semi-dominant gene. A genetic linkage map consisting of Gby, Xgwm322 (a wheat microsatellite marker), XksuD2 (an STS marker) and 18 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci was constructed. We used DNA from Chinese Spring 7A deletion lines to show that the gwm332 and ksuD2 amplified fragments mapped in this study are located on along arm of chromosome 7A. This suggests that Gby is located on wheat chromosome 7A. Gby was mapped to the area in the middle of the 'island' of putative defense response genes that are represented by RFLP markers(Xpsr l9, XZnfp, Xbcd98 and Prl b) previously mapped to the distal part of the short arm of wheat chromosome group 7. This region of chromosome 7A is characterized by a high recombination rate and a high physical density of markers which makes Gby a very good candidate for map-based cloning. The selection accuracy when theRFLP markers Xbcd98, Xpsrll9 or XZnfp and Prlb flanking Gby are used together to tag Gby is 99.78%,suggesting that they can be successfully used in marker assisted selection.

Afghanistan↗

PubMed2004

Localization of a novel recessive powdery mildew resistance gene from common wheat line RD30 in the terminal region of chromosome 7AL.

Segregation analysis of resistance to powdery mildew in a F(2) progeny from the cross Chinese Spring (CS) x TA2682c revealed the inheritance of a dominant and a recessive powdery mildew resistance gene. Selfing of susceptible F(2) individuals allowed the establishment of a mapping population segregating exclusively for the recessive resistance gene. The extracted resistant derivative showing full resistance to each of 11 wheat powdery mildew isolates was designated RD30. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of bulked segregants from F(3)s showing the homozygous susceptible and resistant phenotypes revealed an AFLP marker that was associated with the recessive resistance gene in repulsion phase. Following the assignment of this AFLP marker to wheat chromosome 7A by means of CS nullitetrasomics, an inspection of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci evenly spaced along chromosome 7A showed that the recessive resistance gene maps to the distal region of chromosome 7AL. On the basis of its close linkage to the Pm1 locus, as inferred from connecting partial genetic maps of 7AL of populations CS x TA2682c and CS x Virest ( Pm1e), and its unique disease response pattern, the recessive resistance gene in RD30 was considered to be novel and tentatively designated mlRD30.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed2001

Genotype x environment interactions for postweaning performance in crossbred calves grazing winter wheat pasture or dormant native prairie.

Data from 403 calves from Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows sired by Polled Hereford bulls were used to evaluate the impact of postweaning backgrounding forages on postweaning BW, gains, and carcass traits. Calves were born (spring of 1991 through 1994) and reared on either endophyte-infected tall fescue or common bermudagrass pastures. After weaning, calves were transported 360 km to the Grazinglands Research Laboratory, west of El Reno, OK, and, within breed and preweaning forage, were assigned to one of the following winter stocker treatments: 1) winter wheat pasture or 2) dormant native prairie plus supplemental CP. In March, winter stocker treatments were ended and calves were grazed as a single group on cool-season grasses until early July (1992, 1993, and 1994) or late May (1995), when the feedlot phase began. In the feedlot, calves were fed a high concentrate diet for an average of 120 d until a backfat thickness of > 10 mm was reached. Calves were shipped in truck load lots to Amarillo, TX (350 km), for processing and collection of carcass data. Averaged over calf breed group, calves wintered on wheat pasture gained faster (P < 0.01) during the stocker phase (0.71 vs 0.43 kg); had heavier (P < 0.01) final feedlot weights (535 vs 512 kg); lower feedlot (P < 0.01) ADG (1.37 vs 1.53 kg); heavier (P < 0.01) carcass weights (337 vs 315 kg); larger (P < 0.01) longissimus muscle (84.9 vs 81.8 cm2); higher percentage (P < 0.01) of kidney, heart, and pelvic fat (2.32 vs 2.26); and higher (P < 0.01) dressing percentage (62.2 vs 61.3) than calves backgrounded on native prairie. Maternal heterosis for stocker ADG was evident in calves backgrounded on native prairie but not on winter wheat (P < 0.10), but the two environments were similar in maternal heterosis for feedlot ADG and carcass traits. Calves wintered on native prairie were restricted in growth and expressed compensatory gain during the feedlot phase but not during the spring stocker phase. Dormant native grasses can be used to winter stocker calves excess to the winter wheat pasture needs, but ownership of these calves would have to be retained through the feedlot phase to realize any advantage of built-in compensatory gain. Finally, these data suggest that expression of maternal heterosis for weight gain is more likely in calves backgrounded on native prairie than in calves grazed on winter wheat.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Dynamic behaviour of inflorescence-bearing Triticale and Triticum stems.

The mechanical response of cereal plant shoots to load caused by wind and gravity in the field is swaying in flexure around the vertical or near vertical transient equilibrium position determined by the stationary component of the wind pressure. The aim of this work was to characterise the kinematic and dynamic attributes and their interrelations in freely swaying inflorescence-bearing stems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Triticale. The fundamental natural frequency of the stems appeared to be considerably lower than predicted from the theory of vibration using the model of a cantilever beam oscillator and assuming the spring constant to be equal to the force-deflection ratio. Because of the rate of deformation and visco-elastic behaviour of the plant material, a discrepancy of about 10% was found between the dynamic and static stem bending resistance. The presence of the tip inflorescence caused vibrating vertical stems to behave as compressed columns in which the effective spring constant was strongly biased by the apical load due to the weight of the inflorescence. At the late milk stage, in the freely swaying stems of wheat and Triticale, the resistance to dynamic lateral loads was reduced by about 30% as a result of compression exerted by the inflorescence. So the prominent effect of the tip inflorescence on the dynamic behaviour (the effective spring constant and the natural frequency) of the stem is attributed to the non-negligible magnitude of the inflorescence weight relative to the critical load producing elastic buckling in slender vertical structures. Stem softening as a consequence of increasing inflorescence weight is assumed to be one of the essential factors reducing the lodging resistance in cereal crops at the late milk stage. The feasibility of the compressed-column approach for predicting the dynamic bending performance of slender vertical plant organs is discussed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

The wheat VRN2 gene is a flowering repressor down-regulated by vernalization.

Plants with a winter growth habit flower earlier when exposed for several weeks to cold temperatures, a process called vernalization. We report here the positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN2, a dominant repressor of flowering that is down-regulated by vernalization. Loss of function of VRN2, whether by natural mutations or deletions, resulted in spring lines, which do not require vernalization to flower. Reduction of the RNA level of VRN2 by RNA interference accelerated the flowering time of transgenic winter-wheat plants by more than a month.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

TaVRT-1, a putative transcription factor associated with vegetative to reproductive transition in cereals.

The molecular genetics of vernalization, defined as the promotion of flowering by cold treatment, is still poorly understood in cereals. To better understand this mechanism, we cloned and characterized a gene that we named TaVRT-1 (wheat [Triticum aestivum] vegetative to reproductive transition-1). Molecular and sequence analyses indicated that this gene encodes a protein homologous to the MADS-box family of transcription factors that comprises certain flowering control proteins in Arabidopsis. Mapping studies have localized this gene to the Vrn-1 regions on the long arms of homeologous group 5 chromosomes, regions that are associated with vernalization and freezing tolerance (FT) in wheat. The level of expression of TaVRT-1 is positively associated with the vernalization response and transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and is negatively associated with the accumulation of COR genes and degree of FT. Comparisons among different wheat genotypes, near-isogenic lines, and cereal species, which differ in their vernalization response and FT, indicated that the gene is inducible only in those species that require vernalization, whereas it is constitutively expressed in spring habit genotypes. In addition, experiments using both the photoperiod-sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Dicktoo) and short or long day de-acclimated wheat revealed that the expression of TaVRT-1 is also regulated by photoperiod. These expression studies indicate that photoperiod and vernalization may regulate this gene through separate pathways. We suggest that TaVRT-1 is a key developmental gene in the regulatory pathway that controls the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase in cereals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

[RAPD markers for wheat chromosomes in Langdon disomic substitution lines].

Optimal conditions were developed for a random amplified polymorphio DNA (RAPD) assay of hexaploid bread wheat and tetraploid durum wheat. AmpliTaq Stoffcl fragment was found to be better than Taq DNA polymerase in generating RAPDs. Studies on chromosome specific RAPD markers of the A- and B- and D-genome were performed using the complete set of Langdon disomic substitution lines and the parental lines (Langdon and Chinese Spring) as templete. Seven out of twelve arbitrary primers (all Operon 10-mer sequences) yielded 13 products that could be assigned to 1.0 chromosomes of A- and B- and D-genome, five of 13 markers for A-genome (2A: J6a and J11b; 3A: D11b; 6A: J17; 7A: J15a), seven for B-genome (1B: J11c; 2B: D5, D11c and J18) and one for D-genome (1D: J11a). Using Chinese Spring ditelosomic lines, four RAPD markers were further mapped to a specific chromosome arm (i.e., J11b-2AL, J17-6AL, D11c-2BL, and J11a-1DL). This study demonstrates that reproduoible RAPID markers can be generated and assigned to wheat chromosomes except 4AL, using Langdon disomic substitution lines and Chinese Spring euploid and aneuploids as malerids.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Effects of animal and supplement characteristics on average daily gain of grazing beef cattle.

Effects of animal gender and age, use of a growth stimulant, and supplementation with grain alone or grain plus other substances on ADG by growing beef cattle grazing bermudagrass paddocks with sod-seeded rye, wheat, and ryegrass were determined. Two grazing experiments (Exp. 1: late winter through mid-spring; Exp. 2: late spring through mid-summer) were conducted. Experiment 1 used 96, 12- to 13-mo-old Simmental-cross calves (heifers, 240 kg; steers, 272 kg), half of which were implanted with zeranol. Within each implant treatment, cattle received no supplement or .5% BW (DM) of ground corn alone or plus a mix of protein meals, zinc sulfate, thiamin-HCl, or salt. Daily gain was higher (P less than .05) with than without supplementation and was similar (P greater than .10) among supplement treatments. In Exp. 2, 96 crossbred beef steers, approximately 7 (230 kg) or 15 mo old (250 kg), were not supplemented (control) or received .5% BW (DM) of ground corn on d 1 to 84 (C-C), corn plus a protein meal mix on d 1 to 84 (CP-CP), corn on d 43 to 84 (O-C), corn plus the protein meal mix on d 43 to 84 (O-CP), or corn on d 1 to 42 and corn plus the protein meal mix on d 43 to 84 (C-CP). Daily gain on d 1 to 84 was affected (P less than .05) by supplement, age, implant, and the supplement x implant interaction (nonimplanted: .37, .56, .68, .40, .49, and .49; implanted: .37, .62, .54, .49, .70, and .71 kg for control, C-C, CP-CP, O-C, O-CP, and C-CP, respectively).

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2000

[Genetical effect of different rye chromosomes on the acid phosphatase (Acph) secretion of common wheat roots under phosphorus starvation conditions].

The effects of different rye chromosomes on Acph secretion of common wheat roots under P starvation conditions were studied by using a set of Chinese Spring-Imperial (CS-IMP) alien addition lines as materials. The Acph activity measurement results showed that P starvation is an induction factor for Acph gene expression; Different chromosomes of Imperial rye in Chinese Spring background has different effects on the secretion of Acph by corresponding addition line roots. Among them, chromosome 1R had the strongest promoting effect; The IEF diagram of Acph isozymes clearly demonstrated that chromosome 1R in rye genome carries P starvation inducible Acph gene(s).

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2001

Development of resistance gene analog polymorphism markers for the Yr9 gene resistance to wheat stripe rust.

The Yr9 gene, which confers resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (P. s. tritici) and originated from rye, is present in many wheat cultivars. To develop molecular markers for Yr9, a Yr9 near-isogenic line, near-isogenic lines with nine other Yr genes, and the recurrent wheat parent 'Avocet Susceptible' were evaluated for resistance in the seedling stage to North American P s. tritici races under controlled temperature in the greenhouse. The resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique was used to identify molecular markers for Yr9. The BC7:F, and BC7:F3 progeny, which were developed by backcrossing the Yr9 donor wheat cultivar Clement with 'Avocet Susceptible', were evaluated for resistance to stripe rust races. Genomic DNA was extracted from 203 BC7:F2 plants and used for cosegregation analysis. Of 16 RGAP markers confirmed by cosegregation analysis, 4 were coincident with Yr9 and 12 were closely linked to Yr9 with a genetic distance ranging from 1 to 18 cM. Analyses of nullitetrasomic 'Chinese Spring' lines with the codominant RGAP marker Xwgp13 confirmed that the markers and Yr9 were located on chromosome 1B. Six wheat cultivars reported to have 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations and, presumably, Yr9, and two rye cultivars were inoculated with four races of P. s. tritici and tested with 9 of the 16 RGAP markers. Results of these tests indicate that 'Clement', 'Aurora', 'Lovrin 10', 'Lovrin 13', and 'Riebesel 47/51' have Yr9 and that 'Weique' does not have Yr9. The genetic information and molecular markers obtained from this study should be useful in cloning Yr9, in identifying germplasm that may have Yr9, and in using marker-assisted selection for combining Yr9 with other stripe rust resistance genes.

Cloning, Molecular↗

PubMed2000

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of intergeneric chromosomal translocations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Dasypyrum villosum arising from tissue culture.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied with total genomic DNA extracted from Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy as a probe to characterize chromosome translocations arising from tissue culture in hybrids of Triticum aestivum x (T. durum - D. villosum, amphiploid). Chromosome translocations between wheat and D. villosum occurred in callus cells at an average frequency of 1.9%. Translocations existed not only in callus cells but also in regenerants. Three plants with translocation chromosomes were characterized among 66 regenerants of T. aestivum 'Chinese Spring' x 'TH1W' and 'NPFP' x 'TH1'. One of them proved to be a reciprocal translocation with an exchange of about one third of a wheat chromosome arm with about one half of a chromosome arm of D. villosum. The breakpoints of the other two translocations were located at, or near centromeres. The results are similar for both callus cells and regenerants and provide further evidence that translocations take place in tissue culture. Other structural chromosomal changes, for example, fragments, telocentrics, dicentromeres, and deletions, as well as numerical alterations including aneuploidy and polyploidy were recorded both in callus cells and regenerants.

Animals↗