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Results for “Structural equation modeling”

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PubMed1999

Women's responses to battering: a test of the model.

A volunteer community sample of 141 well-educated, economically heterogeneous, primarily African American (80%), urban battered women was used to test a model of women's responses to battering. The model, based on Orem's theory, was developed previously with an independent sample. The major independent variables were physical and nonphysical abuse, and self-care agency. The outcomes were physical and emotional health. Using structural equation modeling techniques, there was sufficient support for the model structure to conclude preliminary support for the overall model. There was both a direct effect of abuse on health, and an indirect effect mediated through self-care agency as a protective factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[An exploratory positioning analysis: three-mode multivariate analysis for semantic differential data].

The purpose of this study was to propose an exploratory positioning analysis method based on a three-mode multivariate statistical model for analyzing semantic differential (SD) data. This new method can be easily implemented by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) program such as LISREL and CALIS, because the mean structure and covariance structure of this method are expressed as submodels of SEM. Two necessary conditions for checking identifiability of this model are shown. It is also shown that this model is scale equivariant for SD data.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Ethnic identity and its relationship to self-esteem, perceived efficacy and prosocial attitudes in early adolescence.

This study examined the relationship of ethnic identity to self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy and prosocial attitudes. The sample included 100 male and female early adolescents, ranging from 11 to 13 years old, from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. Structural equations modeling was used to examine the latent structure of the multi-dimensional constructs and their interrelationships. Self-esteem and ethnic identity factors emerged which were related and which evidenced efficacy-mediated effects upon prosocial attitudes. The findings suggested that ethnic identity and self-esteem are distinct but related contributors to young people's perceptions of their ability to achieve academically, to find meaningful careers and to value prosocial means of goal attainment.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping strategies and continued drug use among methadone maintenance patients.

Drug addiction has been conceived as a maladaptive means of coping utilized by individuals unable or unwilling to deal with stresses in more adaptive ways. Although a growing body of evidence supports the link between alcohol abuse and maladaptive coping styles, there is relatively little empirical support for the connection between maladaptive coping and other kinds of drug use. The present study employed a cross-sectional design to assess coping and drug use in a sample of 276 methadone maintenance patients. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the factor structure of the coping measure and the relationship between coping and unauthorized drug use. The results suggest that coping and drug use are related in this population and that this relationship is different for Black patients than for White patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

The persistence of fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis: development of a model.

The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is unknown. With respect to factors perpetuating fatigue, on the other hand, a model has been postulated in the literature in which behavioral, cognitive, and affective factors play a role in perpetuating fatigue. In the present study, this hypothesized model was tested on patients with CFS and on fatigued patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The model was formulated in terms of cause-and-effect relationships and an integral test of this model was performed by the statistical technique, "structural equation modeling," in 51 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and 50 patients with multiple sclerosis matched for age, gender, and education. Attributing complaints to a somatic cause produced low levels of physical activity, which in turn had a causal effect on fatigue severity. Depression had to be deleted from the model. Sense of control over symptoms and focusing on bodily symptoms each had a direct causal effect on fatigue. The model showed an excellent fit for CFS patients, but was rejected for MS patients. Therefore, a new model for MS patients had to be developed in which sense of control had a causal effect on fatigue. In the MS model, no causal relationship was found between the physical state as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) and fatigue or functional impairment. The present study shows that cognitive and behavioral factors are involved in the persistence of fatigue. Treatment should be directed at these factors. The processes involved in the subjective experience of fatigue in CFS were different from the processes related to fatigue in MS.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Understanding the links among school misbehavior, academic achievement, and cigarette use: a national panel study of adolescents.

Relations among academic achievement, school bonding, school misbehavior, and cigarette use from 8th to 12th grade were examined in two national panel samples of youth (n = 3056). A series of competing conceptual models developed a priori was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings suggest that during middle adolescence the predominant direction of influence is from school experiences to cigarette use. School misbehavior and low academic achievement contribute to increased cigarette use over time both directly and indirectly. Two-group SEM analyses involving two cohorts-gender and ethnicity- revealed that our findings are robust. In addition, comparisons between high school dropouts and nondropouts and between eighth-grade cigarette use initiators and nonusers revealed few differences in direction or magnitude of effects. Results suggest that prevention programs that attempt to reduce school misbehavior and academic failure, as well as to help students who misbehave and have difficulty in school constructively avoid negative school- and health-related outcomes, are likely to be effective in reducing adolescent cigarette use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Going home: the complex effects of reunification on internalizing problems among children in foster care.

When children in fostercare are reunified with their families of origin they encounter changes that may influence their well-being in both positive and negative ways. We examined the effects of reunification among 218 children in foster care to test an integrative model of the effects of reunification using structural equation modeling. We hypothesized that reunification would exert indirect effects on subsequent child adjustment via changes in adverse life events, perceived social isolation, and mental health service utilization. Results indicated no direct effect of reunification on subsequent internalizing problems, but reunification was related to increased adverse life events that, in turn, were related to elevated symptoms. Second, reunification was negatively associated with mental health service use. Finally, reunification was associated with decreased child perceptions of social isolation. In summary, reunification with biological parents is associated with multiple environmental changes, with most but not all effects indicating negative consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Inattention-hyperactivity and reading achievement in children from low-income families: a longitudinal model.

This study examined how preschool inattention-hyperactivity is related to elementary school reading achievement. Prereading skills were hypothesized to be a link between them. This link was explored using longitudinal data on 105 low-socioeconomic-status (SES) children's inattentive-hyperactive behavior and prereading skills in Head Start and in kindergarten and their inattentive-hyperactive behavior and reading skills in first grade. A model of this relationship was tested using structural equation modeling. The results failed to show a significant path between inattention-hyperactivity and prereading skills at both the Head Star and kindergarten levels. A significant path was found between first grade inattention-hyperactivity and reading skills, confirming that the strong relationship between inattention-hyperactivity and poor reading achievement commonly found in children from other SES levels was also significant in this low-SES sample. Strong relationships were found between prereading skills and reading skills, as well as among hyperactivity levels at the three grades. The issue of the direction of the path of influence between attention-behavior and reading achievement is addressed briefly; however, the results indicate that further longitudinal work is necessary to resolve this issue.

Achievement↗

PubMed1999

Relations of diabetes intrusiveness and personal control to symptoms of depression among adults with diabetes.

The generalizability of a model linking illness characteristics to psychosocial well-being was tested in a cross-sectional study of 237 adults with type 2 diabetes. It was hypothesized that diabetic complications increase illness intrusiveness, which in turn increases depressive symptomatology either directly or indirectly by reducing personal control over health outcomes. Illness intrusiveness was defined as the result of disruptions of valued activities and interests due to constraints imposed by the illness. An excellent fit of this model to the data was found using structural equation modeling. The model explained 65% of the variance in depressive symptomatology. Assessment of an alternative model excluding personal control suggested that the extent to which diabetes intrudes in life, rather than diabetic complications per se or personal control, is a key factor in relation to depressive symptomatology in individuals with diabetes.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale.

As part of the Women's Health Initiative Study, the 5-item Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS) was developed. This article summarizes the development of the scale through the use of responses from 66,269 postmenopausal women (mean age = 62.07 years, SD = 7.41 years). All women completed a 10-item questionnaire concerning sleep. A novel resampling technique was introduced as part of the data analysis. Principal-axes factor analysis without iteration and rotation to a varimax solution was conducted for 120,000 random samples of 1,000 women each. Use of this strategy led to the development of a scale with a highly stable factor structure. Structural equation modeling revealed no major differences in factor structure across age and race-ethnic groups. WHIIRS norms for race-ethnicity and age subgroups are detailed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Cultural identity, explanatory style, and depression in Navajo adolescents.

This study investigated the interrelationships among cultural identity, explanatory style, and depression in Navajo adolescents. A total of 332 (197 female, 135 male) Navajo adolescents completed 7 self-report measures. These data were used to create, via structural equation modeling, a series of factor models and full structural models. Analyses indicated that current factor structures for explanatory style and depression are adequate for use with Navajo adolescents. Increased control and predictability and limited duration of stressful encounters were both predictive of decreased symptoms of depression. Higher levels of Navajo cultural identity had a modest effect in terms of reducing depression. Other factors, such as perceived discrimination and urban/reservation domicile, are important to study to provide an increased understanding of depression among Navajo adolescents.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2001

The effects of personal need for structure and occupational identity in the role stress process.

The authors formed and tested a model of the antecedents, consequences, and possible moderators or mediators of the role ambiguity construct in a new occupational group of nurses (N = 1,240) in Finland. They hypothesized that (a) job characteristics (control and feedback) would be associated with role ambiguity and (b) this association, in turn, would be moderated by personal need for structure. The authors hypothesized that role ambiguity would affect occupational strain partially by the strength of occupational identity. They tested these models by using hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling (LISREL 8; K. G. Jöreskog & D. Sörbom, 1993). Both hypotheses were supported.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Preadolescent predictors of substance initiation: a test of both the direct and mediated effect of family social control factors on deviant peer associations and substance initiation.

A review of the literature suggests that early substance initiation is related to a variety of negative outcomes, including substance misuse or abuse in adolescence and adulthood. This study examines potentially modifiable predictors of early substance initiation, including both family and peer factors known to influence early initiation. A theoretically derived model of substance initiation was tested using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that both family and peer factors have an impact on early substance initiation when children in this sample were 11 and 12 years old. The model explained 60% of the variance in substance initiation. Prosocial family processes (rules, monitoring, and attachment) had a significant impact on child peer association, decreasing involvement with antisocial peers. These prosocial family processes had a significant negative effect on substance initiation even while modeling the influence of antisocial peers. Implications for drug use prevention practice are discussed.

Catchment Area, Health↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The mediating effect of pain and fatigue on level of functioning in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Medical conditions and symptoms have been shown to predict level of functioning in older adults, but medical conditions and symptoms have rarely been investigated together in a comprehensive model that included both medical conditions and symptoms as predictors of functioning in older adults. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the adverse effect of medical conditions on different aspects of functioning in older adults is mediated by the level of symptoms (pain and fatigue). If so, level of functioning may improve if pain or fatigue can be mitigated, even when underlying medical conditions cannot be cured. METHOD: Data from 225 adults aged 65-90 were used to test whether medical conditions, symptoms (pain and fatigue), and six covariates predicted lower body performance, self-reported physical functioning, and self-reported role and social functioning. The fit of a series of models to the data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Medical conditions affected self-reported physical functioning and self-reported role and social functioning by increasing the level of symptoms, rather than by direct association. Further descriptive studies are needed to identify other symptoms and modifiable mechanisms by which medical conditions affect functioning. Researchers who investigate the causes of poor functioning in older adults are encouraged to include symptoms in models that hypothesize medical conditions as predictors of functioning outcomes.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mitigating the impact of hospital restructuring on nurses: the responsibility of emotionally intelligent leadership.

BACKGROUND: A decade of North American hospital restructuring in the 1990s resulted in the layoff of thousands of nurses, leading to documented negative consequences for both nurses and patients. Nurses who remained employed experienced significant negative physical and emotional health, decreased job satisfaction, and decreased opportunity to provide quality care. OBJECTIVE: To develop a theoretical model of the impact of hospital restructuring on nurses and determine the extent to which emotionally intelligent nursing leadership mitigated any of these impacts. METHODS: The sample was drawn from all registered nurses in acute care hospitals in Alberta, Canada, accessed through their professional licensing body (N = 6,526 nurses; 53% response rate). Thirteen leadership competencies (founded on emotional intelligence) were used to create 7 data sets reflecting different leadership styles: 4 resonant, 2 dissonant, and 1 mixed. The theoretical model was then estimated 7 times using structural equation modeling and the seven data sets. RESULTS: Nurses working for resonant leaders reported significantly less emotional exhaustion and psychosomatic symptoms, better emotional health, greater workgroup collaboration and teamwork with physicians, more satisfaction with supervision and their jobs, and fewer unmet patient care needs than did nurses working for dissonant leaders. DISCUSSION: Resonant leadership styles mitigated the impact of hospital restructuring on nurses, while dissonant leadership intensified this impact. These findings have implications for future hospital restructuring, accountabilities of hospital leaders, the achievement of positive patient outcomes, the development of practice environments, the emotional health and well-being of nurses, and ultimately patient care outcomes.

Alberta↗

PubMed1994

Stimulus estimation and the overprediction of fear.

Overprediction of fear is the tendency to overestimate the amount of fear that one will experience in a subjectively threatening situation. Little is known about this bias, despite the important role it appears to play in producing phobic avoidance. The present study proposed a stimulus estimation hypothesis of overprediction, which states that overprediction of fear arises from the overprediction of the danger features of the feared stimulus and the underprediction of safety features. This model was supported by the results of structural equation modelling based on the responses of 224 snake-fearful subjects exposed to a live harmless snake. The determinants of the stimulus estimation bias are considered and directions for further investigation are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Modeling relationships between various domains of hearing aid provision.

Various inventories have been developed to quantify the success of hearing aid provision. Though numerous parameters including initial measures (hearing disability, handicap) or 'outcome measures' (e.g. benefit, satisfaction and usage) are recorded, relationships and interactions among them are still unclear. A study applying a questionnaire addressing 11 domains relevant to amplification was conducted in order to generate different psychometric models with the AMOS software package for structural equation modeling. The models expose easily interpretable interactions and are helpful in understanding effects occurring with commonly used outcome measures: benefit reflects the difference between the aided and unaided condition but additionally comprises the importance of the hearing aid within a specific situation. Satisfaction is highly reliant on benefit. Usage is strongly dependent on the severity of hearing problems and therefore not appropriate in assessing the success of amplification. Moreover, the models help to predict the outcome of clinically used inventories (i.e. the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Preliminary testing of the Episode-Specific Interpretations of Exercise Inventory.

The purpose of this study was to develop the Episode-Specific Interpretations of Exercise Inventory (ESIE). Through a qualitative analysis of women's exercise experiences, episode-specific interpretations were defined operationally as consisting of five themes (Somatic Sensations, Affirmations, Connectedness, Explanations, and Reflections), each containing several categories. Nine-point adjectival scales were generated to represent these five qualitative themes. Older women (N = 364; mean age 69.5 +/- 6.7) completed the ESIE, the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (EBBS), and three counterbalanced exercise behavior measures. Common factor analyses of the ESIE items resulted in nine factors. This measurement model was trimmed to six factors using structural equation modeling. Correlations with EBBS subscales and differences between high and low exercisers supported construct validity of the ESIE subscales.

Aged↗