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Chickens were treated intracoelomically with extracts of chicken thymus (TE) and bursa of Fabricius (BE), the former known to be enriched with avian thymic hormone. Doses of 1.0 mg TE enhanced blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A for at least 3 wk after cessation of treatment. Very high doses of BE (5.0 mg) also enhanced blastogenic responses to PHA.
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The results of the first global grafting of the thymus and a thymus-sternum block are given. The grafting of immunocompetent organs in children with the Louis-Bar syndrome is shown to cause to a partial and in some cases significant recovery of immunological parameters. Thus, blast-cell transformation showed 10-40% increases, the titers of antibodies to Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli rose, and immunoglobulin A that was generally absent in these children before surgery appeared. The clinical effect of grafting was noticeably observed 20-30 days after surgery. The most significant parameters were as follows: cessation of sinusitis, rhinitis, bronchitis, and purulent skin lesions. Neurological syndromes improved: tremor and staggering gait diminished, ocular convergence normalized. Thereafter such operations were made in 27 patients with Bruton's disease and in 3 patients with lymphogranulomatosis. The grafting of immunocompetent organs led to the design of agents derived from the thyroid gland (Tactivin) and bone marrow (myelopid). The immunobiological and clinical effects of Tactivin in the past 15-20 years are given in detail. The basic principles in immunomodulating therapy with thymic agents are presented.
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In the present study, the autoantibody profile of 31 Slovenian patients with idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease was estimated: 11 with polymyositis, 11 with dermatomyositis--both groups diagnosed according to the criteria of Bohan and Peter--and 9 with myositis-overlap syndromes. Autoantibodies against most relevant muscle specific (Jo-1, Mi-2) and non-specific antigens (PM-Scl, U1RNP, native Ro, Ro60, Ro52, and La) were detected with one or more detection techniques: counter-immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunoassay, immunoblot and immunoprecipitation, each using different antigen preparations (native, recombinant). With counter-immunoelectrophoresis using a native antigen substrate (rabbit thymus extract), we were able to detect anti-PM-Scl antibodies more readily than with other techniques, probably due to conformational epitopes of native PM-Scl. Patients with this serological profile constituted a distinct group, sharing features of polymyositis and systemic sclerosis. Compared to previously reported data, the greater frequency of anti-Jo-1 found in all groups of patients (64-87% for PM, 18-20% for dermatomyositis and 33-44% for overlap syndromes) was probably due to the various methods used and the different clinical characteristics of patients. The greater prevalence of anti-Mi-2 antibodies in dermatomyositis patients (67%) and in particular in polymyositis patients (33%) and myositis-overlap syndromes (33%) seemed to be mainly due to methodological differences. A strikingly high prevalence of anti-Ro52 positive patients with polymyositis (55%), dermatomyositis (22%), and myositis-overlap syndromes (33%) was demonstrated, but was detected by only one technique. Moreover, concurrence with anti-Jo-1 antibodies was noted (69%).
Antigen-induced depression of spleen DNA synthesis was studied in NZB and CBA/J mice. This phenomenon, a measure of T suppressor cell activity, normally decreases as a consequence of aging. However, NZB mice have an accelerated loss of antigen-induced depression that can be restored by treatment with thymosin or injection of 1-month-old NZB thymocytes. The restoration by thymosin declined between 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, but could be induced again after a second exposure to thymosin. These results suggest a potential for reversible but repeatable restoration of suppressor cell activity in NZB mice.
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Regulating effect of thyroid hormones on functions of organs of the immune system has been demonstrated in the experiment. Deficiency of thyroid hormones affects thymulin synthesis and morphofunctional status of immunogenesis organs. Combination of thymostimulin and thyroxin in the thyroidectomized animals, as compared to their separate use, is pathogenetically the most adequate correcting therapy aiming normalization of structural and functional disorders in the thymus and spleen. Prolonged reaction of tissual basophils saturated with heparin, indicated hormonal activation of blood anticoagulative system, and complex of the above hormones can be used for prevention of thromboembolic complications.
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A study of 102 patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases revealed that levamisole, T + activin and thymalin possess an immunostimulating effect increasing the level of lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, activate the functional activity of lymphocytes in patients with chronic cholestatic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. T = activin, thymalin produce a more pronounced normalization of the immune response by increasing the contents of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations, elevating the functional activity of mononuclears, reducing the concentration of immunoglobulins, cyclic immune complexes. These changes favour controlling the immuno-inflammatory process in the liver, normalization of clinical manifestation of the disease.
In 1976, the term of "special therapy methods", denoting homoeopathy, anthroposophical medicine, and phytotherapy, was incorporated into the German law concerning pharmaceutical preparations. This led to judicial consequences with regard to payment of costs by assistance and social insurance bodies. Among judgments delivered, there were also some regarding Voll's electro acupuncture and treatment with nosodes or thymus extracts. Reasons given by courts for deciding in the claimant's favour were: doubts concerning the meaning of "general scientific agreement" about a certain method as well as regarding the socalled "medical science clause" of social private insurance authorities, and competence of medical experts. Furthermore, special effects were wrongly attributed to these methods. On the other hand, reasons for refusal of claims were: lack of general scientific acknowledgment of a method and negligence of available conventional treatment possibilities. In the commentary, it is stated that refunding of costs for nonconventional medical treatment is neither justified nor helpful, because it favours power struggle, sectarianism, and envourages quackery and charlatans. It is to be hoped that forthcoming mutual harmonizing of EC rules will, in the true interest of patients, favour acceptance of uniform practice and criteria.
The aim of the investigation was to study the direct influence of T-actemodulin (TAM) on the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection in vitro and in vivo. HSV-1 (strain Vic) and HSV-2 (strain Nissa) were used in the experiments in vitro. The experiments were performed using multicycle and singlecycle growth tests. Seventy-five patients suffering from HSV infections (labialis and genitalis) were locally treated by 0.04% TAM-containing hydrophilic gel or water-washable cream (applied every 3 h). The results showed that TAM: decreased the infectious virus titre; reduced the infectious virus yield at the end of the single cycle of the virus replication; prolonged the latent period; and exerted an irreversible inhibitory effect on the infectious virus titre when applied at immediate early intervals after the infection. No relapses were observed in 84% of the patients treated with TAM. Eight percent of the patients were with only reduced relapses and in 8% of the patients TAM had a mild effect. TAM exerted a preventive effect against the disease when the treatment was initiated in the period of paresthesia.
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