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PubMed1991

The avian oesophageal motor function and its nervous control: some physiological, pharmacological and comparative aspects.

1. This paper deals with the avian oesophageal motor function and it attempts to draw some comparative aspects between neural regulation of the avian and mammalian oesophagus. 2. Different from the mammalian oesophagus, the avian oesophagus, presents at rest electrical activity associated to spontaneous contractions. 3. Swallowing elicits peristaltic contraction, characterized by an inhibitory and an excitatory component. 4. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurons are responsible for the inhibitory component. 5. Contrarily to what observed in mammals, where the peripheral mechanism are important for the peristaltic sequence, the primary peristaltism of birds seems to be entirely mediated by extrinsic nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Impairment of the restoration of motor function after delayed nerve suture].

Motor restitution was studied after severance and microsurgical suture of 75 rabbit peroneal nerves by functional, electromyographic and morphological methods. Maximal pre-suture denervation lasted 12 months. Concerning the nerve distal to the suture site, individual variations in the degree of neurotization were more obvious than increasing changes with later nerve suture. But yet motor recovery was worse in this animal group with long lasting pre-suture denervation intervals. It therefore is concluded that changes within the muscle cells and the motor endplates probably are of outstanding importance for the poor motor recovery. Morphological findings in muscle and endplates support the conclusion. Especially after late nerve sutures the arrival of axons within the muscle is by no means necessarily followed by a sufficient recurrence of its function.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Enhancement of voluntary motor function following spinal cord stimulation--case study.

One patient with an incomplete traumatic myelopathy underwent epidural spinal cord stimulation for the management of severe intractable spasms, which were abolished by the stimulation. After several months of stimulation, the patient regained some voluntary motor function in the lower extremities. Voluntary motor control of the left quadriceps was present only when spinal cord stimulation was activated and stopped immediately after it was turned off. The effects could be consistently reproduced. EMG polygraphic recordings confirmed the results.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effects of mutations in the gamma-phosphate binding site of myosin on its motor function.

The role of the highly conserved residues in the gamma-phosphate binding site of myosin upon myosin motor function was studied. Each of five residues (Ser181, Lys185, Asn235, Ser236, and Arg238) in smooth muscle myosin was mutated. K185Q has neither a steady state ATPase nor an initial Pi burst. Although ATP and actin bind to K185Q, it is not dissociated from actin by ATP. These results indicate that the hydrolysis of bound ATP by K185Q is inhibited. S236T has nearly normal basal Mg2+-ATPase activity, initial Pi burst, ATP-induced enhancement of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and ATP-induced dissociation from actin. However, the actin activation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity and actin translocation of S236T were blocked. In contrast S236A has nearly normal enzymatic properties and actin-translocating activity. These results indicate that 1) the hydroxyl group of Ser236 is not critical as an intermediary of proton transfer during the ATP hydrolysis step, and 2) the bulk of the extra methyl group of the threonine residue in S236T blocks the acceleration of product release from the active site by actin. Arg238, which interacts with Glu459 at the Switch II region, was mutated to Lys and Ile, respectively. R238K has essentially normal enzymatic activity and motility. In contrast, R238I does not hydrolyze ATP or support motility, although it still binds ATP. These results indicate that the charge interaction between Glu459 and Arg238 is critical for ATP hydrolysis by myosin. Other mutants, S181A, S181T, and N235I, showed nearly normal enzymatic and motile activity.

Actins↗

PubMed1970

Influence of bolus temperature on human esophageal motor function.

Hot and cold water, in comparison to room temperature water, ingested by normal young men, profoundly alters esophageal motor function. Cold water slows or abolishes esophageal peristalsis, prolongs the contraction wave in the distal esophagus, produces a delayed but prolonged relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and regularly causes a lower esophageal sphincteric contraction of increased amplitude. It does not, however, diminish the frequency of response of the lower esophageal sphincter even when the peristaltic wave above is abolished. Hot water, on the other hand, accelerates the response of the esophagus to the swallow; this change is reflected by increased speed of wave propagation, waves of shorter duration, a more brief relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and a lower esophageal sphincter contraction of less amplitude. Hot water may even increase the frequency of peristalsis at least in the proximal esophagus. In spite of these changes, however, neither extreme of temperature altered the rapid passage of the water swallows through the more proximal portions of the esophagus. Hot water tended to traverse the lower esophageal sphincter more rapidly than did room temperature water, but cold water was often delayed in entering the stomach and tended to pool in the distal esophagus even though sphincteric relaxation was manometrically complete and prolonged.

Deglutition↗

PubMed1985

[Relation between features of the recovery of motor functions in patients with ischemic strokes and the site and extent of lesion focus].

The nature and degree of motor disorders, the degree and rate of recovery were shown to be more dependent on the localization than on the size of the cerebral infarction specified by computer-aided tomography of the drain. Localization of infarct in the posterior femur of the internal capsule proved the least favourable with regard to the recovery of motor functions.

Brain↗

PubMed2002

[Lengthy epidural blockade and intestinal motor function in the early postoperative period].

The telemetry method of registration of the intraintestinal pressure was used for the investigation of the motor function of the intestine under condition of continuous epidural blockade (CEB) with Trimekain at early terms after operations on the stomach for ulcer disease. It was found that the motor cycle structure of the small and sigmoid bowels within the first three days after resection of the stomach and truncal vagotomy was not substantially changed under the influence of CEB. A pronounced stimulating effect of the epidural blockade manifested itself as an improvement of the main quantitative parameters of intestinal motility. The character of these changes in the small and sigmoid bowels was the same and did not depend on intactness of vagus nerves. The combined mechanism of the influence of CEB on intestinal motility includes analgesia, improved respiratory function, greater volume of mesenterial circulation and the influence on the intramural nervous system and muscle apparatus of the intestine.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of the motor function of the human sphincter of Oddi by endoscopic retrograde cinecholangiography gated by manometry--a report of a case.

Although the motor function of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) has been clearly identified by endoscopic SO manometry (ESOM), the physiologic role of the phasic contractions of the SO remains unsettled in humans. The aim of this study was to correlate SO motor activity measured by ESOM with bile flow characteristics determined by simultaneously recorded endoscopic retrograde cinecholangiography. We investigated a 55-year-old female patient by means of ESOM. During the station pull-through recording, the ESOM catheter was withdrawn into the SO zone and retained there for 15 min. The pressures transmitted by the external transducers and the enlarged video picture of the choledochoduodenal junction from the X-ray fluoroscopic monitor (25 digital pictures/sec) were recorded simultaneously on the computer system with a time-correlated basis. During the analysis without taking note of the cinefluoroscopic events, we selected different manometric periods manually, such as the pressure wave of the SO phasic contraction, no SO phasic activity and the first second of the beginning of the next phasic contraction. Cumulative cinecholangiographic pictures were then constructed by the computer for each period, at a frequency of one frame/sec to create representative sum-of-pictures for each manometric period. By means of the application of manometrically gated cinecholangiography, we succeeded in demonstrating an exact time correlation between the SO systolic and diastolic movements on cinecholangiography and the pressure recording detected by ESOM in humans.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed2006

Reliability of the Hammersmith functional motor scale for spinal muscular atrophy in a multicentric study.

The aim of this study was to validate the Hammersmith functional motor scale for children with spinal muscular atrophy in a large cohort of 90 non-ambulant children with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 or 3. All had a baseline assessment (T0) and were reassessed either at 3 months (T1) (n = 66) or at 6 months (T2) (n = 24). Inter-observer reliability, tested on 13 children among 3 examiners, was > 95%. Of the 66 children examined after 3 months 4 had adverse effects in between assessments and were excluded from the analysis. Forty-two (68%) of the remaining 62 reassessed had no variation in scores between T0 and T1 and 13 (21%) were within +/- 1 point. 9 (37.5%) of the 24 children reassessed after 6 months had no variation in scores between T0 and T2 and another 9 (37.5%) had variations within +/- 1 point. Our study confirms previous observations of the reliability of the scale and helps to establish a baseline for assessing changes of functional ability over 3 and 6 month intervals. This information can be valuable in view of therapeutic trials.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Effect of 5-HT1B/D receptor agonist and antagonist administration on motor function in haloperidol and MPTP-treated common marmosets.

An interaction between brain serotonergic and dopaminergic systems involving 5-HT(1B) receptors may contribute to motor complications arising from the drug treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This study assessed the effects of treatment with a non-selective 5-HT(1B/D) receptor agonist and a selective 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonist on akinesia induced in marmosets by long-term treatment with haloperidol and on motor disability and l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated marmosets. In marmosets treated chronically with haloperidol, the 5-HT(1B) agonist SKF-99101-H reduced locomotor activity and induced motor disability, whereas the 5-HT(1B) antagonist SB-224289-A had no effect on motor behaviour. Haloperidol administration induced a suppression of locomotor activity which was not reversed by co-administration of either SKF-99101-H or SB-224289-A. In MPTP-treated common marmosets, neither SKF-99101-H nor SB-224289-A induced any significant change in motor function. However, SKF-99101-H inhibited L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and the reversal of motor deficits whereas SB-224289-A was without effect. The results of this study indicate that the 5-HT(1B) receptor appears not to be an appropriate target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) or for the control of drug-induced motor complications developed as a tong-term consequence of neuroleptic or L-DOPA treatment.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗

PubMed1992

[The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the secretory, motor function and microcirculation of the stomach and duodenal walls in patients with duodenal ulcers].

A total of 22 patients with duodenal ulcer were examined for secretory and motor functions, microcirculation of the gastroduodenal wall and changes in the stomach-duodenum interrelations under the influence of hyperbaric oxygenation. Of these, group I included 9 patients with active ulcer; group II 13 persons with a healing ulcer. To assess gastric and duodenal functions, use was made of pH-metry combined with the measurement of intraluminal pressure by "open catheters". Microcirculation of the gastroduodenal wall was estimated by the radiation method. The studies have shown that the patients with active ulcer treated by hyperbaric oxygenation manifested a decrease of motor activity of both stomach and duodenum, an improvement of acid-neutralizing function of the stomach, a reduction of the duration of duodenum acidification, a greater normalization of microcirculation in the duodenal wall than in the gastric wall. In the patients with healing ulcers, the duodenal motility returned to normal, the initially elevated gastric motility fell to normal, the acidification of the duodenal bulb declined, and the regional blood flow returned to normal. It may thus be concluded that the positive impact of hyperbaric oxygenation on gastroduodenal function was more pronounced in the patients with healing ulcers where a more considerable decrease of motor activity was not accompanied by duodenal motility suppression.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of disuse of hand for recovery of motor function following dorsal column section in the monkey.

A question of whether use or disuse of the hand affects the recovery of motor function following dorsal column (DC) section was examined in monkeys. The hand was immobilized by a cast for 16 and 18 days after the section. When the cast was removed, the motor deficit was severer than that observed immediately after the DC section in control animals clearly indicating that the usage of the hand was necessary for the recovery. However, the impairment was not permanent. The hand skill started improving following the removal of the cast and reached the same level as the control although it took longer than for control animals. Neuronal mechanisms for the recovery are discussed in relation to the formation of new synapses.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2002

Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of robot-assisted movement training with conventional techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial, 6-month follow-up. SETTING: A Department of Veterans Affairs rehabilitation research and development center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive sample of 27 subjects with chronic hemiparesis (>6mo after cerebrovascular accident) randomly allocated to group. INTERVENTIONS: All subjects received twenty-four 1-hour sessions over 2 months. Subjects in the robot group practiced shoulder and elbow movements while assisted by a robot manipulator. Subjects in the control group received neurodevelopmental therapy (targeting proximal upper limb function) and 5 minutes of exposure to the robot in each session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor impairment, FIMtrade mark instrument, and biomechanic measures of strength and reaching kinematics. Clinical evaluations were performed by a therapist blinded to group assignments. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the robot group had larger improvements in the proximal movement portion of the Fugl-Meyer test after 1 month of treatment (P<.05) and also after 2 months of treatment (P<.05). The robot group had larger gains in strength (P<.02) and larger increases in reach extent (P<.01) after 2 months of treatment. At the 6-month follow-up, the groups no longer differed in terms of the Fugl-Meyer test (P>.30); however, the robot group had larger improvements in the FIM (P<.04). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with conventional treatment, robot-assisted movements had advantages in terms of clinical and biomechanical measures. Further research into the use of robotic manipulation for motor rehabilitation is justified.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Neurophysiology of motor function following cannabis discontinuation in chronic cannabis smokers: an fMRI study.

The objective of this study was to identify the differences in cerebral activation between chronic cannabis smokers and controls in response to finger sequencing. We hypothesized that attentional areas related to motor function as well as primary and supplementary motor cortices would show diminished activation in chronic cannabis smokers. Nine cannabis smokers and 16 controls were included in these analyses. Scanning was performed on a GE 1.5T scanner. Echo planar images and high-resolution MR images were acquired. The challenge paradigm included left and right finger sequencing. Group differences in cerebral activation were examined for Brodmann areas (BA) 4, 6, 24, and 32 using ROI analyses in SPM. Cannabis users, tested within 4-36 h of discontinuation, exhibited significantly less activation than controls in BA 24 and 32 bilaterally during right- and left-sided sequencing and for BA 6 in all tasks except for left-sided sequencing in the left hemisphere. There were no statistically significant differences for BA 4. None of these regional activations correlated with urinary cannabis concentration and verbal IQ for smokers. These results suggest that recently abstinent chronic cannabis smokers produce reduced activation in motor cortical areas in response to finger sequencing compared to controls.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Impairment and recovery profiles of sensory-motor function following stroke: single-case graphical analysis techniques.

Graphical analysis procedures have been developed to improve interpretation of sensory-motor tests from individual subjects following acute brain damage. The procedures have been applied to 11 unilateral stroke patients assessed serially over 12 months on a computerized quantitative sensory-motor test battery of which grip strength, arm speed, and tracking have been chosen for illustrative purposes. The results indicate that four graphs are necessary to fully demonstrate neurologic impairment and recovery of each sensory-motor function, although fewer graphs would be satisfactory in some applications. Such analyses have proven valuable in the display of serial performance of individual patients but demonstration of impairment and recovery is much more difficult than for group analyses.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Cerebellar nitric oxide synthase, cGMP and motor function in two lines of cerebellar mutant mice, Staggerer and Wriggle Mouse Sagami.

We investigated the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the cerebellar motor function, by measuring nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and cGMP in the cerebellum using two lines of mutant mice having motor dysfunction, Staggerer (SG) and Wriggle Mouse Sagami (WMS). In SG, the NOS activity per cerebellum was reduced to 5.8% of that of the controls, while no significant change was observed in WMS. The cerebellar cGMP in SG was reduced to 3.3% of that of the controls and to 43% in WMS. In contrast with these neurochemical markers of NO, the locomotor dysfunction and the number of falls were greater in WMS than in SG. The reductions of the neurochemical markers of NO are consistent with the results of the previous neuropathological studies in SG and WMS whereas the cerebellar motor dysfunction was independent of these neurochemical and neuropathological changes.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1999

Microtubule-based motor function in mitosis.

Microtubule-based motors are essential both for the proper assembly of the mitotic spindle and for chromosome segregation. Mitotic motors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit either overlapping or opposing activities in order to achieve proper spindle function, whereas the analysis of motors using vertebrate cytoplasmic extracts has revealed less functional redundancy. In several systems, biochemical, genetic and two-hybrid approaches have been used both to identify associated nonmotor proteins and to address the molecular mechanisms behind kinetochore movements during chromosome alignment and segregation.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The Hammersmith functional motor scale for children with spinal muscular atrophy: a scale to test ability and monitor progress in children with limited ambulation.

A functional motor scale was devised for use in children with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 and type 3, in particular those with limited mobility, to give objective information on motor ability and clinical progression. The scale, which has 20 scored activities, was designed to be self-explanatory, quick, easy to use, reproducible and reliable. In this paper we describe the development of the scale, reporting the criteria used to choose the items to be included, their application in a normal cohort and in a cohort of children with SMA and how we arrived to a final version of the scale in which the items are arranged in order of difficulty. The analysis of 120 assessments over 2 years from 51 children with type 2 and type 3 SMA also led to a more accurate profile of functional achievements in both type 2 and 3 SMA and to a more detailed sub-classification of type 2 SMA.

Adolescent↗