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PubMed1995

A comparative study of ERP correlates of psychometric and Piagetian intelligence measures in normal and hyperactive children.

Verbal and performance scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R 1981) and of a Piagetian battery, the Cognitive Development Scale for Children (EDC 1984), were obtained on 30 normal control and 19 hyperactive 6-8-year-old children. Amplitudes and latencies of a fronto-central P250 and of the parieto-occipital N250, P350 and P500 were measured concurrently in 4 categorization tasks derived from tests of the WISC-R and EDC batteries. Spearman correlations were computed between the intelligence and the ERP factor scores. Results showed that age-related and age-corrected Wechsler's scores were correlated with similar ERP changes (reduced amplitude, decreased latency). With regard to the amplitude changes, each type of intelligence was associated with a specific ERP pattern. The verbal scores were correlated with the P350 and the P500 amplitudes, and the performance scores with the frontal P250 and occipital N250 amplitudes. By contrast, Piagetian development and intelligence scores yielded ERP correlates in the opposite direction: P500 amplitude was negatively correlated with raw EDC scores, but positively with scaled EDC scores. In addition, Piagetian intelligence was not related to the general peak latency decrease with age. In hyperactive children, additional negative correlations were found between P250 amplitude and the subjects' verbal test scores. Correlations with some performance tests that were negative in normal controls, were positive in hyperactive children. In addition, latency-based correlations found in normal controls were lacking in hyperactive children. These findings provide strong evidence that intelligence comprises different components related to different subsets of cognitive processes, as indexed by different ERP waves. They also suggest that the development and intelligence do not always rely on the same changes, and that intelligence forms may not be referred to the same use of the same processes in hyperactive and normal children.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1978

A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia.

The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed2003

Concurrent and predictive validity of the cognitive adaptive test/clinical linguistic and auditory milestone scale (CAT/CLAMS) and the Mental Developmental Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

The Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was designed for use by primary pediatric health care providers to identify children with developmental delays. This study assesses the concurrent and predictive validity of CAT/CLAMS developmental quotient (DQ) scores and the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development in healthy children without risk factors for developmental delay. Overall CAT/CLAMS DQ scores correlated significantly with Bayley MDI scores at both 12 (r = 0.393; p = 0.008) and 30 months (r = 0.742; p = 0.0001) of age. Overall CAT/CLAMS DQ scores at 12 months of age also correlated modestly with Bayley MDI scores at 30 months of age (r = 0.181; p = 0.036). Despite its modest predictive validity at 12 months, its satisfactory concurrent validity plus its ease and speed of administration make the CAT/CLAMS a reasonable choice for assessment of early development by primary pediatric health care providers.

Child Development↗

PubMed1997

Measuring beliefs about orthodontic treatment: a questionnaire approach.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have examined what parents and orthodontists expect from and value about orthodontic treatment. In this study, we designed and tested a questionnaire to outline what drives consumer demand for children's orthodontic care. Further, we present data from the questionnaire to illustrate how expectations and values pertaining to orthodontic treatment relate to sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Subjects were 220 Pennsylvania orthodontists and 220 parents at a university orthodontic clinic who were administered a questionnaire designed to assess what parents and orthodontists value about and expect from orthodontic treatment. Items for the questionnaire were developed via a qualitative, telephone interview process. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and reliability analysis for scale development, and analysis of variance for preliminary validity assessment. RESULTS: Through factor analysis, the questionnaire was reduced from 84 to 52 items, and eight scales were examined: expected treatment benefits, expected treatment risks (short- and long-term), expected treatment inconveniences, value of treatment benefits, value of risks (short- and long-term), and value of treatment inconveniences. For parents, the reliability for all scales was in the acceptable range. For orthodontists, only the "short-term risks" scale failed to attain an acceptable reliability. Preliminary validity was assessed through examining relationships between demographic variables and subscale scores. For parents, income, father's education level, and sex of respondent were related to treatment expectations and values. For orthodontists, age, sex, and patient volume were related to treatment values. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire developed in the present study was found to be practical and reliable for use with providers and consumers of orthodontic care and can be used to explore factors affecting the demand for orthodontic care. Implications of possible unrealistic treatment expectations on the part of orthodontists and parents also are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Early parental loss and development of adult psychopathology.

We assessed the effect of parental loss during childhood on the development of psychopathology in 90 adults. The subjects with a history of adult psychopathology (PATH group), in comparison with subjects with no history of a psychiatric disorder (NO PATH group), had poorer quality of childhood home life and personal adaptation subsequent to parental loss as assessed by the Home Life and Personal Adaptation (HAPA) scale developed by us. Total HAPA scale scores were the single most powerful predictor of adult psychopathology, accounting for correct prediction of adult psychopathology in 80% (72/90) of the subjects. The PATH subjects had significantly increased plasma levels of cortisol and beta-endorphin immunoreactivity. Moreover, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels significantly correlated with total HAPA scores. First-degree family history of psychiatric disorders, age at loss, and parental vs maternal loss were not significantly different between PATH and NO PATH subjects. We conclude that the quality of home life subsequent to early parental loss is critically related to the development of adult psychopathology. The hypothesis that early trauma results in enduring neuroendocrine alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function is examined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Problems assessment for substance using psychiatric patients: development and initial psychometric evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Persons with co-occurring Axis I mental disorders and substance use disorders often experience multiple negative consequences as a result of their substance use. Because no existing measure adequately assesses these population-specific problems, we developed the Problems Assessment for Substance Using Psychiatric Patients (PASUPP). This paper describes the scale development and factor structure, and provides initial reliability and validity evidence for the PASUPP. METHODS: An initial pool of 54 items was assembled by reviewing existing measures for relevant items and generating new items. Then, 239 patients (90% male, 61% White) with documented Axis I psychiatric and current substance use disorders rated the lifetime and last 3-month occurrence of each problem, and completed additional measures of substance use and related functioning. RESULTS: Lifetime endorsements ranged from 31 to 95%, whereas 3-month endorsements ranged from 24 to 78%. Item analyses reduced the set to 50 items. The PASUPP is internally consistent (alpha = 0.97) and unidimensional. Scale validity was suggested by moderate correlation with other measures of substance problem severity. CONCLUSIONS: Promising psychometric properties are reported for a population-specific measure of substance use problems. Such a measure could be useful for initial assessments and outcome evaluations with substance using psychiatric patients.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The PRQ--a social support measure.

The Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ) is a two-part measure of the multidimensional characteristics of social support. Part one provides descriptive information about the person's resources, the satisfaction with these resources, and whether or not there is a confidant. Part two contains a 25-item Likert scale developed according to Weiss's relational dimensions and a five-item Self-Help Ideology scale. The PRQ was administered as the measure of one of the independent variables in a study of 149 male or female spouses of individuals with multiple sclerosis. Content and face validity procedures were completed previous to the study. An internal consistency reliability coefficient of alpha = .89 was obtained for the PRQ Part 2. Moderate intercorrelations for the dimensional subscales--intimacy, social integration, worth, and assistance--indicate that there is some overlap of these dimensions. Low intercorrelations between nurturance and the other four subscales suggest that nurturance is an independent scale. Modest predictive validity coefficients were obtained. At the present time the intended use of the PRQ is for research. Plans for tool development include obtaining further construct validity information and test-retest reliability.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Development of a scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers].

Recently, the rate of cesarean section in Korea has been increasing. The results of several previous studies in foreign countries on the emotional responses of cesarean section mothers showed that they might experience difficulties in the mother-infant interaction due to fatigue, lack of early mother-infant interaction, disappointments, anger, feelings of loss of control, and other factors. Human behavior is said to be determined by one's self concept, and self concept is influenced by both internal and external environmental factors. A scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers was needed in order to identify those who might have difficulties in the mother-infant interactions in future. The purposes of this study were to develop a measuring scale, and to test its reliability and validity. The process of this study was as follows. A structured interview was done with 50 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers to find their state of emotional reaction after giving birth to their babies. Based on the results of the interviews, a 50 items Likert scale was developed. The self concept of 268 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers who were hospitalized at six hospital in seoul were measured, during the period between Feb. 1 and April 30. Reviewing the discriminating power of each item by means of crosstabulation, ten items were selected for the final scale. The reliability and validity of this ten item scale were tested by Cronbach's alpha and t-test, using spss pc + package. The results of this study and recommendation are as follows. 1. The ten selected items were as follows. I feel pains in my breast. (-) I have a good appetite now. (+) I feel pains in my flank. (-) I feel fine now. (+) My body seems to have returned to its prepregnant state. (+) Thinking of the delivery process, I feel sorry. (-) I want to hold my baby in my arms. (+) I want to keep my own life, even if I became a mother. (-) I want to delegate the care of the baby to my mother/mother in law. (-) I think baby is my alter ege. (+) 2. The reliability of this scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha, and the coefficient of this scale was .8066. 3. The construct validity of this scale was tested by means of known group methods. The value of self concept for cesarean section mother was significantly lower than for vaginal delivery mothers (t = -5.51, df = 266, p = 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cesarean Section↗

PubMed2006

A brief mental health outcomes measure: translation and validation of the Czech version of the Schwartz Outcomes Scale-10.

The Schwartz Outcomes Scale-10 (SOS-10) is a 10-item scale developed to measure the effectiveness of psychiatric treatments. Using standard methodology, we translated the scale into Czech and examined the psychometric properties of the Czech version. 207 in-patients admitted to Prague Psychiatric Center were included in the study. All patients completed the SOS at admission and discharge. The SOS-10 scale was also administered to 170 persons from the general population. Reliability, validity and sensitivity to treatment change of the Czech SOS-10 were analyzed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92. The item-total correlation coefficients varied from 0.56 to 0.82. The SOS-10 correlated well with condition-specific measures including depression (BDI) and anxiety (BAI) and a global self-rated symptom severity scale (CGI). The SOS-10 also had significant correlations with the Health, Basic needs, Relationship, and Leisure time domains of the Czech version of the Subjective Quality of Life Analysis (SQUALA-CZ). The scale discriminated well between patients and controls, with patients scoring significantly lower on all SOS items. The patient sample's admission and discharge scores were significantly different, indicating that the scale is sensitive to treatment changes. We concluded that the Czech SOS-10 is valid with reliability and factor structure similar to the American language version.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Dating violence and sexual risk behaviors in a sample of at-risk Israeli youth.

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study examines the reported dating violence and its association with sexual risk behavior among Israeli adolescents, who are at risk for dropping out of school. METHODOLOGY: A convenience sample of 105 at-risk youth (51 boys and 54 girls) completed self-administered anonymous, questionnaires in small same-gender groups. The questionnaire included a Hebrew version of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, a valid scale developed in the US especially for adolescents, the Hebrew version of the Conflict Tactics Scale and the Self-Efficacy to Refuse Sexual Behavior Scale. RESULTS: We found high rates of perpetration of verbal-emotional abuse for both girls and boys. Rates of reported victimization by physical abuse were higher among boys but that by sexual abuse were higher among girls. We found a moderate inverse association between victimization by dating violence and practicing safe sex among girls. There was a similar but much stronger association for boys who were victims of dating violence. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of various types of dating violence in Israel, at least among at-risk adolescents, should raise concern and motivate designing and implementing specific prevention interventions. The high reported rates of victimization from dating violence among boys are somewhat surprising and call for special attention and more indepth studies.

Courtship↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Simplified scale for medication adherence related problems in anti-retroviral therapy].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose is to describe an own-developed scale for medication adherence evaluation of HIV patients under antiretroviral therapy, and to compare it with other previously described methods. METHODS: The six-item scale was compared with a pharmacy record about the delivery of medication. Accordance between scale and a four-item Morisky-type scale (measure 1) and a percentage of doses taken as prescribed during the past two weeks (measure 2) was computed. RESULTS: The own-scale showed 93% sensitivity, 70% specificity, a likelihood ratio of 3.08 and good agreement compared with the pharmacy record (k = 0.62, p < 0.001). Agreement between the scale and measure 1 and measure 2 was very weak (k = 0.12, p = 0.446 and k = 0.10, p = 0.273 respectively). 39.7% of patients was considered as adherent according with the own-scale and was observed correlation between adherence and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The scale appears to be a valid instrument to check and detect adherence related problems compared with the pharmacy medication record. Easiness to use make feasible to consider as an adequate tool to detect non-adherent patients or patients with adherence related problems into the daily clinical practice.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Measuring mania and critical appraisal of rating scales.

BACKGROUND: In clinical trials of acute mania, a number of measures have been used to assess the severity of illness and its response to treatment. Rating instruments need to be validated in order for a clinical study to provide reliable and meaningful estimates of treatment effects. OBJECTIVE: To critically assess rating scales used in measuring mania. METHOD: A systematic search of the literature, retrieval of reports of clinical trials of drugs used in mania and the rating scales and a critical and systematic appraisal of their quality. RESULTS: Eight symptom-rating scales were identified. The Mania Rating Scale (MRS) was the most commonly used for assessing treatment response. Two more recently developed scales are the Manchester Nurse Rating Scale for Mania (MNRS-M) and the Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M). The latter appears well validated but its in-use reliability needs to be explored further. The translation of observed changes in instrumental ratings into clinically meaningful change has to be established further. In particular, the relative weighting to be attached to the individual items needs further study. The advantage of the MRS is that there is a relatively extensive database of studies based on it and this will no doubt ensure that it remains a gold standard for the foreseeable future. CONCLUSION: Useful rating scales are available for measuring mania but further cross-validation and validation against clinically meaningful global changes are required.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1989

Validities of the Physical Estimation Scale in predicting running times.

Two studies were conducted with the purpose of examining the validity of the 12-item Physical Estimation Scale, developed by Safrit and Wood (1985), as a predictor of running performance. Physical Estimation Scale scores were not significantly related to running time at the 5-mi. distance but were significantly correlated with predicted and actual marathon finishing times.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Factors affecting QOL of the home-bound elderly disabled.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors affecting the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly home-bound patients. Data were collected from 56 chronically disabled elderly persons (mean age of 76.7 years) who needed a long-term home-based care. They were assessed on QOL, range of activity, functional capacity, and capacity of family care functioning as well as socio-economic condition. The QOL was evaluated by using Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGC Morale Scale). The activities of daily living (ADL) and handicaps were evaluated by the Barthel index and the ESCROW profile, respectively. The capacity of family care functioning was also recorded according to the "Family Care Scale" developed by Hamamura. As a result, there was a significant difference between PGC Morale Scale score and Barthel index score (P < 0.05), and we found a negative correlation between PGC Morale Scale score and ESCROW score (P < 0.05). It was also revealed that the factors affecting the QOL of the home-bound elderly disabled were determined by the motivation, functional capacity, and capacity of family care functioning (P < 0.05). These results suggest that in order to improve their QOL, ADL must be improved, therefore, rehabilitation should be continued to maintain their function after discharging from hospitals and that we should take these factors into consideration, such as living environments and social conditions of the family care. The results also indicate how the patient's independence in the daily life influences social and economic status, and consequently it affects the quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students in one school toward acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to gather information about the attitudes of nursing students toward Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and to determine if there was a relationship between demographic variables and the attitudes expressed. In this study the AIDS Attitude Scale developed by Shrum, Turner, and Bruce (1989) was administered to baccalaureate nursing students. The scale contained 54 items using a five-response scale and included six demographic variables. The results indicated that this sample had a positive attitude toward AIDS (mean = 73.58). Personally knowing someone with AIDS and level of knowledge of AIDS were found to significantly affect one's attitude toward AIDS. The findings of this study can assist nurse educators in planning appropriate content for AIDS education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2002

Empathy in medical students as related to academic performance, clinical competence and gender.

CONTEXT: Empathy is a major component of a satisfactory doctor-patient relationship and the cultivation of empathy is a learning objective proposed by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) for all American medical schools. Therefore, it is important to address the measurement of empathy, its development and its correlates in medical schools. OBJECTIVES: We designed this study to test two hypotheses: firstly, that medical students with higher empathy scores would obtain higher ratings of clinical competence in core clinical clerkships; and secondly, that women would obtain higher empathy scores than men. MATERIALS AND SUBJECTS: A 20-item empathy scale developed by the authors (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy) was completed by 371 third-year medical students (198 men, 173 women). METHODS: Associations between empathy scores and ratings of clinical competence in six core clerkships, gender, and performance on objective examinations were studied by using t-test, analysis of variance, chi-square and correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Both research hypotheses were confirmed. Empathy scores were associated with ratings of clinical competence and gender, but not with performance in objective examinations such as the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and Steps 1 and 2 of the US Medical Licensing Examinations (USMLE). CONCLUSIONS: Empathy scores are associated with ratings of clinical competence and gender. The operational measure of empathy used in this study provides opportunities to further examine educational and clinical correlates of empathy, as well as stability and changes in empathy at different stages of undergraduate and graduate medical education.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development. II: Where to start?

This study examines whether the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (Bayley II) Mental Scale scores vary on the basis of which item set is considered the starting point of an infant's assessment. The Bayley II was administered to 78 12-month-old infants by certified examiners beginning with the 12-month age item set. A second certified examiner then administered 10 additional items that completed the 11-month and 13-month age item sets. Of the 78 infants tested, 73 (94%) met basal and ceiling criteria in all three item sets. Three separate Mental Developmental Index (MDI) scores were calculated using 12-month norms for each subject, which were based on the raw scores generated from the 11-, 12-, and 13-month age item sets. Scores calculated on the 11-month set were significantly lower than those on the 12-month set, which were in turn significantly lower than those on the 13-month set. When tested on the 11-month instead of on the 12-month item set, twice as many infants received lower than normal (< 85) MDI scores, indicating an impact on referability decisions. Minor adjustments in administration of the Bayley II, such as those based on assumptions regarding an infant's current level of functioning, significantly affect infant test scores and eligibility for follow-up services. Standardized use of this test should minimize variability in test scores.

Child Development↗

PubMed1988

The experience and meta-experience of mood.

Mood experience is comprised of at least two elements: the direct experience of the mood and a meta-level of experience that consists of thoughts and feelings about the mood. In Study 1, a two-dimensional structure for the direct experience of mood (Watson & Tellegen, 1985) was tested for its fit to the responses of 1,572 subjects who each completed one of three different mood scales, including a brief scale developed to assist future research. The Watson and Tellegen structure was supported across all three scales. In Study 2, meta-mood experience was conceptualized as the product of a mood regulatory process that monitors, evaluates, and at times changes mood. A scale to measure meta-mood experience was administered to 160 participants along with the brief mood scale. People's levels on the meta-mood dimensions were found to differ across moods. Meta-mood experiences may also constitute an important part of the phenomenology of the personal experience of mood.

Adult↗