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PubMed1994

Parenting behavior of adolescent children of alcoholics.

We compared the parenting behavior of children of alcoholics (COAs) and non-COAs within a sample of adolescent mothers. COAs and their children showed dyadic behaviors that were less problematic than those of their peers on mother-child teaching interactions at 1 year of age, mother-child interactions during structured play at pre-school age and child attachment behavior at pre-school age. COAs reported feeling relatively more rejection as compared to love from the alcoholic parent, but this was not related to their own parenting scores. Similar to other research, COAs reported more historical life stress, more family disruption and more drug use compared to non-COAs, but these measures also were not related to parenting scores. These results suggest that, although adolescent mothers are at risk for parenting difficulties compared to adult mothers, adolescent COAs do not necessarily encounter more problems in parenting their own children compared to other adolescent mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Sexual behavior among adolescents in Uppsala, Sweden.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sexual behavior of Swedish teenagers in the late 1980s with that in the late 1970s, when a similar study was performed in the same city. Another aim was to discover differences between boys and girls, smokers and nonsmokers, and pupils in theoretical and practical classes. A total of 383 high-school students answered a questionnaire about their sexual behavior, education, and attitudes. Almost one-half of the teenagers had already had intercourse. The median age at sexual debut was about 17 years. Among girls who had had intercourse, the median age at debut was lower than 10 years ago. A majority stated that their sexual behavior had been affected by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) debate. This was, however, not clearly seen in their sexual behavior. Intercourse seemed to take place earlier in the relationship than 10 years ago, and the wish for more sexual experience had increased. The use of alcohol at the time of first intercourse had decreased significantly. Only 2% thought that they had too much sex education at school. As many as 41% felt they could not talk about sex with their parents. Efforts should be made both to enhance the quantity of sex education at school and to improve its quality. This might increase the chances of young people avoiding unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Self-destructive behavior in adolescents who have not completed a process of mourning: case study.

The article deals with the problem of self-destructive behavior in adolescence through the perspective of family dynamics. Two vignettes describe an uncompleted process of mourning after the loss of a parent in two suicidal adolescents, a girl and a boy. It shows that suicidal behavior may be only a part of a long lasting process which is not always recognized. In both cases dysfunctional family relations did not allow the adolescents to deal properly with their feelings of responsibility, guilt and accumulated inner tension. Characteristic differences are shown between the girl, who is depressed and manifests somatoform disorder and regressive behavior, and the boy, whose unresolved conflicts and anxiety are manifested by conduct disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood.

Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Understanding AIDS-risk behavior among adolescents in psychiatric care: links to psychopathology and peer relationships.

OBJECTIVE: Severely mentally ill youths are at elevated risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection, but little is known about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk behavior in adolescents who seek outpatient mental health services or about the links between psychiatric problems and particular high-risk behaviors. This pilot study used structural equation modeling to conduct a path analysis to explore the direct and indirect effects of adolescent psychopathology on risky sex, drug/alcohol use, and needle use. METHOD: Ethnically diverse youths (N = 86) and their caregivers who sought outpatient psychiatric services in Chicago completed questionnaires of adolescent psychopathology. Youths reported their relationship attitudes, peer influence, sexual behavior, and drug/alcohol use. RESULTS: Different AIDS-risk behaviors were associated with distinct forms of adolescent psychopathology (e.g., delinquency was linked to drug/alcohol use, whereas aggression was related to risky sexual behavior), and peer influence mediated these linkages. Some patterns were similar for caregiver- and adolescent-reported problems (e.g., peer influence mediated the relation between delinquency and drug/alcohol use), but others were different (e.g., caregiver-reported delinquency was associated with risky sex, whereas adolescent-reported delinquency was not). CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the complexity of factors (types of informants and dimensions of psychopathology) that underlie AIDS risk in troubled youths, and they offer specific directions for designing and implementing uniquely tailored AIDS prevention programs, for example, by targeting delinquent behavior and including high-risk peers and important family members in interventions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Addressing immigration-related separations in Hispanic families with a behavior-problem adolescent.

This article presents specialized family therapy intervention strategies for Hispanic families with behavior-problem adolescents who have experienced an immigration-related separation. Such specialized interventions correspond to a philosophy of customized treatment delivery for Hispanic families. Interactional and cognitive/affective features are presented, and guidelines for building therapeutic alliances, identifying core family processes/themes, and transforming interactions are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Self-reported drug abuse in male adolescents with behavioral disturbances, and follow-up for future schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of illicit drug abuse in persons with schizophrenia is greater then in the general population and has been attributed to self-medication of the symptoms of the illness; however, limited data indicate that drug abuse is already prevalent before the manifestation of psychosis, consistent with the possibility that drug abuse might be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. METHODS: The Israeli Draft Board screens the entire, unselected population of 16- to 17-year-old male adolescents for behavioral or personality disturbances. In a cohort of 270,000 male adolescents screened, 50,413 adolescents were suspected of having behavioral or personality disturbances and were questioned about drug use and abuse. These adolescents were followed for hospitalization for schizophrenia using a national, population-based psychiatric hospitalization registry; 268 of 50,413 (.5%) were hospitalized for schizophrenia over the following 5-11 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported drug abuse in adolescents later hospitalized for schizophrenia was 12.4%, compared with 5.9% prevalence of drug abuse in adolescents not later hospitalized; adjusted RR = 2.016, 95% confidence interval: 1.309-3.104. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of male adolescents with behavior disturbances, these results further support the hypothesis that drug abuse may be associated with increased risk for future schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Health risk behaviors among adolescents attending rural, suburban, and urban schools: a comparative study.

This study describes differences in health risk behaviors among 2,017 adolescents attending rural, suburban, and urban school districts in upstate New York. Differences in risk behaviors regarding use of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substances; sexual activity; and carrying weapons were analyzed. A consistent pattern emerged from the analysis of the data, with rural students at most risk. The findings reinforce the need to focus on the relationship between residence and health risk behaviors, so that intervention programs specific to the needs of rural, suburban, and urban adolescents can be developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Salivary cortisol responses in prepubertal boys: the effects of parental substance abuse and association with drug use behavior during adolescence.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this investigation was three-fold. First, we extended our original observation of decreased cortisol reactivity to an anticipated stressor in sons of fathers with a substance use disorder (SUD). Second, we examined the hypothesis that salivary cortisol underresponsivity in these high-risk prepubertal boys is an adaptation to the stress associated with having a father with a current, rather than remitted, SUD. Third, we tested the hypothesis that prepubertal cortisol underreactivity might be associated with subsequent drug use behavior during adolescence. METHODS: Preadolescent salivary cortisol responses were examined in the context of risk-group status, paternal substance abuse offsets, and subsequent adolescent drug use behavior. RESULTS: The results confirmed a decreased salivary cortisol response to an anticipated stressor among sons of SUD fathers in our expanded sample. In addition, sons of fathers with a current SUD and boys whose fathers had a SUD offset from their 3rd to 6th birthdays had lower anticipatory stress cortisol levels compared with sons of control fathers. Finally, lower preadolescent anticipatory cortisol responses were associated with regular monthly cigarette smoking and regular monthly marijuana use during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Hyporeactivity as an adaptation to chronic stress may be salient to the intergenerational transmission of substance abuse liability.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Practice what we preach? HIV knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of adolescents and adolescent peer educators.

The purpose of this article is to (a) describe the knowledge, beliefs, and sexual behaviors of urban adolescents and adolescent peer educators, and (b) identify elements needed to design effective HIV/AIDS prevention programs for out-of-school youth. Thirty-three predominantly African American adolescents (female = 14; male = 19) between the ages of 14 and 24 in a large urban city including adolescent (n = 18) and adolescent peer educators (n = 15) participated. Paper-and-pencil questionnaire and focus-group interviewing methods were used. Adolescents and adolescent peer educators had a moderately high level of HIV knowledge, confidence in their ability to use condoms, and beliefs that condom use would not decrease sexual pleasure or imply infidelity. Both groups reported low perceptions of susceptibility of HIV infection. Engagement in sexual risk behavior was low, but was significantly higher among males. Although adolescent male peer educators engaged in a higher frequency of risk behaviors over time, they had a lower frequency of sexual risk behaviors in the past 2 months compared with male adolescents. Study findings showed that HIV prevention interventions need to include information about specific risk behaviors, such as using condoms for oral sex, and cleaning drug paraphernalia. Community-based and church programs, visible HIV prevention messages, specifically those aimed at increasing perceptions of HIV risk, and the development of condom-use skills were identified by adolescents and adolescent peer educators as relevant approaches to reduce HIV infection among this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of psychological and social factors in adolescents risk behavior: questionnaire study.

AIM: To investigate the influence of psychological and social factors on health risk behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol and psychoactive drug consumption among adolescents and to determine the prevalence of consuming various psychoactive substances. METHODS: The survey was conducted among adolescents in the Primorsko-goranska County in Croatia in 2003. The prevalence of smokers, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs consumers and abstainers, with general and specific predictors for the development of risk behavior of 2,452 adolescents in Primorsko-goranska County was determined by means of valid self-reported questionnaires. The adolescents were stratified according to gender and type of secondary school. RESULTS: Every third student smoked cigarettes every day, and 73% consumed beer, wine, and alcoholic beverages occasionally. The percentage of illicit drugs consumption (experimental, occasional and regular) ranged from 2,3% for opiates to 35.6 for marihuana. Girls consumed more cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and sedatives every day, whereas boys consumed more beer, wine, and marihuana. Consumption of all psychoactive substances was more prevalent among senior students. A moderate correlation was found between addictive resources consumption and negative peer influence and ways of spending free time. CONCLUSION: Most adolescents had personal experience with psychoactive substance use, mostly tobacco, alcohol, and marihuana. The strongest predictors were negative peer influence and ways of spending free time. These findings may be useful for formulating strategies for prevention of addiction among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Salivary cortisol, personality, and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: a 5-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The present investigation tested the hypothesis that low resting salivary cortisol concentration in preadolescent boys would be associated with aggressive behavior later in adolescence. Second, it tested whether personality traits would mediate this relation. METHOD: Resting salivary cortisol concentrations from 314 boys (10-12 years of age) were assayed. When the boys reached 15 to 17 years of age these concentrations were analyzed in the context of personality traits, measured with the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, and aggressive behavior, measured with the Youth Self-Report inventory. RESULTS: Low cortisol in preadolescence was associated with low harm avoidance, low self-control, and more aggressive behavior 5 years later, during middle adolescence. Cortisol was not related to negative emotionality or any of its factors (including trait aggression). Low self-control was identified as the primary personality mediator of the relation between low cortisol and later aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescent boys, low resting cortisol concentrations appear predictive of clinically important personality factors. Increased aggressive behavior in adolescents with low resting cortisol may be more strongly associated with lack of self-control than with a specifically "aggressive personality."

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Illness knowledge, social support and self care behavior in adolescents with beta-thalassemia major].

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among illness knowledge, social support and self-care behavior in adolescents with beta-thalassemia major. The subjects were 58 beta-thalassemia major adolescents recruited from the pediatric hematology outpatient departments of three hospitals in North Taiwan. All data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The results showed that: (1) Scoring in illness knowledge, the best was treatment knowledge, and the worst was the knowledge of complications and symptoms. (2) The result for social support indicated that the family was the major source of support, and that classmates/friends provided the least support for thalassemic adolescents. (3) Scoring in self care behavior, the best was the medical and chelate therapy, and the worst was the management of problems and coping. (4) Individual characteristic differences, including sex, level of education, length of illness, complications of thalassemia, hospitalization due to thalassemic complications and receiving other treatments were correlated with their illness knowledge, social support or self-care behavior. (5) Illness knowledge, social support which were positively correlated with self-care behavior. (6) 50.0% of the variance in self-care behavior can be explained by emotional support from family, general knowledge of thalassemia, treatment knowledge and appraisal support from family. These findings could provide referential material for nursing research and nursing practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Parental influence on adolescent sexual behavior in high-poverty settings.

BACKGROUND: African American adolescents living in high-poverty urban settings are at increased risk for early sexual initiation and sexually transmitted diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether parental strategies to monitor their children's social behavior and to communicate with them about sexual risks help to reduce the initiation of risky sexual behavior and prevent the resulting adverse health outcomes. METHODS: To assess the viability of these strategies, we surveyed a stratified cross-section of African American children aged 9 to 17 years (N = 355) living in urban public housing. Talking computers were used to increase the confidentiality and comparability of the interviews across the wide age range. RESULTS: Children who reported high levels of parental monitoring were less likely to report initiating sex in pre-adolescence (aged < or = 10 years) and reported lower rates of sexual initiation as they aged. Children who reported receiving both greater monitoring and communication concerning sexual risks were also less likely to have engaged in anal sex. Communication was also positively related to the initiation of condom use and consistent condom use. The protective correlates of these parenting strategies were independent of the type of guardian (mother vs other family member). CONCLUSION: Interventions with parents and other guardians to increase monitoring and communication about sexual risks seem to be promising health-promotion strategies for adolescents in high-risk settings.

Adolescent↗