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PubMed1996

The effects of extended training and acute administration of an anxiolytic on avoidance learning and intertrial responding in the Syracuse strains of rats.

Male and female animals of the SHA/Bru and SLA/Bru strains of rats were given extended two-way avoidance training in the shuttle box at the rate of 30 trials per day for 11 days. SLA/Bru animals increased their avoidance responses (AVRs) from approximately 10 to roughly 25%, whereas animals of the SHA/Bru strain remained unchanged at approximately 100% AVRs. SHA/Bru animals made a number of intertrial responses (ITRs) early in the experiment; these declined after about 3 days to the low level made by SLA/Bru animals. Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) had no effect on AVRs in animals of either strain, and had no effect on ITRs made by animals of the SHA/Bru strain, but increased ITRs, in a dose-dependent way, in animals of the SLA/Bru strain. These results are interpreted in terms of the well-established genetic difference in emotional reactivity between animals of the two strains and in terms of genetically determined differences in sensitivity to anxiolytic drugs such as CDP.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of haloperidol, sulpiride and SCH 23390 on passive avoidance learning in mice.

The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of dopamine blockers on memory processes by means of a one-trial passive avoidance (PA) task with ddY mice. Haloperidol (0.025-0.4 mg/kg i.p.) did not affect the PA response when it was given before the training or retention test. Sulpiride (10-80 mg/kg i.p.) had different effects, depending on the doses employed: A lower dose (20 mg/kg) of sulpiride, which is thought to block presynaptic receptors, impaired the PA response but higher doses (40 and 80 mg/kg i.p.) did not affect it when sulpiride was given before the training or retention test. SCH 23390 (0.025-0.1 mg/kg i.p.) impaired the PA response only when it was given before the training. These results suggest that blocking of postsynaptic D-2 receptors does not impair memory processes but blocking of presynaptic D-2 receptors impairs both acquisition and retrieval stages of memory processes following an increase in dopamine release. The involvement of D-1 receptors in memory processes involved in the PA response may be essentially different from that of D-2 receptors, since the blocking of D1 receptors impaired only memory acquisition.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Avoidance learning in a social situation- extinction resistance and defense reaction under stress. A pilot study].

Two successive experiments were conducted resulting from observations of the stability (resistance to extinction) of avoidance reactions and the manifestation of such reactions beyond the specific avoidance conditions in which they were acquired: a) 15 subjects were set the task to avoid an aversive acoustic stimulus for a helpless experimental partner. They could achieve this by reacting with contraction of either the forearm or the calf muscles in a difficult discrimination task. The stability of these avoidance reactions was assessed on different levels of forced extinction. Measures taken were HR, GSR and EMG of the avoidance reactions. Specific courses of the two autonomous measures evolved (Fig. 1,2). 14 of the 15 experimental subjects showed the avoidance behaviour during all phases of forced extinction. b) Six weeks after the experimental subjects had acquired the motor avoidance reactions all subjects were exposed to a relatively unspecific stress situation. Comparisons between experimental and control group (which consisted of the experimental partners) showed a tendency but not a significant difference as far as the reaction of the calf muscles was concerned. Contraction of the forearm muscles, however, occurred significantly more often in the experimental group. The subjects executed these reactions without being aware of it.

Adult↗