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Results for “Behavior Control”

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PubMed2002

Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: inhibition, error detection, and correction.

The present study employed event-related fMRI and EEG to investigate the biological basis of the cognitive control of behavior. Using a GO/NOGO task optimized to produce response inhibitions, frequent commission errors, and the opportunity for subsequent behavioral correction, we identified distinct cortical areas associated with each of these specific executive processes. Two cortical systems, one involving right prefrontal and parietal areas and the second regions of the cingulate, underlay inhibitory control. The involvement of these two systems was predicated upon the difficulty or urgency of the inhibition and each was employed to different extents by high- and low-absent-minded subjects. Errors were associated with medial activation incorporating the anterior cingulate and pre-SMA while behavioral alteration subsequent to errors was associated with both the anterior cingulate and the left prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, the EEG data demonstrated that successful response inhibition depended upon the timely activation of cortical areas as predicted by race models of response selection. The results highlight how higher cognitive functions responsible for behavioral control can result from the dynamic interplay of distinct cortical systems.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

SEM and TEM studies on the osmotic behavior of control and leukemic lymphocytes and polymorphonuclears.

The osmotic behavior of control lymphocytes (CL) and polymorphonuclears (CPMN) was compared with that of cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), using the method of gradual dialysis against distilled water. The results were evaluated with a fragiligraph, and by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The fragiligraphy curves showed that CLL cells are more resistant to osmotic pressure than the CL, whereas the curves for CPMN and CML cells showed an overlap. Surface alterations in CL appeared as early as 1 min of dialysis, while in CLL cells the membrane did not show major alterations even after 5 min of dialysis. CPMN also showed alterations earlier than CML cells, but this difference was not as prominent as in the case of lymphocytes and was observed for a maximum of 3 min of dialysis. The internal structure of the cells was altered earlier than the surface membrane and this was expressed mainly in the nucleus in both control and leukemic cells. Also in this respect, the internal structure of CL was altered earlier than that of CLL cells, whereas no major differences were observed between CPMN and CML cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Behavioral state control through differential serotonergic inhibition in the mesopontine cholinergic nuclei: a simultaneous unit recording and microdialysis study.

Cholinergic neurons of the mesopontine nuclei are strongly implicated in behavioral state regulation. One population of neurons in the cholinergic zone of the laterodorsal tegmentum and the pedunculopontine nuclei, referred to as rapid eye movement (REM)-on neurons, shows preferential discharge activity during REM sleep, and extensive data indicate a key role in production of this state. Another neuronal group present in the same cholinergic zone of the laterodorsal tegmentum and the pedunculopontine nuclei, referred to as Wake/REM-on neurons, shows preferential discharge activity during both wakefulness and REM sleep and is implicated in the production of electroencephalographic activation in both of these states. To test the hypothesis of differential serotonergic inhibition as an explanation of the different state-related discharge activity, we developed a novel methodology that enabled, in freely behaving animals, simultaneous unit recording and local perfusion of neuropharmacological agents using a microdialysis probe adjacent to the recording electrodes. Discharge activity of REM-on neurons was almost completely suppressed by local microdialysis perfusion of the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), although this agonist had minimal or no effect on the Wake/REM-on neurons. We conclude that selective serotonergic inhibition is a basis of differential state regulation in the mesopontine cholinergic nuclei, and that the novel methodology combining neurophysiological and neuropharmacological information from the freely behaving animal shows great promise for further insight into the neural basis of behavioral control.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗

PubMed2004

Randomized controlled trial for behavioral smoking and weight control treatment: effect of concurrent versus sequential intervention.

The authors compared simultaneous versus sequential approaches to multiple health behavior change in diet, exercise, and cigarette smoking. Female regular smokers (N = 315) randomized to 3 conditions received 16 weeks of behavioral smoking treatment, quit smoking at Week 5, and were followed for 9 months after quit date. Weight management was omitted for control and was added to the 1st 8 weeks for early diet (ED) and the final 8 weeks for late diet (LD). ED lacked lasting effect on weight gain, whereas LD initially lacked but gradually acquired a weight-suppression effect that stabilized (p = .004). Behavioral weight control did not undermine smoking cessation and, when initiated after the smoking quit date, slowed the rate of weight gain, supporting a sequential approach.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

HIV seropositive gay men: understanding adoption of safe sexual practices.

The aim of this study was to determine the best predictors of safe sex practices among HIV seropositive gay men. A group of 96 homosexual men living with HIV completed a questionnaire that investigated theoretical constructs of the Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior with respect to condom use for anal intercourse and sexual practices without anal intercourse. Other variables such as Triandis's (1977) construct of personal normative belief, psychological distress, and alcohol and drug use before sexual encounters were also investigated. Results indicated that the best predictor of intention to use condoms was perceived behavioral control. Personal normative belief was another important predictor of this intention. Although the best predictor of intention to have only sex without anal intercourse was perceived subjective norm, this intention was also significantly explained by perceived behavioral control. Moreover, perceived behavioral control was a significant predictor of having only sex without anal intercourse. Public health interventions among HIV seropositive gay men should aim mainly at increasing perception of behavioral control.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

The buddy system: mediator--target locus of control and behavioral outcome.

The relative locus of control of mediator--target pairs was investigated within a contingency management program. As predicted, less improvement in target behaviors occurred for pairs in which the target scored lower in externality than the mediator. In addition, the greater externality of the mediator relative to the assigned target, the less improvement in target behavior (r=-.67). In contrast, improvement in target behavior bore no relationship with the locus of control scores of either mediators or targets correlated separately, nor with the differences between mediator--target locus of control scores within pairs in which the target scored equal to or higher in externality than the mediator.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychopathology among persons responding to participation as normal controls in behavioral research studies.

This study examined the characteristics of persons responding to an advertisement to participate as normal controls in behavioral research studies. Applicants (N = 3,289) inquired by telephone for more information. Of the applicants responding by telephone, 18% met the criteria for a DSM-III-R diagnosis, including psychoactive substance abuse (9%), mood disorder (4%), personality disorder (3%), schizophrenia (1%), anxiety disorder (1%), and neurological disorder (16%). Thirty-two percent (n = 1,045) of individuals passing the telephone interview were evaluated in person. After in-person evaluation, 16% met the criteria for a DSM-III-R diagnosis, including psychoactive substance abuse (9%), mood disorder (3%), personality disorder (3%), schizophrenia (0.1%), anxiety disorder (1%), and neurological disorder (11%). Only 13% (n = 431) of individuals responding by telephone were included as normal controls in ongoing studies. Overall, 79% (n = 2,244) and 57% (n = 590) were excluded by telephone and in-person evaluation, respectively. These results suggest that a high percentage of individuals seeking to participate as normal controls in behavioral research studies have some psychopathology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Physically active students' intentions and self-efficacy towards healthy eating.

This study investigated intentions and self-efficacy of physically active university students towards healthy eating. The application of Planned Behavior theory has shown that attitudes, intention, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms play an important role in shaping people's behavior. 96 students, who participated in physical activities, voluntarily completed the Questionnaire for the Planned Behavior Model and the Health Behavior Questionnaire. The former examines attitudes, intentions, perceived behavioral control, and the lately added attitude strength, and role identity towards the behavior factors. The latter assesses one's efficacy expectations towards healthy eating. The regression showed strong associations between the examined variables, signifying that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and role identity could account for one's intention towards healthy eating behaviors. On the other hand, one's self-efficacy for healthy eating could be explained from the attitudes, intention, perceived behavioral control, and attitude strength held. Overall, systematic participation in physical activities appeared to be accompanied with a relatively healthier diet, while self-efficacy had a significant association with maintaining the healthy eating behaviors. Possible interpretations, limitations, and implications for health professionals are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effect of subchronic and chronic exposure to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on the aggressive behavior induced by food competition in undernourished dominant and submissive pigeons (Columba livia).

The acute administration of 5-HTP was reported to block in undernourished dominant pigeons the aggressive attacks induced in a submissive partner by food competition. In the present study, undernourished pigeons with previously consolidated dominance were submitted to subchronic and chronic 5-HTP treatment. Adult males (n = 28) were kept at 80% of their body weight by a restricted diet. These were divided in pairs made of a previously ranked dominant subject (total time spent in aggression higher than 200 s/20 min) and a submissive one of similar body weight (time spent in aggression between 90 and 150 s/20 min). The same pairs were exposed to a daily 20 min interaction during each experiment in an observation chamber bearing a central feeder. The time spent in aggressive behavior, feeder control behavior and eating behavior was recorded. Intratest body weight gain was also recorded. In Experiment 1, 8 pairs of pigeons were exposed to a daily trial for 4 successive days (pretreatment-scores). The dominant subjects were then injected subcutaneously, 30 min. before trials, with 7.5 mg/kg 5-HTP from day 5 to day 8 (Treatment scores). The Recovery scores were obtained through a 4-trial post-treatment schedule. In Experiment 2 different pigeons were used. The pretreatment and recovery scores were obtained according to a 16-trial schedule (16 days). Both 4-day (subchronic) and 16-day (chronic) 5-HTP treatments attenuated aggression by the dominant subjects and reduced their intra-test body weight gain but did not decrease dominance for feeder control. The recovery scores of total aggression in subchronic experiments returned to pretreatment scores. In chronic experiments, instead, the recovery scores of aggression remained lower than pretreatment scores, whereas body-weight-gain scores came back to pretreatment values. This suggests that dominant subjects submitted to chronic 5-HTP might have learned to maintain dominance and feeder control in a virtual absence of aggressive behavior.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a feeding skills training program for nursing assistants who feed dementia patients in Taiwanese nursing homes.

A quasi-experimental 2-group repeated-measures design was used to test the impact of a feeding skills training program on 67 nursing assistants (treatment group n = 31; control group n = 36) regarding their knowledge, attitudes, perceived behavior control, intentions, and behaviors in feeding dementia patients. The treatment group received a feeding skills training program. Nursing assistants' knowledge, attitudes, perceived behavior control, and intentions were measured before (Pretest) and after the program (Posttest 1), and again 4 weeks later (Posttest 2). Nursing assistants (treatment group n = 20; control group n = 16) and the same number of dementia patients were measured on feeding behaviors during mealtimes before and after the training. The treatment group had significantly more knowledge (P < .001), greater intention to feed (P = .05), and better behaviors toward feeding dementia patients (P = .009) than the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups in attitude (P = .85), intention beliefs (P = .11) or perceived behavior control (P = .99). Thus, the intervention was effective at changing knowledge, intention, and behaviors among nursing assistants.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Evolution of mechanisms controlling mating behavior.

The proximate mechanisms underlying mating behavior in naturally occurring species can be fundamentally different from those in more commonly studied laboratory and domesticated forms. In naturally occurring species, reproductive strategies are much more diverse, and mechanisms controlling behavior are correspondingly diverse. A variety of hormonal, environmental, and social cues can be used to activate mating behavior. Which cues are used by particular species depends on differences in environmental and physiological constraints imposed by particular reproductive strategies. Study of this diversity of mechanisms promises to identify specific selective forces that have shaped their evolution. This evolutionary perspective leads to widely applicable generalizations and provides a useful context within which to conceptualize differences between species, populations, and individuals.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Locus of control and behavior in treatment groups.

Studied the Rotter Locus of Control scale for effective prediction of behavior in small groups. Subjects were 205 male VA Hospital patients participating in self-directed groups who completed the AGCT, Psychological and Somatic Symptom Scales, and Rotter's I-E measure of locus of control. Group behavior was measured through sociometry and a Group Member Evaluation form. Three hypotheses were not supported: (a) Persons scoring high in the direction of internal control (internals) will be more likely to act to influence their social environment; (b) internals will be more active than externals in gathering and processing information in group discussions, and (c) internals will be more self-directed and less susceptible to being influenced by others. Two hypotheses were supported: (a) externals will express more somatic and psychological complaints than internals, and (b) externals will be perceived as behaving more defensively than internals. In contrast, intelligence was correlated with a large number of group process measures. Locus of control and intelligence measures predict different kinds of behavior in groups.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1973

Behavioral self-control of on-task behavior in an elementary classroom.

Techniques of behavioral self-control were employed in a class where a high level of on-task behavior had been established with externally administered reinforcement procedures. The behavioral self-control techniques maintained behavior at its ongoing high level both immediately following the externally administered reinforcement treatments and during follow-up treatments after five and seven weeks. Variability in on-task behavior was reduced during the behavioral self-control phases of the study.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1981

A microcomputer system for the control of behavioral experiments.

A self-contained microcomputer control system (MCS) is described for controlling and recording events from behavioral experiments using a low-cost microcomputer, the Rockwell AIM 65, and the BASIC language. Features of the system include a printer, alphanumeric display, 4K RAM, 8K BASIC on read only memory (ROM), a cassette interface, a power supply, and a control interface, all contained in a compact enclosure. The control interface allows for 16 inputs and 16 outputs, and includes a real-time clock and versatile machine language subroutines for controlling and recording real-time events. These features make BASIC a suitable user language for this application. The use of this microcomputer control system for operant research in behavioral pharmacology is described.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Life events, locus of control, and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents.

This study examined associations of life events and locus of control with behavioral problems among 1,365 Chinese adolescents by using the Youth Self-Report (YSR), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC), and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Results indicated that the overall prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems was 10.7% (95% CI = 9.9-11.5%). Logistic-regression analyses showed that a total of 13 negative life events mainly coming from academic domain and interpersonal relationships, high life-stress score, and high external locus score significantly increased the risk for behavioral problems. Life stress and locus of control significantly interacted with behavioral problems. These findings support the linkage between stressful life events and psychopathology in a general population of adolescents from mainland China, and demonstrate the stress-moderating effects of locus of control on psychopathology as well.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Neuroscience nurses' intentions to care for persons with HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of this study, which was based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, was to determine the extent to which personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of behavioral control influence the intentions of nurses to care for persons with HIV/AIDS. Questionnaires measuring the concepts of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and intention to care for persons with HIV/AIDS were completed by 368 members of a neuroscience nursing organization. Hierarchial regression analysis was used to determine if nurses' intentions were predicted by their attitudes and subjective norms, and if perceived behavioral control would add to the prediction. Attitudes accounted for a significant percent of variance when entered at the first step, and perceived behavioral control accounted for a significant increase in variance when entered at the second step. In the final model, only perceived behavioral control contributed significantly to the prediction of intention.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗

PubMed2003

Drug abuse as a problem of impaired control: current approaches and findings.

The author presents a selective and integrative overview of current research examining acute effects of abused drugs on aspects of behavioral control in humans. The review discusses the concept of behavioral control and reviews research models that examine inhibitory influences as a central mechanism of control. Evidence for drug-induced impairment of inhibitory mechanisms is reviewed from current neuroanatomical, neuropharmacological, and behavioral perspectives. Model-based laboratory assessments of behavioral control are described in terms of their application to behavioral pharmacology and evidence for alcohol and psychostimulant effects on basic inhibitory mechanisms is reviewed. Drug effects on inhibitory mechanisms are also discussed in terms of their relevance to higher-order cognitive and behavioral functions, and in relation to impulsive behaviors, such as drug abuse. The review concludes by identifying important drug-related phenomenon (e.g., drug tolerance, cue reactivity) that might also be studied in behavioral control frameworks in future research.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Gate-controlled rectifying behavior in C70@SWNT networks.

We report the gate-controlled rectification behavior in C(70)@SWNT networks at room temperature in air. The electrical transport characteristics can be fitted well with the conventional Schottky diode model. The origin of the rectifying behavior in fullerene peapod networks device is qualitatively discussed. This paper demonstrates a strategy for diode fabrication based on peapod networks.

Journal Article↗