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PubMed1996

Body composition in pregnancy.

Concern over the influence of pregnancy-related alterations in hydration has prompted questions regarding the accuracy of using standard methods of determining body composition. We sought to investigate whether differences exist between body composition determined at 30 weeks and 39 weeks of gestation and postpartum, when measured by both bioelectrical impedance and hydrostatic weighing. This preliminary assessment of nine subjects suggests that the method used to calculate body composition during pregnancy can alter the influence of gestational age on body composition. The mechanisms underlying the differing results bear further investigation, as does the search for an accurate and reliable method for assessing body composition during pregnancy. Further research addressing these mechanisms is crucial to determining the relationship between changes in maternal fat and both maternal and fetal well-being.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1996

The assessment of body composition in patients with cirrhosis.

Very little information is available on body composition in patients with cirrhosis. Difficulties arise in studying these patients because they tend to retain fluid and this results in changes in tissue density and in the hydration fraction of fat-free mass. As the classic body composition techniques rely on the assumption that these variables remain constant, use of these methods will result in either under- or overestimates of body composition variables. Use of multi-component models, employing two or more measurement techniques, will obviate the need for some of the assumptions inherent in the use of single techniques, thereby increasing the accuracy of the assessments, without loss of precision.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Metabolic rate and body composition of Pima Indian and Caucasian children.

A low metabolic rate for a given body size and body composition may be a risk factor for body weight gain. Because the prevalence of obesity exceeds 75% in the Pima Indian population, we investigated whether Pima Indian children have a low resting metabolic rate (RMR) when compared with Caucasian children. Body composition (bioelectrical resistance) and RMR were measured in 43 Pima Indian children (22 male/21 female, means +/- SD = 9.9 +/- 1.1 year) and 42 Caucasian children (21 male/21 female, 9.7 +/- 1.2 year). Pima Indian children were taller (p < 0.001), heavier (p < 0.001), and fatter (p < 0.0001) than Caucasian children. Absolute values of RMR were higher in the Pimas than in the Caucasians (p < 0.001), but were similar when adjusted for differences in body size, body composition, and sex. In Pima Indian girls before puberty (< 10 years; n = 8), adjusted values of RMR were negatively correlated with the mean body mass index (BMI) of the parents (r = -0.88; p < 0.005). Inasmuch as resting metabolic rate was not low in Pima children, the data suggest that the major factors in the weight gain of 10-year-old Pima children may be reduced physical activity and/or excess energy intake. However, this study does not exclude the possibility that a low metabolic rate may be a predisposing factor at an earlier age.

Asian People↗

PubMed1998

Body weight and body composition changes after treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Body composition changes in nine adults with hyperthyroidism were determined with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography at diagnosis and after 3 and 12 months of euthyroidism achieved by surgery, antithyroid drugs, or treatment with radioiodine. Mean body weight was 67.6 kg at diagnosis and increased 2.7 kg (P=0.06) and 8.7 kg (P < 0.001) after 3 and 12 months of euthyroidism, respectively. Basal metabolic rate decreased from 2087 Cal/24 h at diagnosis to 1601 Cal/24 h at 12 months (P=0.001), whereas reported energy intake dropped from 3244 to 2436 Cal/24 h (P=0.01). According to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, body fat was unchanged at 3 months, but increased by 5.3 kg (P < 0.0001) at 12 months. Fat-free mass increased 2.7 kg (P=0.003) at 3 months and 3.5 kg (P < 0.0001) at 12 months. Changes in bone mineral content and density did not reach significance. According to computed tomography, skeletal muscle plus skin areas increased by 11% (trunk) and 18% (thigh) at 3 months and by 17% (trunk) and 25% (thigh) at 12 months. There was no increase in sc adipose tissue (AT) at 3 months, but at 12 months this AT depot increased by 15% (thigh) and 33% (trunk). Intraperitoneal AT showed a borderline significant increase by 28% (P=0.08) at 3 months and by 40% (P=0.015) at 12 months. Areas of visceral organs and bone tissue of femur did not change significantly during the study. It is concluded that during early recovery from hyperthyroidism, priority is given to the replenishment of skeletal muscles and ip AT, whereas sc AT is increased at a later stage.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body composition: research and clinical advances--1993 A.S.P.E.N. research workshop.

The 1993 ASPEN Research Workshop examined research and clinical advances in the study of human body composition. The workshop had two themes: (1) compartments of the body and their measurement, and (2) clinical applications of body composition measurements. There were 12 speakers of varied backgrounds who gave short lectures followed by panel discussions. Speakers explored the validity and potential uses of new body composition methodologies, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, multiple frequency bioimpedance analysis, computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neutron inelastic scattering, and gamma-ray resonance. The application of these methods to chronically and acutely ill hospitalized patients was described. The study of body composition is an emerging distinct research area within the broad study of human biology. This conference provided an overview of important new advances in the study of human body composition.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

[Changes in body composition in adult patients with hypopituitarism after substitutive treatment with growth hormone].

BACKGROUND: Adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with changes in body composition, with lower total body water (TBW) and fat free mass (FFM) and higher fat mass (FM). These changes can be modified after sustitutive treatment with GH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 20 patients, 14 males and 6 females with hypopituitarism and GH deficiency, the mean age was 40.3 years, as well as 20 comparable controls. The diagnosis of GH deficiency was based on the lack of GH response after an hypoglycemic test. We determined body composition by bioelectrical impedance. An initial 6 month double-blind placebo controlled phase was followed by an open treatment phase ending when the patients had received GH for 18 or 24 months. The initial dose was 0.125 U/kg/week during the first month and after 0.25 U/kg/week. RESULTS: The patients showed lower TWB and FFM and higher BF in relation to controls and after 3 months of GH treatment an increase of the TBW, FFM and a decrease in BF and waist/hip ratio was observed with a steady state in the changes of body composition after 3 months that continued 6 months after the GH treatment withdraw. Two patients presented maleolar oedema, 4 arterial hypertension that was settled with GH dose reduction and in the fourth patient the treatment had to be withdraw. Three patients presented carpal tunnel syndrome. In 4 patients the treatment was withdrawn. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with adult GH deficiency, we can observe differences in the body composition that can be significantly modified by GH treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Changes in body composition of cancer patients following combined nutritional support.

The effects of combined nutritional support (parenteral, enteral, and oral) were measured in cancer patients unable to maintain normal alimentation. Changes in body composition were quantified by measurement of total body levels of nitrogen, potassium, water, and fat. The protein-calorie intake of the patients was also evaluated by dietary survey (4-day recall). Standard anthropometric and biochemical measurements for nutritional assessment were obtained for comparison. The dietary evaluation indicated that the dietary supplementation for all patients was more than adequate to meet their energy requirements. Almost all patients gained weight on the combined nutritional support regimens. Determination of body composition indicated that change in body weight was equal to the sum of the changes in body protein, total body water, and total body fat. The findings from the anthropometric nutrition indices (arm muscle circumference and triceps skinfold) were consistent with the results of the body composition study. Information on the nature of the tissue gained was obtained by comparison of body composition data with the ratio of protein:water:lean body mass for normal tissue. The mean gain of protein in the cancer patients was quite small (0.3-0.6 kg). The main change in body weight appeared to be the result of gains in body water and body fat. The total body nitrogen to potassium ratio served to define the extent of tissue anabolism following hyperalimentation. The ratio dropped in the cancer patients following hyperalimentation toward the value of the control subjects on ad libidum diets. The body compartment techniques described have demonstrated their usefulness in determining the effects of hyperalimentation on cancer patients.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

Gonadotropin excretion and body composition.

Urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) excretion was correlated with calculated total body water (TBW) and body fat (BF) in 140 normal girls and 142 normal boys, ages 3 to 16 years. In girls, there was a significant increase in gonadotropin excretion at the time of a significant increase in BF as a percent of body weight and decrease in TBW as a percent of body weight. Pubertal changes in body composition were seen in girls at the same chronological age and stage of puberty as increased gonadotropin excretion. Similar findings were observed in boys. Pubertal changes in body composition (an increase in TBW as a percent of body weight and decrease of BF as a percent of body weight) accompanied significantly increased gonadotropin excretion. Both developmental changes were seen at the same chronological age and stage of puberty. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that characteristic changes in body composition as well as the other hallmarks of puberty, including menarche in girls, result from increased gonadotropin and gonadal steroid secretion. They do not support the hypothesis that changes of body composition trigger increased hypothalamic function and hormone secretion leading to the subsequent events of puberty.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Body composition in rheumatoid arthritis.

The objectives were to assess bone mineral density (BMD) at different body sites in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients related to disease severity parameters, disease duration and corticosteroid intake, and to look for body composition measurements as lean body mass (LBM) and per cent fat as possible prognostic factors in RA. Body composition values were measured cross-sectionally in 89 RA patients and compared with 157 controls. Patients were divided into males and postmenopausal females, ever steroid treated and never steroid treated. BMD values of all body sites were significantly lower compared to normals in all subgroups, except for the lumbar spine (L2 L4) in all postmenopausal women and males never treated with steroids. There was also no clear BMD decrease in the arms of male RA patients. LBM was significantly lower in all body parts compared to controls, whereas the fat distribution ratio (FDR) showed a clear shift to abdominal in all patients. These are parameters of chronic illness and a predictor of cardiovascular disease, respectively. BMD data confirm our previous data in different patient groups (low at appendicular sites, normal lumbar BMD), but no clear influence of disease severity and steroid intake could be found. Body composition data, as LBM and FDR, are also altered in RA patients: decreased LMB and more central FDR. Their usefulness as prognostic markers in early RA patients needs to be clarified prospectively in these patient groups.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed2002

Prolonged longevity in naked mole-rats: age-related changes in metabolism, body composition and gastrointestinal function.

Aging is characterized by declines in all physiological processes and concomitant changes in body composition. Age-related changes in metabolism, body composition and gastrointestinal function were investigated in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), rodents that exhibit extended longevity. Maximum lifespan of these 40 g rodents (>27 year) is approximately 9 times greater than predicted allometrically. We investigated changes in basal metabolic rate (BMR), body composition and intestinal glucose transport in 1, 5, 10 and 20-year-old male individuals. Body composition was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry and activity of sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLT1) determined using everted gut sleeves. One-year-olds had lower body mass than other age cohorts, as they had not attained full adult form. Among the 5, 10, and 20-year-olds, no age-related changes in body mass, BMR, percentage body fat, fat-free mass or bone mineral density were found. SGLT1 activity declined moderately (<20%) from 5 to 20 years and was similar at 10-20 years, whereas age-related declines are 40-60% in mice. Although mole-rats have low metabolic rates, their prolonged longevity results in a lifetime energy expenditure more than 4 times that of mice. Since lifetime energy expenditure is an important index of potential exposure to oxidative damage, naked mole-rats may be valuable for studying mechanisms of aging.

Aging↗

PubMed1991

Effects of participation in a collegiate sport season on body composition.

Fifty-three collegiate athletes (18 female and 35 male) were recruited from university varsity basketball, football, swim, and wrestling team rosters. Body composition was estimated before the beginning and before the end of sport seasons by using hydrodensitometry to determine the effect of participation in competitive sport seasons on the body composition of collegiate athletes. ANOVAs applied to the estimates of body composition indicated that the interaction of sport team by season was significant for body weight, F (5,47) = 3.2, p less than 0.05; fat weight, F (5,47) = 5.1, p less than 0.01; and fat-free weight, F (5,47) = 2.4, p less than 0.05. Only football players did not change in body composition. Wrestlers lost the greatest amount of body weight (3.4 kg). Female and male basketball players, female and male swimmers, and wrestlers lost significant amounts of body fat (2.6, 2.3, 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 kg, respectively). Female and male basketball players and female and male swimmers gained significant amounts of fat-free weight (2.0, 1.6, 2.4, and 1.8 kg, respectively). It was concluded that participation in a collegiate sport season could affect changes in fat weight and fat-free weight components of body composition but that the nature of the changes are a function of the demands of the sport of participation.

Basketball↗

PubMed1989

Body composition in elderly subjects: a critical appraisal of clinical methodology.

Body composition measurements are integral to nutritional assessment of elderly subjects. The validity of methods available for partitioning body weight into its tissue or chemical subfractions in the geriatric population is of primary importance. Until recently verifying the accuracy of body composition techniques in vivo was limited by prevailing technology. New advances such as neutron activation analysis, neutron inelastic scattering, and dual photon absorptiometry now promise to overcome these earlier limitations. With these new tools investigators can now examine critical underlying assumptions related to body composition assessment in elderly subjects. This review highlights the need and opportunities for future research in this area.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Body composition in normal and osteoporotic women.

Body composition and bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was determined in a large group of normal women and osteoporotic patients with atraumatic vertebral fractures. Between the third and seventh decades, there was an increase of 9.5 kg of body weight and 7.5 kg of fat mass in the normal women. The percentage of fat augmented from 33% to 42%. However, the lean mass showed no modifications over these decades. Fat mass in the osteoporotic women was significantly less than that in the age and sex matched controls (22.4 +/- 1.0 vs 26.6 +/- 1.0 kg; p < 0.006). However, lean tissue mass was similar in the two groups. The decrease in fat mass explain 74% of the difference of body weight between osteoporotics and controls. The fat mass of 13 osteoporotic patients (30%) was lower than the lowest value found in the controls and 20(45%) were lower than minus one standard deviation of the values for controls. The osteoporotic patients had less fat mass in the three subregions evaluated, but the difference was more significant in the trunk (-18%) and legs (-17%) than in the arms (-11%). Fat mass may have an important protective effect on the skeleton. The mechanism has yet to be elucidated.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1985

Metabolic and anatomical adaptations of heavy-bodied chicks to intermittent feeding. I. Food intake, growth rate, organ weight, and body composition.

Chicks of a heavy-bodied strain were deprived of food on alternate days from 14 to 83 days of age. Relative food intake was depressed by intermittent feeding to 25 days of age, after which the deprived chicks resumed the relative intake of the ad libitum-fed controls, i.e., the relative intake on repletion day was twice that of the control chicks. Following an adaptation period of 2 weeks, the relative growth rate of the intermittently fed chicks exceeded that of the control group, the excessive growth being due to an increase on the day of repletion which was more than twice that of the control birds. Body fat concentration was depressed by intermittent feeding throughout the experimental period. Although, in ad libitum-fed chicks, periodical deposition of body protein and fat was parallel throughout the experimental period, in the treated chicks, protein deposition prevailed initially and fat deposition prevailed at the end of the experimental period. Intermittent feeding was accompanied by a consistent increase in the relative weight of the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine. The differences in food intake, growth, body composition, and gastro-intestinal tract between heavy- and light-breed chicks exposed to intermittent feeding are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1998

Body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: To study body composition at the whole-body level in patients with Crohn's disease and a history of intestinal resection compared with healthy controls, we performed a cross-sectional study using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). METHODS: Thirty-one patients, 13 men and 18 women, were included. They had a history of Crohn's disease for a mean period of 20 years (range, 4-45 years). All patients had undergone intestinal resections. The colon had been resected in 24 patients, and the mean length of the resected small intestine was 97 cm (range, 0-305 cm). At the time of investigation the Crohn's disease had been in remission for at least 24 months. Patients presented with significantly increased faecal volume and faecal fat excretion. A group of 69 women and 19 men were investigated with DXA and used as reference group. The fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percentage fat mass (FM%), and total body mineral content (TBMC) were measured by DXA, and the results were expressed as a z-score. RESULTS: The mean z-score of the body mass index (BMI) was significantly reduced to -0.35 (P=0.036). The FFM was significantly reduced with a mean z-score of -1.74 (P=0.0001). The FM was unchanged (z-score, 0.12; P=0.42). However, FM expressed as percentage of body weight was significantly increased, with a z-score of 0.88 (P=0.001). The TBMC was significantly decreased, with a mean z-score of -1.42 (P=0.0001). There was positive direct correlation between the BMI and TBMC z-scores. There was no correlation between malabsorption and body composition variables. CONCLUSION: Patients with clinically quiescent Crohn's disease showed significant changes in body composition, with low BMI, significant loss of FFM, and unchanged FM. However, when expressed as percentage of body weight, FM was significantly increased. The TBMC was significantly reduced.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1995

Adults with growth hormone deficiency have abnormal body composition but normal energy metabolism.

We compared body composition and energy metabolism in a cross-sectional study involving 21 GH-deficient (GHD) and 29 normal adults. Fifteen subjects from each group were pair-matched for age, sex, height, and weight. Comparison of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in the 15 pairs showed that GHD subjects had a significantly greater fat mass (23.9 +/- 1.8 vs. 19.8 +/- 2.6 kg; P = 0.02), lower bone mineral content (2.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.1 kg; P = 0.06), and lower fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM; 45.8 +/- 2.5 vs. 48.9 +/- 2.6 kg; P = 0.02). To determine which subcompartment changes were responsible for the reduced FFSTM in GH deficiency, extracellular water (ECW) was measured by 24Na dilution in 11 of the subject pairs, and body cell mass (BCM) was derived by subtracting ECW from FFSTM. The GHD subjects had lower ECW (19.4 +/- 1.0 vs. 21.0 +/- 1.0 kg; P = 0.05) and BCM (26.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 28.6 +/- 2.1 kg; P = 0.08) than their normal counterparts, with the difference approaching statistical significance. When the relationship between ECW and FFSTM was compared in the larger group of 18 GHD and 27 normal subjects, no statistically significant difference was found between the 2 regression lines, indicating that ECW and BCM were proportionately reduced in GH deficiency. Energy expenditure and fuel utilization before and after a standardized mixed meal were measured by indirect calorimetry in 12 matched pairs of GHD and normal subjects. Comparison of energy expenditure and fuel utilization showed no significant difference in fasting or postprandial energy expenditure, or carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two groups. We conclude that GHD adults have an increased FM, a reduced FFSTM due to a proportionate reduction in ECW and BCM, and no detectable disturbance in energy metabolism.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Influence of anabolic steroids on body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile and liver functions in body builders.

The effects of anabolic steroids on body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile and liver functions were studied in male body builders who received a weekly i.m. injection of nandrolone-decanoate (100 mg) or placebo for 8 weeks in a double blind way. In addition, 5 body builders received the same dosage of nandrolone-decanoate or placebo, in a double blind cross-over design during two 8-week periods, interspersed by 12 weeks. Anabolic steroids induced a 25-27% decrease in HDL-cholesterol, which was virtually reversed 6 weeks after cessation of drug use. In the SAD group an increase in diastolic blood pressure was observed, which returned to pre-anabolic values approximately 6 weeks after cessation of drug administration. No deleterious effects of anabolic drugs on plasma activity of liver enzymes were found. Increases in lean body mass were found in all groups, though the increase in the subjects who received anabolic steroids was superior to that in the placebo-treated subjects. The increase in lean body mass suggests increases in muscle mass.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The effect of nitrogen-sparing, intravenously administered fluids on postoperative body composition.

The postoperative protein-sparing effect of intravenously administered amino acids was assessed quantitatively by measuring body composition by multiple isotope dilution. Body composition was determined in two groups of 19 patients each, before and on the fifth day following a major abdominal operation. One group of patients received all of their required fluids and electrolytes as a 5% glucose solution. The second group received an isocaloric infusion of protein as a 5% casein hydrolysate solution. The preoperative body composition of both groups was normal. On the fifth day after operation, the mean body weight had decreased by 2.6 plus or minus 0.6 kg in the glucose group and by 2.0 plus or minus 0.5 kg in the protein group. In the patients receiving glucose, this postoperative weight loss was due to a decrease in both body fat and the lean body mass. The mean body cell mass, which represents the total mass of living, functioning cells, decreased from 23.1 plus or minus 1.5 to 19.9 plus or minus 1.4 kg (P less than 0.001), while the extracellular mass increased from 24.9 plus or minus 0.9 to 27.3 plus or minus 0.9 kg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in the patients receiving protein, the loss of body weight resulted entirely from a loss of body fat, while the body cell mass and the extracellular mass both remained normal. Therefore protein sparing was achieved by the postoperative infusion of protein.

Abdomen↗