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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Assessment of body image alteration after renal surgery using a novel three-dimensional laser scanner.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the utility of a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) body surface laser scanner and evaluate the body surface image of patients undergoing renal surgery to determine the impact of surgery on body image alterations. METHODS: The body surface image in the upright position was obtained using the Bodyline Scanner (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan), a 3D body surface laser scanner, in 27 patients who had undergone renal surgery. We compared the objective results of body image scanning with the subjective results of a self-administered questionnaire on perception and concern about body image alteration. RESULTS: The abdominal body surface area and volume of the operative side was significantly larger than that of the contralateral side in 18 patients undergoing renal surgery using a flank incision (median area 50.7%, P = 0.002; volume 51.2%, P <0.001). A statistically significant difference was not observed in 9 patients undergoing transperitoneal or laparoscopic surgery (median area 50.0%, P = 0.34; volume 49.9%, P = 0.40). The volume alteration measured by the 3D body surface laser scanner correlated with the patients' perception (P = 0.01) and concern (P = 0.03) about postoperative body image alteration as assessed by the self-administered questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D body surface scanner is promising as a tool in the medical field in that it enables a computerized body image to be constructed in the upright position that reflects patients' subjective perceptions well. Using this, we observed that the flank incision causes postoperative changes in body image perceptible to the patient and a cause for concern.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Dietary intake, body image perceptions, and weight concerns of female US International Synchronized Figure Skating Teams.

The objectives of the study were to determine the nutrient intakes and to examine body image perceptions and weight concerns of elite female US international synchronized skaters. One hundred and twenty-three skaters (mean age = 17.0 +/- 2.1 y; BMI = 21.32 +/- 2.13) representing six US international synchronized skating teams from the 1998 competitive season participated in the study. Nutrient intakes were determined from 3-d dietary records. Body image perceptions were assessed from responses to silhouette drawings. Skaters completed an emotional and physical self-appraisal. Weight concerns were assessed using a self-administered validated weight history questionnaire. The reported energy intake was 26 kcal/kg. The contribution of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to total energy intake was 62%, 23%, and 15% for younger (14-18 y) and 62%, 24%, and 14%, respectively, for the older (19-30 y))skaters. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed between perceived ideal and current body shapes. The greater the dissatisfaction with physical and emotional self, the larger the discrepancy between current versus desired body shape. Results suggest that sports nutritionists should not only assess nutrition factors but also examine psychosocial and emotional correlates related to body image and weight concerns of synchronized skaters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Smoking and body image concerns in adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: Use of cigarettes has increased dramatically among adolescent females. Because young women use smoking as a weight control strategy, increased drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction may be associated with smoking. This study examined the relationship between smoking and body image concerns among adolescent females with and without eating disorders. METHODS: Incidence of smoking and Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) scores were compared among 411 nonclinical females and 82 eating disorder females with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa aged 11 to 18. RESULTS: Of the three groups, anorectic-restrictors were the least likely and bulimics the most likely to smoke. After covarying age, both eating disorder and nonclinical smokers had significantly greater psychopathology on Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Interoceptive Awareness than nonsmokers. DISCUSSION: Despite high levels of body image disturbance, anorectic-restrictors did not use smoking as a weight control strategy. Body image concerns were more prevalent in smokers than in nonsmokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Perceptions of body image in subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

This article reports on a study of the perceived body image of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the relationship between body image and the severity of physical disability. Second and Jourard's Body-Cathexis Scale and Self-Cathexis Scale were used to measure satisfaction or dissatisfaction each person had with his body and self. Kurtzke's Status Disability Scale was used to determine each person's degree of physical disability. The sample consisted of 20 male veterans between 34 and 70 years of age (mean 47.6), who had MS for 7 to 44 years (mean 20.8) and a physical disability score of two to nine (mean 4.65). On the Body-Cathexis Scale, 55% (N = 11) were satisfied and 45% (N = 9) were dissatisfied with their bodies. Whereas on the Self-Cathexis Scale, 45% (N = 9) were satisfied and 55% (N = 11) were dissatisfied with self. Seven subjects (35%) were satisfied with both body and self and seven (35%) were dissatisfied with body and self. Subjects who were satisfied with body and self were older (mean 50.43 years), had MS longer (mean 22.57 years) and were more disabled (mean score 5.0). Implications for further nursing research are identified.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

The validity of subjective measures of body image disturbance.

OBJECTIVE: We examined weight dissatisfaction (actual weight minus self-stated ideal weight) and weight goal (normative weight minus self-stated ideal weight) subjective indices in a large clinical sample to determine how the indices discriminate between diagnostic categories and relate to other measures of body image disturbance. METHOD: Approximately 200 anorexic, bulimic, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) participants reported their self-stated ideal weight and completed the Mizes Anorectic Cognitions (MAC) Questionnaire, Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and Restraint Scale-Revised. RESULTS: Compared with bulimic and NOS participants, anorexics reported less weight dissatisfaction but had an ideal weight that is farthest from normative weight. The weight dissatisfaction measure correlates well with other measures of body image disturbance, and both measures show evidence of discriminant validity. DISCUSSION: These two measures highlight the substantial differences in the nature of body image disturbance between the eating disorder diagnostic groups. Theoretical, clinical, and practical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Body image treatment for a community sample of obligatory and nonobligatory exercisers.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was used to treat body dissatisfaction in obligatory and nonobligatory exercisers within a community sample of normal weight women. METHOD: Ninety-four women (36% obligatory exercisers, 64% nonobligatory exercisers) were assigned randomly to CBT or the waiting-list (WL) control group. RESULTS: The hypotheses that obligatory exercisers would show poorer pretreatment body image and greater compulsiveness than nonobligatory exercisers were supported partially. The prediction that obligatory exercisers would respond less favorably to treatment was not supported. Overall, CBT participants evidenced significantly better body image outcomes than the WL at posttreatment, but many effects were lost by the follow-up. DISCUSSION: Treatment response is considered in light of the unique characteristics of this ethnically diverse, older community sample when compared with the young students in earlier body image intervention studies. The high rate of physical activity among even the nonobligatory exercisers is highlighted for its mood-regulation properties and its treatment implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Pelvic exenteration: effects of surgery on quality of life and body image--a prospective longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of reconstructive and nonreconstructive surgical procedures on quality of life and body image for women who undergo pelvic exenteration. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients were assessed in a prospective study with a preoperative semistructured interview and an objective assessment (T1). Interviews and questionnaires were repeated 4 (T2) and 12 (T3) months postoperatively. The women were divided into groups with two, one, or no ostomies. A separate comparison was made of women with and without vaginal capacity. Quality of life was defined in terms of five categories according to the definition of health proposed by the World Health Organization: physical and psychosocial health; marital and sexual status; medical interactions. RESULTS: At all points in time, the patients' quality of life was affected most significantly by worries about the progression of the tumor. Twelve months postoperatively, patients with two ostomies reported a significantly lower quality of life (P = 0.008) and poorer body image (P = 0.002) than patients with no ostomy. At T3, patients with vaginal capacity reported fewer problems in all categories related to quality of life and significantly (P = 0.015) fewer sexual problems. CONCLUSION: An evaluation of quality of life and body image demonstrates the benefits of newer techniques for organ reconstruction. Thus, organ reconstruction should be performed whenever possible in patients with pelvic exenteration.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of aerobic exercise using a flex-band on physical functions & body image in women undergoing radiation therapy after a mastectomy].

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of aerobic exercise using a flex band on the improvement of physical functions & body image in breast cancer women undergoing radiation therapy after a mastectomy. METHOD: Women with breast cancer(n = 26) were assigned to an experimental group(EG, n = 15) and control group(CG, n = 11). The E.G. participated in an aerobic exercise program with a 60% to 80% intensity of maximal heart rate for 25 minutes during the main exercise, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. The EG did not exercise regularly for 3 months before participating in this program. The CG received no exercise treatment during the research period. Data were analyzed using the chi(2)-test and Mann-Whitney U test by the SPSS version 11.0 program at a 5% significant level. RESULTS: Group analysis revealed that the EGwomen had significantly more improved cardiopulmonary functions, ROM of the affected shoulder joint, and body image compared to the CG. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise using a flex band may be an effective rehabilitative measure for mastectomy women with respect to cardio-pulmonary functions, ROM, & body image. Further studies are recommended to study early rehabilitation programs within 10 days post-operatively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body image and anorexia nervosa. The use of confrontation via video in psychomotor therapy].

The body image of the patient suffering from anorexia nervosa is not only an important diagnostic criterion, but also an important aspect of therapy. In the patient unit of the university clinic for psychiatry at Kortenberg (K.U. Leuven), which specialises in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, a great deal of attention is given to body-image through the video confrontation technique. Video recordings are made of each patient on her arrival and departure. The recordings are shown to the patient and her group and discussed afterwards. It is expected that such confrontations will improve the attitude of the patient towards her own body. In order to evaluate these possible changes, the therapist fills out questionnaires at the start and the end of the program. The results of this method are analysed in this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Women's body image: the nurse's role in promotion of self-acceptance.

Women face criticism regarding their bodies from childhood to old age. Overt and covert messages demand that all women seek the ever-changing "ideal" body through a variety of costly, ineffective, and often dangerous means. As these demands are internalized, healthy women may develop a negative body image and a damaged sense of self. Nurses can promote peace between mind and body through the nursing process, role modeling, and community involvement. Body image should be assessed, particularly during vulnerable periods, such as adolescence, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause. Planning, intervention, and evaluation should focus on self-acceptance and emotional and physical well-being, rather than on changing one's appearance.

Body Image↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reclaiming body image: the hidden burn.

At the age of 4, I incurred a major burn injury that left 45% of my body with permanent scars. Normal clothing covers most of the scars. I was able to reclaim a positive body image through a gradual process of verbal and "body" disclosure. As an adult, I joined a burn survivors' self-help group; as a result of talking with other burn survivors, my self expectations increased. Later, I joined a facilitated group in which nudity and personal growth were the norm. In this group, I was the only person who had experienced a major physical trauma. I replaced my strongly held beliefs that others could not accept my unclothed, burn-injured body with the belief that some persons can, and I came to a personal understanding of why others could not. Fun, exercise, and relaxation led to a reclamation of positive feelings about my unclothed body and allowed my femininity and the character of my body image to emerge and become integrated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Altered body image: a fear-avoidance model of psycho-social difficulties following disfigurement.

Altered body image is a potential and actual source of considerable distress, particularly following facial disfigurement, and social functioning is reported as a major area of difficulty by sufferers. However, the area of facial disfigurement has received comparatively little attention from researchers in health care. Two current models of disturbed body image are examined, and it is contended that both require development in order to be of use in responding to the difficulties experienced by disfigured people. A fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception, which has clear treatment implications, is described, and it is shown how this model may be modified to offer a framework for the understanding and treatment of the psycho-social difficulties of disfigured people. In particular, it is suggested that the avoidance present following disfigurement is phobic in nature, and special attention is given to the roles of avoidance and confrontation in mediating these difficulties. Implications for intervention and the shortcomings of the model are described.

Avoidance Learning↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention to improve body image and decrease dieting in college women.

This two-group experimental study evaluated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral body image intervention, adapted from an effective clinical intervention, with normal college females. Participants included nonclinical, freshman college women who were assigned randomly to either the experimental intervention or the control group (brief educational session). Participants were assessed prior to the intervention and again 1 month later on dieting behavior, body image, fear of fat, and anxiety concerning physical appearance. Although it was hypothesized that each of these variables would be lower in the experimental group, none of these results, except for a trend for decreased dieting, were found. Overall these results of slightly reduced dieting behavior are consistent with other research targeting primary and secondary prevention. This intervention's failure to impact body image and eating behaviors of college students illustrates the continuing challenge of eating disorders prevention.

Clinical Trial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image of women with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Physical disabilities generally cause severe disturbances in a patient's body image perception. The aim of the present study was to investigate different aspects of body image, including sexual dissatisfaction, in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in relation to their subjective impression of handicap. METHODS: Forty women with RA were investigated using a series of instruments: Strauss and Appelt's questionnaire for assessing one's body (1), the body perception scale of Paulus (2), and an interview focusing on appearance, worries about health and sickness, and sexual dissatisfaction. In addition, clinical parameters and the subjective extent of morning stiffness were documented, and patients with a high degree of morning stiffness were compared to patients with a low degree of morning stiffness. RESULTS: In contrast to patients with a low degree of morning stiffness, patients with a high degree of morning stiffness worried significantly more about their bodies (p < or = 0.05) and reported significantly more problems in sexuality (p < or = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that morning stiffness plays a very important role in how severely a woman feels herself to be handicapped. Severely handicapped women have to deal with anxieties about health and have sexual problems. Physicians should not shy away from addressing these issues and in severe cases psychological therapy should be initiated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

An exploration of the attitudinal and perceptual dimensions of body image among male and female adolescents from six Latin American cities.

Using survey methodology, this exploratory study examined the attitudinal and perceptual dimensions of body image among 1,272 eighth- and ninth-grade males and females from higher and lower socioeconomic backgrounds in Buenos Aires, Argentina (n = 195), Guatemala City, Guatemala (n = 212), Havana, Cuba (n = 213), Lima, Peru (n = 218), Panama City, Panama (n = 195), and Santiago, Chile (n = 239). The two dimensions of body image were assessed by showing the participants nine male and nine female silhouettes depicting body sizes ranging from extremely thin (#1) to extremely obese (#9). Approximately 50% of the male and female adolescents chose silhouette #3 as best depicting the attractive male body. Silhouette #2 was chosen by 45% of the females as best depicting feminine attractiveness, while 45% of the males chose silhouette #3. When identifying the silhouette that best depicted the healthy male body, 26% of the participants chose silhouette #2, 41% chose #3, and 19% chose #4. Silhouette #2 was selected by 33% of the adolescents as best depicting the healthy female body, 38% chose #3, and 14% chose #4. In all cities, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on body satisfaction was highly significant (p < 0.001). Almost 40% of the middle weight adolescents indicated a preference to be thinner, even though 72% of the males and 84% of the females in this subgroup already perceived themselves as thin. Similarly, 89% of the heavier weight participants indicated a preference to be thinner, even though only 10% of the males and 2% of the females in this subgroup perceived themselves as heavy. In five of the six cities, a significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentage of females than males desired to be thinner, the exception being Havana, where the distribution of desired change in body size was almost identical for males and females. Findings suggest a need for culturally sensitive, age- and gender-specific preventive interventions focusing on the importance of achieving a healthy weight during adolescence to promote body size acceptance among adolescents who are at a healthy weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of media analysis on attitudes and behaviors regarding body image among college students.

Particular strategies of media advocacy can help people contest the dominant body images of fashion advertisements and reframe them to include a broader array of "normal" images. A study with an intervention group (n = 60) and a comparison group (n = 45) of undergraduate college students was conducted to investigate whether analyzing and reframing fashion advertisements changed the students' attitudes and behaviors regarding their own body images. Results from the posttest showed a significant change in beliefs among those in the intervention group but no significant change in behaviors. The comparison group showed no significant change in beliefs or behaviors. Posttest results from the women in the intervention group (n = 44) indicated a significant change in the study participants' beliefs that adult models in advertisements have an ideal body size and shape and that the participants' decisions about dieting or exercising should be based more on looks rather than on health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Visualization of the bone/bone marrow of lower extremities in Ga-67 whole-body images.

Patients whose Ga-67 whole-body images showed increased uptake by the bone/bone marrow of the lower extremities were selected and classified into three types according to the extent and the grade of the visualization. These types were then compared with their serum iron levels, iron-binding capacities, and the results of several other serum biochemical tests. Of 374 consecutive whole body 72-hr images reviewed, 59 (15.8%) showed increased uptake of the tracer by the bone/bone marrow of the lower extremities. The three classified types were as follows: type T--visualization of both tibiae and femurs; type S--strong visualization of the femurs; and type W--weak visualization of the femurs. The serum iron concentration was significantly high in type T and low in type S. In conclusion, the pattern of Ga-67 uptake by the bone/bone marrow of the lower extremities fairly closely reflects the status of iron metabolism.

Adolescent↗