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PubMed1990

The effect of dietary tryptophan on aggressive behavior in developing and mature broiler breeder males.

Broiler breeders display high levels of aggressive activity as a result of feed restriction. The objective of this study was to determine if aggressive activity in developing and mature broiler breeder males is influenced by increased dietary L-tryptophan (Trp). Broiler breeder males were raised using a skip-a-day feed restriction regimen. In Experiment 1, three levels of dietary Trp, .19 (control), .75, and 1.5%, were fed from the start of feed restriction at 4 wk of age and throughout development. All occurrences of aggressive behavior were recorded during three 20-min observation sessions per week on mornings on which feed was not delivered through Week 20. The Trp significantly decreased (P less than .05) aggressive pecking in birds fed supplemental Trp as compared to controls. No differences in threatening behavior were found. In the second part of Experiment 1, the effect of continued Trp supplementation on mature flocks of male broiler breeders and time-of-day effects on aggression were investigated. A depressing effect of supplemental Trp on pecking and threatening was observed. Maximum aggressive activity in all treatment groups occurred on mornings when feed was delivered. In Experiment 2, four levels of Trp, .19 (control), .38, .75, and 1.5%, were fed to developing birds as in Experiment 1. Birds fed supplemental Trp pecked less (P less than .05) than controls and .38% Trp was as effective in decreasing pecking as was 1.5%. It was concluded that increased levels of dietary Trp decrease aggression in both developing and mature, socially stable flocks of broiler breeder males.

Aggression↗

PubMed1991

Effects of sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride drinking water supplementation. 1. Performance and exterior carcass quality of broilers grown under thermoneutral or cyclic heat-stress conditions.

Two broiler trials were conducted using two environmentally controlled chambers. From 4 to 8 wk of age in Trial 1, and from 5 to 8 wk of age in Trial 2, male broilers were grown under either constant environmental conditions [25 C, 50% relative humidity (RH)], or a daily cyclic heat stress period (4 h of 35 to 38 C, 40% RH). One of four water solutions was provided to each of 16 pens per chamber: 1) 5% NaHCO3: 2) .5% KCl; 3) .5% KCl and NaHCO3, or 4) an unsupplemented control of tap water. Seven-wk body weight, 8-wk weight, weight gain, water consumption, infected feather follicle score, prekill and carcass without giblets weight were all significantly (P less than .05) affected by environmental treatment in both trials. In Trial 1, a significant effect due to water treatment was detected for infected feather follicle score, with control broilers significantly less afflicted than broilers on the other three water treatments. In Trial 2, a significant (P less than .05) temperature treatment effect was detected for abdominal fat pad weight, where differences in fat pad weight were found among water treatments under constant conditions but not under cyclic environmental conditions. These differences in fat pad weight, when expressed as a percentage of carcass weight, were at a probability of .0814. Overall, no appreciable improvements were detected in the broiler production parameters measured under either environmental regimen for the water treatments tested.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The effects of particle size and origin of calcium carbonate on performance and ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

The following physico-chemical characteristics of various calcium sources, differing in origin and particle size were determined: mineral composition, sieve and image analysis, apparent solubility (AS), surface area (SA), porous volume, specific gravity, and compressibility (C). The AS, SA, and C values were related more to the calcium particle size than to its origin and were higher in ground calcium sources. Calcium retention of seashells treated with phosphoric acid, oyster shells, and limestone using two particle sizes, ground or particulate, was assayed in 98 broiler chicks. Particulate marble was also tested in this experiment. Calcium retention expressed as a percentage of calcium ingestion was decreased when coarse particles of calcium were supplied in lieu of pulverized sources (40 versus 49%). An experiment with a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments were tested using 576 broiler chicks. Treatments included three calcium sources (phosphorus-treated shell, oyster shell, and marble), three particle sizes [ground (less than .15 mm), medium (.6 to 1.18 mm) and coarse (greater than 1.18 mm)] and three levels of calcium (.5,.7, and .9%) with ground limestone as a reference. Performance, tibial morphometry, breaking strength variables, and ash content were measured at 4 wk of age. Weight gain and feed conversion were ameliorated with ground particles of calcium. Cortical thickness, length of the tibia, stiffness, stress, and tibia ash were diminished when coarse particles of calcium were incorporated in the diets. Conversely, the origin of the calcium source hardly affected these criteria. Additionally, the incorporation of phosphorus-treated shells was assayed in 112 broiler chicks. Coarse particles decreased calcium retention. Consequently, ultimate stress, the modulus of elasticity, and stress were impaired. It is concluded that differences in utilization of calcium carbonate sources by the broiler chick is primarily a result of particle size rather than origin. Ground particles of calcium (pan to .15 mm) significantly improves performance and tibial ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high environmental temperatures.

Broilers were reared on litter to determine the effect of cyclic environmental temperatures on feed and water consumption patterns. The temperatures were constant at 24 C for several days before cyclic temperatures were started. Control broilers continued at 24 C but the treatment was a daily 24-35-24 C cycle for 3 days. Broilers that were 5, 6, or 7 wk old consumed as much feed or water the 1st day of the cycle as on the succeeding days. Feed and water consumption were determined for 6-h periods each day beginning at minimum temperature with two periods during rising temperature and two periods during declining temperature. Feed consumption was depressed when the temperatures were declining. Water consumption increased during the 12 h when the temperature was maximum. At 7 wk, water consumption was greater for broilers on the cyclic temperature for each 6-h period except for the period of temperature decline immediately preceding the minimum temperature. Broilers exposed to the 3 days of cyclic temperatures consumed more water than controls during a subsequent exposure to temperatures up to 40.8 C. The data show that the increased water consumption and decreased feed consumption observed due to high, cyclic temperatures arise from changes that occur during some times of the day and no changes occur during other times. The increase in water consumption precedes the reduction in feed consumption.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effects of high temperature on growth and efficiency of male and female broilers from lines selected for high weight gain, favorable feed conversion, and high or low fat content.

Male and female broiler chicks from five different broiler crosses (WI, LF, and HF = Israeli chicks selected for high body weight gain, and low and high abdominal fat, respectively; FC and WN = Dutch chicks selected for favorable feed conversion and high body weight gain, respectively) were raised at a high ambient temperature (32 to 33 C). Weight gain, protein and fat content in the carcass and feed, and protein efficiency were determined at 4, 6, and 8 wk of age. The effect of the high temperature was evaluated by comparing these data with those of similar chicks raised at a normal temperature (20 to 33 C) up to 6 wk of age. The reductions in body weight, protein gain, and feed and protein efficiency due to the high temperature increased with age and were much larger in males than in females. This trend was more pronounced in WI and WN chicks than in LF, HF, and FC chicks. Females of WI and WN crosses were as heavy as males at 6 wk and heavier at 8 wk. In LF, HF, and FC crosses, both sexes had similar weights at 8 wk. Growth reduction due to the high temperature was largest in the groups with the highest growth rate at the normal temperature (WI and WN males). Chicks with a lower growth rate and a higher capacity for energy storage in fat depots (all females, HF chicks), or a higher capacity for heat loss (FC chicks), were less affected by the high temperature. The results suggest that females should be preferred over males for broiler production in hot facilities or locations. Broiler genotypes selected for feed efficiency at the expense of fast growth may allow for a more profitable broiler production in high-temperature regions.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Divergent genetic selection for incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers at seven weeks of age.

Selection for a high (H) or low (L) incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) at 7 wk of age was practiced for four generations in broiler breeders using low intensity x-ray imaging (Lixiscope) for TD diagnosis. As a result, broiler lines with H or L incidence of TD at 7 wk of age were developed keeping a randomly selected control (C) broiler line. A total of 4,232 chicks were hatched representing 172 sires and 612 dams over four generations for the H, L, and C lines. The TD scores at 7 wk were collected on 4,056 broilers. Incidence of TD at 4 and 7 wk of age were studied in the C, H, and L lines of broilers. Direct response to selection in the H and L lines were estimated per generation and per weighted cumulative selection differential (WCSD). Total WCSD deviation from the C line for incidence of TD at 7 wk of age was 1.496 and -.42 units for the H and the L lines, respectively. The response per generation for incidence of TD at 7 wk of age for the H line was .153 +/- .028 units. The realized heritability for the H line for incidence of TD at 7 wk of age was .437 +/- .065. The incidence of TD was not significantly decreased in the L line at 7 wk of age.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1993

Effects of diaoxinxuekang on ascites in broilers.

To investigate whether Diaoxinxuekang (a Chinese medicine that is reported to improve blood circulation) plays a role in preventing ascites in broilers, day-old male broilers were divided randomly into four groups, each with seven replicates, and reared for 40 days. The birds were housed in a brooder room from Day 1 to 21 and then reared in an environmental chamber room under low temperatures. Diaoxinxuekang was added to rations at the rate of 0, 500, 1,500, and 3,500 mg/kg as Treatments 1 to 4. When Diaoxinxuekang was added to rations, body weight in the first 3 wk was increased significantly, but feed consumption remained unchanged. Heart weight was not significantly different between control and treatments, but liver weight in the control and 500 mg/kg group was heavier than in Treatments 3 and 4. Within treatment, heart weight of the normal broiler was less than that of the broiler with ascites. Treatment 4 showed significantly (P < .05) less ascites than Treatments 1, 2, and 3 in the processing examination. The results present evidence that 3,500 mg/kg Diaoxinxuekang reduces the incidence of ascites in broilers.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effects of dietary boron supplementation on broilers.

Two experiments were conducted with a total of 432 broiler chicks to investigate the influence of supplementing different amounts of boron to practical corn-soybean meal diets. The birds were housed in batteries and had free access to feed and water. In Experiment 1, 144 1-day-old broiler chicks were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 5, 40, 80, or 120 ppm boron for 21 days. Female body weight was not influenced by the dietary treatments. However, males supplemented with 5 ppm boron were heavier and their tibias resisted more load than the control birds. Overall feed conversion was not influenced by boron. In Experiment 2, 288 1-day-old broiler chicks were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 60, 120, 240, or 300 ppm boron for 22 days. Male and female body weights of the 300-ppm group were lower than those of the control birds. Percentage tibia ash was highest with 300 ppm boron. No significant differences were found in intestinal tract weight (grams of intestine per 100 g body weight) among treatments. Boron concentration in the breast muscle and liver increased as dietary concentration of boron increased. Data collected in these two experiments indicated that consumption of diets containing up to 240 ppm boron from hatch to 21 days of age was not detrimental to broiler performance. Data were not conclusive on the need for supplemental boron in broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Dietary carnitine did not influence performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens and young turkeys fed low- or high-fat diets.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of supplemental dietary carnitine on performance and carcass composition of young turkeys and broiler chickens. Experiments 1 and 2 were done with poults to 21 d of age and broilers to 45 d of age, respectively. Three dietary concentrations of L-carnitine (0, 50, or 100 mg/kg) were fed in a factorial arrangement with two concentrations of animal-vegetable fat (A-V fat), 2.25 or 8% in Experiment 1 and 1 or 5% in Experiment 2. L-Carnitine did not affect (P > .05) BW gain or feed efficiency in either experiment, irrespective of concentration of dietary fat. Similarly, proximate composition of 21-d-old poults and 45-d-old broilers was not changed by L-carnitine. Increasing levels of fat supplementation improved feed efficiency of poults and improved 45-d BW and feed efficiency of broilers. Carcass fat of poults and broilers was increased (P < or = .05) by supplemental fat at the expense of carcass water and protein.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1995

Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from fourteen to thirty-eight days of age. 2. Economic evaluation.

A calculation model was developed that can be used to derive dietary methionine and cystine (TSAA) levels for maximum profitability in growing broilers. Based on dose-response curves from two broiler experiments, the model calculates additional income from improved feed conversion and from increased breast meat yield. From the comparison of additional income to the additional cost associated with increasing dietary TSAA levels, the TSAA content giving maximum profit can be estimated. Under European price conditions, a dietary level of .95% TSAA was found to be most profitable for broilers grown to 1.7 kg (Experiment 1, 14 to 34 d of age), when only the feed conversion response to dietary TSAA was considered. In broilers grown to 2.2 kg (Experiment 2, 14 to 38 d of age), two situations were simulated. If only the feed conversion response was evaluated, the most profitable TSAA level would be .85%. If both feed conversion and breast meat responses were considered, a higher level of .89% TSAA would be optimum. Changing prices of input and output variables (broiler feed, breast meat, DL-methionine) affected the respective economic optimum level of dietary TSAA only slightly.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

A pulmonary artery clamp model for inducing pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broilers.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a primary increase in pulmonary vascular resistance can initiate a pathophysiological progression leading to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites). Pulmonary vascular resistance was increased by surgically clamping the left pulmonary artery when male broiler chicks were 15 to 19 d of age, resulting in a 90% incidence of PHS in Experiment 1, and a 68% incidence of PHS in Experiment 2. The incidence of PHS was 8% for control or sham-operated broilers in Experiment 1, whereas in Experiment 2 no (0%) PHS occurred in sham-operated broilers or in individuals with a pulmonary artery that only was partially occluded. Broilers with a fully occluded left pulmonary artery developed pulmonary hypertension, as demonstrated by increased right:total ventricular weight ratios (right ventricular hypertrophy) and by increased electrocardiogram lead II R-S wave amplitudes (generalized ventricular dilation and hypertrophy). Forcing the entire cardiac output through the right lung resulted in a lower percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen and an elevated hematocrit, reflecting generalized systemic hypoxemia. Pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia also were specifically characteristic of all birds that developed ascites, regardless of treatment group. These observations demonstrate for the first time that PHS (ascites) can be directly induced by a primary increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The observed changes in percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen suggest that the lungs of broilers may be unable to efficiently oxygenate the blood when forced to receive an increased cardiac output at an elevated pulmonary arterial pressure.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effect of stunning amperage on broiler breast muscle rigor development and meat quality.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of constant amperage (as opposed to constant voltage) electrical stunning on broiler blood loss, post-mortem breast muscle (Pectoralis major) rigor development, and breast meat quality. Broilers were individually stunned for 5 s at 0 (unstunned control group), 50, 100, 150, and 200 mA in Experiment 1 and at 0, 50, and 125 mA in Experiment 2. Breast muscle pH and R-value (ratio of adenosine to inosine nucleotides) were determined at 15 min and 24 h post-mortem; breast meat shear value and color were determined at 48 h post-mortem. Stunning amperage had no effect on percentage blood loss in either experiment. The most rapid post-mortem reactions were observed for the unstunned control group as determined by pH and R-value at 15 min post-mortem. Birds stunned with 50 mA were intermediate with regard to rate of rigor development. The slowest post-mortem reactions occurred in broilers stunned from 100 to 200 mA. There were no differences in pH, R-value, or color between stunning treatments after carcasses were aged for 24 h. Stunning amperage did not affect Allo-Kramer shear value for breast muscles deboned at 15 min post-mortem. In Experiment 2, 24 h aged breast meat from broilers stunned with 125 mA required significantly higher shear value (4.5 kg/g) than breast meat from broilers stunned at 0 or 50 mA (3.8 and 3.6 kg/g, respectively). Results indicate that stunning amperages between 0 and 200 mA had effects on the rate of early rigor development but there were no consistent effects on final breast meat quality.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Evaluation of the chicken crop as a source of Salmonella contamination for broiler carcasses.

Much previously published research has focused on the role of cecal and intestinal Salmonella contamination of poultry carcasses within commercial processing plants. Presently, we have evaluated the persistence of experimentally inoculated Salmonella enteritidis in the crops and ceca of commercial broiler chickens during the last week of growth (Weeks 6 to 7) and the presence of crop and cecal Salmonella in 7-wk-old broilers in a commercial processing plant. When broilers were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age by oral gavage, the incidence of crop and cecal contamination was equivalent 2d after challenge (30%), with only 1 of 29 crops contaminated and 0 of 29 ceca contaminated at 7 d following challenge. When broilers were inoculated with 1 x 10(8) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age by oral gavage, 2 d after challenge the crops and ceca were observed to be 57 and 67% positive for S. enteritidis, respectively. Seven days after inoculation with 1 x 10(8) S. enteritidis, the crops and ceca were 37 and 57% positive, respectively, for the challenge organism. At a commercial broiler processing plant, 286 of 550 crops from three flocks were Salmonella-positive, whereas only 73 of 500 ceca from these flocks were contaminated. Furthermore, data from this plant indicated that the crops were far more likely to rupture than ceca (86-fold) during processing, increasing the possibility of carcass contamination with Salmonella derived from crop contents. The results of these studies suggest that the crop may serve as a source of carcass contamination with Salmonella within some processing plants.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Broiler response to diet energy.

Male broiler chickens were fed corn-soybean diets providing 2,700, 2,900, 3,100 or 3,300 kcal ME/kg. In all experiments, each treatment was tested with three replicate groups of 30 birds grown to 49 d of age. In Experiment 1, birds consumed the various diets ad libitum whereas in Experiment 2, all birds received identical and restricted quantities of feed so as to ensure variable intakes of energy. In a third experiment, after 7 d of age, broilers had access to feed in two feeders that contained only the highest level of energy, or the 3,300 kcal ME/kg diet in combination with one of the other diets previously described. Providing diets of 2,700 to 3,300 kcal ME/kg for ad libitum consumption had no effect on growth rate (P > 0.05) and energy intake was constant; however, reducing the energy level of the diet did result in reduced carcass fatness (P < 0.01). When feed intake was controlled in Experiment 2, there was reduced growth (P < 0.01) rate as energy level of the diet was reduced. This reduced growth was associated with dramatic reduction in carcass fatness (P < 0.01), although breast meat yield was not affected. When broilers were offered a choice of diets, they showed remarkably precise control of intake, such that energy intake was again constant across all treatments. However, even though energy intake was constant, broilers consuming the choice diets involving the lower energy content diets tended to have less carcass fat. It is concluded that the broiler still possesses a good ability to control its feed intake based on desire to normalize energy intake. As energy intake is decreased, or there is increased protein intake, the bird deposits less carcass fat.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Hepatic and cardiac oxidative stress and other metabolic changes in broilers with the ascites syndrome.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the gluconeogenic response of in vitro stimulated hepatocytes from control broilers and broilers with clinical manifestations of the ascites syndrome. The basal rate of glucose synthesis from lactate was found to be threefold greater in sick birds than in the control group and stimulation obtained with epinephrine was found to be quantitatively similar in both groups. Under basal conditions, the hepatocytes from the sick broilers exhibited 60% more ammonium than the control birds. In addition, the quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, as indicators of cellular lipoperoxidation, showed an increase of over 100% in heart and liver of sick broilers fowl. In conclusion, the complex integrated response of gluconeogenesis to epinephrine is maintained in broilers with ascites, although their hepatocytes present changes compatible with those observed in cases of oxidative stress. It is not known whether this stress is a cause or a consequence of the ascites syndrome.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1996

Microsatellite polymorphism in commercial broiler and layer lines estimated using pooled blood samples.

For 17 microsatellite markers, allele frequencies were determined in nine highly selected commercial broiler and six highly selected commercial layer lines using pooled blood samples from 60 animals. The average number of marker alleles was 5.8 over all lines, 5.2 over broiler lines, and 3.0 over layer lines. The average number of marker alleles within a line was 2.9, 3.6, and 2.0 for all, broiler, and layer lines, respectively. Over all 15 lines, the average percentage of heterozygosity was 42, whereas the heterozygosity in the broiler lines was 53% and in the layer lines only 27%. In broiler lines, 50% of the marker-line combinations showed a heterozygosity above 60%, whereas this was only 5% in layer lines. Estimation of allele frequencies with microsatellite markers was first assessed in pooled and individual samples before usage in the commercial lines. Allele frequencies for 19 microsatellite markers were estimated in chicken pooled blood samples and compared with allele frequencies from individual typed animals. Similar results were obtained when pooled blood samples (heterozygosity of 35.3%) or individual typed animals (heterozygosity of 34.2%) were used. The method to determine allele frequencies using pooled blood samples is faster, cheaper, and as reliable and repeatable as determining allele frequencies using individual typings.

Alleles↗

PubMed1998

Dosage titration of a characterized competitive exclusion culture to inhibit Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens during growout.

Broiler chicks were spray treated on the day of hatch with titrated dosages (10(6), 10(7), or 10(8) anaerobic CFU) of a characterized competitive exclusion culture (CF3) and challenged orally on day 3 with 10(4) CFU of Salmonella typhimurium. On day 10, cecal contents from control and CF3-treated chicks were cultured for S. typhimurium to determine the minimal efficacious dosage of the CF3 culture. The experiment was repeated in three replicated trials. Resistance to Salmonella cecal colonization was dosage related and progressively enhanced at the 10(7)- and 10(8)-CFU dosages compared with the 10(6)-CFU dosage. The 10(7)-CFU dosage was selected as the minimal effective dosage and evaluated for efficacy during a 43-day broiler growout study. Six hundred broilers were spray treated on the day of hatch and compared with 600 controls. One-half of the control and CF3-treated birds were challenged orally on day 3 with 10(4) CFU of S. typhimurium and designated "seeders." The remaining unchallenged birds were designated "contacts." Compared with the controls, the recovery of Salmonella cells from the ceca of the CF3-treated broilers was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the challenged seeders on days 21 and 43 of growout. Salmonella contamination of floor pen litter was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in pens of CF3-treated birds compared with controls. The transmission of Salmonella cells from seeder to contact birds in the same pens was decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The results indicated that treatment of broiler chicks on the day of hatch with the 10(7)-CFU dosage of CF3 culture effectively increased resistance to S. typhimurium challenge during growout to market age.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Broiler carcass contamination with Campylobacter from feces during defeathering.

Three sets of experiments were conducted to explore the increase in recovery of Campylobacter from broiler carcasses after defeathering. In the first set of experiments, live broilers obtained from a commercial processor were transported to a pilot plant, and breast skin was sampled by a sponge wipe method before and after defeathering. One of 120 broiler breast skin samples was positive for Campylobacter before defeathering, and 95 of 120 were positive after defeathering. In the second set of experiments, Campylobacter-free flocks were identified, subjected to feed withdrawal, and transported to the pilot plant. Carcasses were intracloacally inoculated with Campylobacter (10(7) CFU) just prior to entering the scald tank. Breast skin sponge samples were negative for Campylobacter before carcasses entered the picker (0 of 120 samples). After defeathering, 69 of 120 samples were positive for Campylobacter, with an average of log10 2.7 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm2). The third set of experiments was conducted using Campylobacter-positive broilers obtained at a commercial processing plant and transported live to the pilot plant. Just prior to scalding, the cloacae were plugged with tampons and sutured shut on half of the carcasses. Plugged carcasses were scalded, and breast skin samples taken before and after defeathering were compared with those collected from control broilers from the same flock. Prior to defeathering, 1 of 120 breast skin sponge samples were positive for the control carcasses, and 0 of 120 were positive for the plugged carcasses. After passing through the picker, 120 of 120 control carcasses had positive breast skin sponge samples, with an average of log10 4.2 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm2). Only 13 of 120 plugged carcasses had detectable numbers of Campylobacter on the breast skin sponge, with an average of log10 2.5 CFU per sample. These data indicate that an increase in the recovery of Campylobacter after defeathering can be related to the escape of contaminated feces from the cloaca during defeathering.

Animals↗