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Results for “Compulsive Behavior”
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A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. II. Social and behavioural outcome.
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Obsessive thoughts: the problem of therapy.
Eleven patients with obsessive thoughts were treated in two pilot studies. In the first of these patients were given thought-stopping, and this was contrasted with relaxation therapy. In the second study patients were treated by a technique described here as 'satiation', and this was followed by thought-stopping and finally a course of amitriptyline. The overall results were poor, but one type of obsessive thought responded well to satiation.
Test-retest reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test.
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Self-monitoring in the treatment of nose squeezing and daydreaming.
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Spence and Robbins' measures of workaholism components: test-retest stability.
There has been a recent increase in research devoted to the study of workaholism, specifically concerning issues of definition and measurement. The present investigation examined the test-retest stability of Spence and Robbins' measures of the components of workaholism (1992), one of two measures that has been fairly widely used. These measures were found to be relatively stable in a sample of early-career managers (n = 67) over a 12-wk. period.
Severe morbid onychophagia: the classification as self-mutilation and a proposed model of maintenance.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to make a distinction between a mild and a severe form of onychophagia (nailbiting) that has not been adequately recognised in clinical research. Furthermore, the aim is to emphasise the need for greater understanding of the motivation for such self-injury as occurs in the severe form. The purpose of making the distinction is to evaluate whether a label of self-mutilation can be applied to the severe form. If this is the case, the tension-reduction model of self-mutilation can be proposed as the mechanism which may maintain the behaviour in the face of serious social and physical consequences. METHOD: Examination was made of the literature relating to onychophagia and to self-mutilation. Treatment studies of onychophagia were examined to evaluate the mechanisms by which the behaviour may be maintained. RESULTS: Considering the self-mutilative nature of the severe form and the common theme of tension reduction in the literature on onychophagia, application of the tension-reduction model of self-mutilation is warranted. CONCLUSION: There is a need for empirical research as to the tension-reducing nature of severe onychophagia.
Dopamine mechanisms of cocaine addiction.
The ability of cocaine to induce a compulsive addictive behavior is the most astonishing feature of this drug. Attempting to understand the mechanisms underlying cocaine's addictive properties, two major questions should be considered: a) why and how organism's interaction with cocaine results in the development of new, drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior and b) why and how cocaine maintains this behavior when the drug is available. Since a large body of neuropharmacological evidence suggest that the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system has exclusive importance for the development and maintenance of cocaine addictive behavior, and cocaine is known to interfere in activity of this brain system, examination of mesocorticolimbic DA activity during cocaine self-administration behavior may provide some clues for understanding the drug's additive properties and regulation of this maladaptive goal-directed behavior. The aim of this paper is to discuss the literature and own experimental data on cocaine's action on the mesocorticolimbic DA system that may be involved in mediating its addictive properties. Based on these data, it is suggested that an inhibiting action of cocaine on reuptake of released DA, although essential, but not sufficient mechanism for the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. It is hypothesized, that coexistence of functionally antagonistic, inhibiting actions of cocaine on the mesolimbic DA release and reuptake of released DA may be responsible for biphasic fluctuations in DA transmission that appear to be a critical component of central oscillatory mechanism which drives and regulates cyclic drug-taking behavior.
Effectiveness and comparison of citronella and scentless spray bark collars for the control of barking in a veterinary hospital setting.
This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a citronella bark collar and a new, scentless spray bark collar in a veterinary hospital or a similar kennel-type environment. Forty-one dogs were included in the study. The efficacy of each collar was evaluated independently in comparison to control as well as in a crossover design. Thirty of the dogs were evaluated with the citronella collar, with 76.7% showing a reduction in barking. Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated with the scentless collar, with 58.6% showing a reduction in barking. The improvement over the control collars was statistically significant with both the citronella and scentless collars.
Comparison of two antibarking collars for treatment of nuisance barking.
Two commercially available antibarking collars (i.e., a citronella spray collar and an electronic shock collar) were evaluated for efficacy and user satisfaction as reported by owners after a two-week trial period for each collar. While both collars were effective in decreasing barking (88.9% for the citronella spray collar and 44.4% for the electronic shock collar), most owners expressed a preference for the citronella spray collar. Owners perceived it as being more humane and indicated that they willingly would use it on a long-term basis to decrease their dogs' nuisance barking. While the citronella spray collar has some drawbacks, it is another tool for managing excessive barking.
Decreasing repetitive behavior in an institutionalized mentally retarded resident.
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Paternalism and egregious harm: Prader-Willi Syndrome and the importance of care.
Paternalism clashes with the usual liberal model. In this paper I argue that attempts to defend even a limited form of paternalism by liberal authors such as Joel Feinberg, Gerald Dworkin and H.L.A. Hart fail. I propose instead a bivalent model for paternalism that appeals to two separate principles: the no-harm principle and the care-principle. The notion of care discussed by contemporary feminist authors is a fundamental moral archetype that permeates history and culture. I go on to consider the case of patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome and argue that paternalism is not only permissible but imperative in cases in egregious harm. This view is enshrined in common law jurisprudence which dismisses consent as a justification in serious crime.
The pathological gambler as criminal offender. Comments on evaluation and treatment.
Over the past three decades, gambling has been the nation's fastest growing industry. Although there is now some leveling off, states are still turning to legalized gambling to address financial problems without having to raise taxes. In addition, there is new technology that produces more rapidly addicting games. States are accepting some responsibility and, as of this writing, 12 of them have funded some programs in public education, research, training, and treatment. Although there are only a half dozen inpatient programs and very few qualified counselors and therapists, we can anticipate the development of clinics, residential programs, halfway houses, and alternative sentencing programs. The National Council on Problem Gambling has developed guidelines for the certification of gambling counselors. In addition to the training of mental health professionals, workshops are needed for attorneys, judges, probation and parole officers, and prison administrators. Initially, the task of assessing and diagnosing the pathological gambler was left to a small number of experts. Starting with DSM-IV, there will be clear and reliable criteria available to the professional community. These criteria, which are the product of thorough testing, should easily discriminate the pathological gambler from other types of gamblers. Most of what we have learned about pathological gambling has come in the last 5 years. A major impetus for research has been the Journal of Gambling Studies, which began publication in 1985. A review of the nature and course of the disorder, including the studies of criminal behavior, leads one to conclude that the majority of pathological gamblers (at least 70% to 80%) commit offenses late in the disorder and that these offenses are strictly gambling related. This is a population which is essentially nonviolent and which turns to property crimes out of desperation over gambling losses and their sequelae. The minority (in one study 14%) of gamblers with antisocial personality disorder--the group for whom treatment would be least likely to be effective--can be recognized easily both by the pattern of offenses and by diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality. Once this group is excluded, treatment for the others, in combination with restitution, community service, and some form of monitoring, would seem beneficial both for the individual and for society. Once they have stopped gambling, pathological gamblers are frequently hard-working people, whose mathematical skills and intelligence, high energy, and need to excel make them extremely valuable at their jobs. The alternative, imprisonment, may very well reinforce the disorder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Halloween ritual and myth in a children's holiday.
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The effect of individual differences on adolescents' impulsive buying behavior.
This study posits a relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Impulsive Buying Tendency (IBT). A survey of 574 adolescents found that high-EI adolescents manifested less impulsive behavior than did low-EI adolescents, and high-IBT adolescents were more likely to engage in more impulsive buying behavior than were low-IBT adolescents. Finally, possible extensions of the research to the area of adolescents' impulsive buying are suggested.
Psychology, determinism, and legal responsibility.
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Experimental study on abnormal habits and malocclusion--disappearance of finger habits.
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The magnet reaction, a symptom of prefrontal ablation.
After bilateral ablation of the medial precruciate cortex in dogs and cats, or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in monkeys, the animals approach the source of the conditional stimulus (CS) indicating availability of food either before or instead of approaching the food itself. This behavior is designated the "magnet reaction". It is particularly evident when the source of the CS is located in a direction different from that taken to reach the food. Lesions elsewhere in the frontal lobes do not produce this effect.