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PubMed2003

Recovery from acute whiplash: the role of coping styles.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Victims of car accidents who initiated compensation claim procedures at a Dutch insurance company and presented themselves with neck complaints were sent a questionnaire containing neck-related questions and questions regarding the coping styles used shortly after the accident. An additional two questionnaires were administered 6 and 12 months, respectively, after the accident. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between the coping styles used and the development of late whiplash syndrome. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous research has indicated that neither personality traits nor psychopathologic symptoms can predict the outcome of whiplash. No studies have yet been conducted on the association between coping styles and the development of late whiplash syndrome. METHODS: The coping styles were determined using the Utrecht Coping List. The duration of neck complaints was measured from the time of the accident and from the time of filling in the first questionnaire. Survival analysis was used to study the association between the duration of neck complaints and the explanatory variables. RESULTS: Of the 363 eligible claimants, 278 (77%) responded to the questionnaire; 242 (67%) were included in the analysis. After 12 months, 40% of the male and 50% of the female participating claimants still had neck complaints. The duration of the neck complaints was associated with gender, palliative reaction, and the seeking social support coping style. CONCLUSION: The coping style during the first few weeks after the accident and the gender are related to the duration of neck complaints (Cox regression: palliative handling relative risk = 0.91, P = 0.002; seeking social support relative risk = 1.06, P = 0.042; and gender relative risk = 1.50, P = 0.036). Thereafter the intensity of somatic complaints plays a role. Paying attention to the coping style could contribute to the prevention of the development of late whiplash syndrome.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2006

Pilot study of pain and coping among patients with osteoarthritis: a daily diary analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Few studies have examined patterns of pain and coping among patients with osteoarthritis (OA). This pilot study used a daily diary approach to examine pain and coping strategy use among white and nonwhite veterans with OA. METHODS: Participants (23 white, 13 nonwhite; 89% male; mean age = 63 years) completed diaries of pain (10-cm visual analog scale) and coping (total, problem-focused, and emotion-focused) for 30 days. Analyses examined relationships of mean self-reported pain severity and variability with coping strategy use as well as racial differences in these associations. RESULTS: The mean pain level (4.46 [scale of 0-10], standard deviation [SD] = 2.12) and mean within-subject pain variance (1.94, SD = 1.79) were similar between white and nonwhite participants. With respect to pain variability, 2 distinct subgroups were observed, with approximately half of participants reporting high variability and half reporting low variability. The mean total coping score (on a scale of 0-7) was 2.62 (SD = 1.77), with problem-focused strategies being used more often than emotion-focused. There were no significant associations between coping (total, problem-focused, and emotion-focused) and mean pain severity, but the direction of these relationships differed according to race. CONCLUSION: Results of this pilot study showed considerable between-subject variability in pain and coping strategy use as well as some racial differences. Medical treatment and self-management approaches may be improved if they can be tailored according to patients' pain patterns and preferred coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

The CODE: a revised battery for coping and defense and its relations to subjective health.

A condensed test battery (the CODE) based on the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) and part of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI) has been developed to assess coping and defense in large population studies. It was tested for reliability and validity in students and back pain patients. Principal components factor analysis of the subscales of the UCL and DMI in the student sample revealed two coping clusters: "Instrumental mastery-oriented coping" and "Emotion-focused coping" and two defensive clusters: "Cognitive defense" and "Defensive hostility". "Instrumental mastery-oriented coping" was negatively related to subjective health complaints measured with Ursins Health Inventory (UHI). The back pain patients were clearly different from the students, using less coping and more defensive strategies. They had more subjective health complaints that showed negative correlations with "Instrumental mastery-oriented coping". The CODE is a comprehensive battery that may be valid for large population studies of psychological determinants of muscle pain and other subjective health problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Comprehensive health seeking and coping paradigm.

While scholars in nursing are charged with the responsibility of advancing and structuring a body of knowledge for application in nursing practice, many of the currently utilized theories have been borrowed from other disciplines. Until such knowledge is redefined and synthesized according to the perspective of nursing, borrowed knowledge cannot be adequately understood. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive client-orientated health seeking and coping paradigm. This paradigm is theorized to be a function of 12 factors which include: clients' situational and personal factors, resources, sociodemographic characteristics, cognitive appraisal, health goals, health seeking and coping behaviours, nursing goals and strategies, clients' perceived compliance, clients' perceived coping effectiveness, and immediate and long-term health outcome. The Lazarus Schema of Coping and Adaptation and the Schlotfeldt Health Seeking and Coping Paradigm were the parent conceptualizations from which the Comprehensive Health Seeking and Coping Paradigm (CHSCP) was derived. As a nursing-orientated multidimensional framework, the CHSCP will provide a useful framework for nurses interested in altering, enhancing or promoting the health seeking and coping of clients. By providing an intellectual focus for the initial and ongoing assessment of a multitude of variables which influence health seeking and coping, the specification of appropriate strategies can be developed and enhanced.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Cardiac nurses: coping with stress.

This paper describes issues relating to coping with stress as expressed by nurses in cardiology. The data were collected at a 1-day workshop on 'Coping with Stress', sponsored by the Israel Cardiac Nursing Association in response to repeated requests from nurses in cardiology. The programme included theoretical presentations. Group work focused on the nurses' self-evaluation of coping with stress, rather than on patients' needs. Twenty-two groups of 15 nurses each worked with pre-trained group leaders on the following issues: causes and origins of stress; coping strategies and mechanisms; feelings and emotions accompanying the different coping strategies; suggestions and alternatives for improving coping skills. The group process also included experiential exercises. Analysis of the nurses' coping strategies in relation to staff, patients and their families, and work-related issues suggests four distinct coping modes. Nurses' overall responses were positive and emphasized practical benefits for future work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Sense of coherence, coping and quality of life following a critical illness.

AIM: This paper reports the findings of a study exploring the relationships among patients' sense of coherence, coping ability and health-related quality of life following a critical illness. BACKGROUND: Sense of coherence is a strong determinant of positive health outcomes and successful coping. Promoting sense of coherence has been used for health promotion in the general public so that better coping ability will be achieved and, thus, better quality of life. There have been limited studies focusing on these aspects in critically ill patients, particularly during the weeks following discharge from intensive care units. METHODS: Based on the salutogenic theoretical framework, a descriptive, correlational research design using telephone interviews was used. Participants' outlook on life, quality of life and coping responses were measured using Chinese versions of Sense of Coherence scale, SF-36 and Coping Scale, respectively. RESULTS: Eighty-eight people participated in the study. Sense of coherence was significantly correlated with quality of life (r = 0.28-0.69) and with coping ability (r = 0.58). Furthermore, coping ability was significantly correlated with six (r = 0.25-0.52) out of the eight dimensions of quality of life. It was also found that high household income and support from adult children were predictors of strong sense of coherence. CONCLUSION: Patients with a strong sense of coherence are likely to take an active role in shaping their own health outcomes. The results of this study will enable nurses to design interventions in the early phase of hospitalization to enhance patients' sense of coherence and coping abilities following a critical illness so that quality of life can be promoted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Theoretical model of coping among relatives of patients in intensive care units: a simultaneous concept analysis.

UNLABELLED: This paper reports the development of a theoretical model of relatives' coping approaches during the patient's intensive care unit stay and subsequent recovery at home by performing an analysis of concepts generated from two empirically grounded, theoretical studies in this area. BACKGROUND: When supporting relatives of intensive care unit patients, it is important that nurses have access to evidence-based knowledge of relatives' coping approaches during the period of illness and recovery. METHOD: Simultaneous concept analysis was used to refine and combine multiple coping concepts into a theoretical model of coping. The concepts were generated in two previous empirical studies of relatives' coping approaches during mechanically ventilated patients' intensive care unit stays and recovery at home. FINDINGS: The theoretical model was developed in 2004-2005 and illustrates the effectiveness of different coping approaches in relation to each other and to social support. Definitions summarizing each coping approach and containing the knowledge gained through the simultaneous concept analysis method were also formulated. CONCLUSION: This middle-range theory of relatives' coping approaches may make a valuable contribution to international intensive care unit nursing practice, especially as it is based on empirical studies and may therefore serve as a basis for the development of future clinical guidelines. However, the theoretical model needs to be empirically validated before it can be used.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Adolescent adjustment and coping strategies.

This study examines the relation between psychosocial adjustment and coping strategies among college freshmen. Three hundred thirty-one college students completed the Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD; Constantinople, 1969) and the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (ACOPE; Patterson & McCubbin, 1987) inventory. Factor analysis of the ACOPE scales revealed two factors interpreted to represent the coping strategies of "salutary effort" and "stress palliation." For each subject a relative salutary effort score was calculated to reflect the proportion of coping efforts ascribable to mature, salutary coping efforts. Optimal adjustment was associated with adolescents whose reported means of dealing with tension reflected a high proportion of salutary effort. These findings, which support the notion of a covariation between styles of coping and psychological adjustment among adolescents, are discussed in light of psychosocial development, coping, and methodological issues related to research on coping and adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

The interactional context of problem-, emotion-, and relationship-focused coping: the role of the big five personality factors.

This study examined the role that personality and situational factors play in three forms of coping responses: problem-, emotion- and relationship-focused. Coping responses were strongly associated with whether the situation involved a primarily agentic (work) or communal (interpersonal) stressor. Among communal stressors, the involvement of close versus distant others was also associated with coping responses. Situational factors were linked most strongly with the use of problem-focused (planful problem solving) and relationship-focused (empathic responding) modes of coping. Dimensions of personality derived from the five-factor model (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) had important associations with coping responses. Coping responses were best predicted by models that included both the additive and multiplicative effects of person and situation factors. Taken together, the findings suggest that a model of coping that considers both agentic and communal dimensions of stressful situations, includes interpersonal dimensions of coping, and considers personality and situation factors in tandem is needed to increase the predictive utility of current models.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial factors and coping strategies of adolescents in a rural Pennsylvania high school.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the coping levels of rural adolescents and gender differences of coping strategies and psychosocial factors. To identify the relationships of coping strategies with psychosocial factors of rural adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 72 students attending a rural high school in southwestern Pennsylvania. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects completed the Coping Response Inventory-Youth (CRI-Y), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED), the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). RESULTS: Significant gender differences were found for psychosocial factors of depression, self-esteem, and anxiety. Several significant relationships were observed between coping strategies and psychosocial factors of rural adolescents. Additionally, using content analysis, seven categories were determined based on the content of the open-ended question on the CRI: familial factors, peer relationships, etc. CONCLUSIONS: These rural adolescents endorsed higher levels of avoidance coping than normative samples. Rural adolescents reported many problems needing proper coping skills in their everyday lives. This study provides information to public health professionals working with rural adolescents that could be used to help them attain more effective coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Children's coping with pain during dental care.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was (i) to assess the coping strategies of 11-year-old children when dealing with pain at the dentist, (ii) to determine the extent to which the level of the children's dental fear and their experience with pain at the dentist are related to their ability to cope and their choice of strategies, and (iii) to analyse the possible differences between subsamples concerning dental caries. METHODS: The coping strategies were investigated using the Dental Cope Questionnaire (n = 597); the level of dental fear was assessed using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS); a question is asked whether a child had experienced pain at the dentist in the past and dental caries was assessed using the DMFS index. RESULTS: The results show that 11-year olds use a variety of coping strategies. Internal strategies are used most frequently, external coping strategies are used less frequently, and destructive strategies are hardly used. The subjects rate internal and external strategies as effective. Children with pain experience and fearful children use more coping strategies, with fearful children using more internal strategies. Reported pain and anxiety were related to the dental status. CONCLUSIONS: The use and choice of coping strategies seems to be at least partly determined by the level of dental fear and the child's experience with pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

How do women cope with menstrual cycle changes?

Very little is known about how women naturally cope with premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. A sample of 342 women was therefore surveyed to discover how they coped with menstrual cycle changes and how helpful these methods were. Principal components analysis of responses to a specially devised coping checklist revealed four components which corresponded to types of coping distinguished in the literature. These were termed: active-behavioural, active-cognitive, avoidance and menstrual cycle specific. There was no relationship between the extent to which particular coping strategies were used and how helpful they were thought to be. The most popular ways of coping were active-cognitive. The most helpful were active-behavioural and active-cognitive. Further analyses did not show any effect of parity or occupational group on the frequency or helpfulness of the different types of coping; nor was there any association with age. Modest correlations of coping methods with symptom severity emerged.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Predictors and effectiveness of coping with political violence among Palestinian children.

Relationships between exposure to political hardships, social-economic status and mother's psychological responses, and children's coping modes, were analysed among 66 Palestinian boys and girls aged 8-14 who lived in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The effectiveness of children's coping modes in protecting their mental health from the negative impact of political hardships was also analysed. The coping modes were assessed on the intentional (passive-active), cognitive (defensive-purposive), and emotional (helpless-courageous) levels. The results showed that the more children were exposed to political hardships, the more they employed active and courageous coping modes. Furthermore, the more mothers showed psychological symptoms the more their children used active coping modes. The more political activity the mothers used as a coping mode, the more their children used purposive coping. Exposure to political hardships increased children's psychological symptoms, and none of the children's psychological coping modes were effective in mitigating this relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Soft-computing base analyses of the relationship between annoyance and coping with noise and odor.

The majority of research on annoyance as an important impact of noise, odor, and other stressors on man, has regarded the person as a passive receptor. It was however recognized that this person is an active participant trying to alter a troubled person-environment relationship or to sustain a desirable one. Coping has to be incorporated. This is of particular importance in changing exposure situations. For large populations a lot of insight can be gained by looking at average effects only. To investigate changes in annoyance and effects of coping, the individual or small group has to be studied. Then it becomes imperative to recognize the inherent vagueness in perception and human behavior. Fortunately, tools have been developed over the past decades that allow doing this in a mathematically precise way. These tools are sometimes referred to by the common label: soft-computing, hence the title of this paper. This work revealed different styles of coping both by blind clustering and by (fuzzy) logical aggregation of different actions reported in a survey. The relationship between annoyance and the intensity of coping it generates was quantified after it was recognized that the possibility for coping is created by the presence of the stressor rather than the actual fact of coping. It was further proven that refinement of this relationship is possible if a person can be identified as a coper. This personal factor can be extracted from a known reaction to one stressor and be used for predicting coping intensity and style in another situation. The effect of coping on a perceived change in annoyance is quantified by a set of fuzzy linguistic rules. This closes the loop that is responsible for at least some of the dynamics of the response to a stressor. This work thus provides all essential building blocks for designing models for annoyance in changing environments.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping measurement and the state effect of depression and anxiety in psychiatric outpatients.

The relationship between coping styles and mental health has received considerable attention, but the state effects on coping measures in a clinical sample are not well known. This study investigated changes in scores on the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations between two treatment phases (acute and remitted phase) in 49 outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders. Task-oriented coping changed significantly between the treatment phases in both depressive and anxious patients, as analyzed by two-way multivariate analysis of variance. Results from repeated measures of multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that task-oriented coping was influenced by depression and emotion-oriented coping was influenced by anxiety. Avoidance-oriented coping did not change significantly over time in either depressive or anxiety disorders controlled for depressive and anxiety symptoms. The results of this study suggest that depressive or anxiety symptoms and treatment phase affect coping measurement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

The prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness and to gain a preliminary understanding of the relationship between religious coping and symptom severity and overall functioning. METHODS: A total of 406 individuals who were diagnosed as having a mental illness and who were patients at one of 13 Los Angeles County mental health facilities completed a survey consisting of the Religious Coping Index, the Symptom Checklist 90-R (SCL-90), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, and a 48-item demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: More than 80 percent of the participants used religious beliefs or activities to cope with daily difficulties or frustrations. A majority of participants devoted as much as half of their total coping time to religious practices, with prayer being the most frequent activity. Specific religious coping strategies, such as prayer or reading the Bible, were associated with higher SCL-90 scores (indicating more severe symptoms), more reported frustration, and a lower GAF score (indicating greater impairment). The amount of time that participants devoted to religious coping was negatively related to reported levels of frustration and scores on the SCL-90 symptom subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that religious activities and beliefs may be particularly compelling for persons who are experiencing more severe symptoms, and increased religious activity may be associated with reduced symptoms. Religion may serve as a pervasive and potentially effective method of coping for persons with mental illness, thus warranting its integration into psychiatric and psychological practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping and psychosocial adjustment of women with diabetes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between coping styles and psychosocial adjustment for women with diabetes. METHODS: The sample consisted of 115 community-residing women with diabetes. Coping was measured by the Revised Jalowiec Coping Scale and psychosocial adjustment by the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. Pearson's product moment correlation was used to assess relationships between coping and adjustment. RESULTS: The most frequently and effectively used coping styles were optimistic, confrontive, self-reliant, and supportant. The psychological, social, and health care domains showed the most problems; the fewest were in the extended family, sexual, and vocational domains. Relationships were found between women's coping styles and psychosocial adjustment, with better adjustment associated with effective use of confrontive, supportant, optimistic, self-reliant, and palliative coping styles. CONCLUSIONS: Important relationships exist between the ways women cope with diabetes and their level of psychosocial adjustment to the illness. Knowledge of these relationships can help diabetes educators assist clients in making lifestyle changes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Appraisal-coping goodness of fit: a daily internet study.

Using an Internet daily diary methodology, this study tested the goodness of fit hypothesis, which highlights the importance of the match between controllability appraisals and coping efforts in adjustment to stressful events. For 28 days, 190 undergraduates described their most stressful event and its controllability, how they coped, and their daily positive and negative mood. Individuals demonstrated fit across situations, with control appraisals associated positively with problem-focused coping and negatively with emotional approach coping and avoidance coping. A pooled within-person interaction indicated that problem-focused coping had a stronger positive association with positive mood when dealing with high versus low control stressors. Significant variation also was found in several other within-person interactions between control appraisals and coping, and some evidence was found for the notion that individual differences in the degree of matching coping to control appraisals were associated with person-level adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗