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PubMed1995

Information about the fat content of preloads influences energy intake in healthy women.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that the perceived fat content of a preload (a required first course) influences subsequent food and energy intake. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Forty-eight healthy, nondieting women (24 restrained, 24 unrestrained) were given a fixed amount (350 g) of three different yogurts (low-fat, low-calorie; low-fat, high-calorie; high-fat, high-calorie), or no yogurt, followed by lunch (30 minutes after the yogurt preload was served) and dinner (4.5 hours later). Each subject was tested in all four conditions in a counterbalanced design. Half of the subjects received accurate information, in the form of a label, about the fat content of the yogurts, which did not necessarily correspond to energy content; the other half received no information. ANALYSES: Energy intake, the percentage of macronutrients in the meals, and subjective sensations of hunger and satiety were analyzed. RESULTS: No effect of restraint was noted in the intake analyses. A significant information-by-preload interaction (P < .05) was found. Subjects who had information consumed more energy at lunch after eating a preload labeled low fat than after eating a preload with similar energy content but labeled high fat. The opposite response was seen in women who did not receive information. When energy consumed at dinner was included in the analyses, overall intake was still significantly greater in the women who received information and ate a low-fat preload. No differences were found in the percentage of macronutrients selected or in subjective sensations after consumption of any of the preloads. CONCLUSIONS: Messages about the fat content of a food can influence energy intake in healthy women.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Dietary influences on peripheral hormones regulating energy intake: potential applications for weight management.

The significant burden of overweight and obesity on our society necessitates the development of lifestyle strategies that facilitate successful long-term body weight management. Recently, the discovery of novel cellular modulators of the brain-gut axis have generated much interest in possible therapeutic manipulation of these and other hormones that regulate energy intake. These modulators include the enterohormones ghrelin, peptide YY 3-36, and cholecystokinin, and the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. There is some evidence that dietary macronutrient composition can influence concentrations of these hormones, which could impact sensations of hunger, satiety, and ultimately energy intake. The purpose of this review is to provide background information on these four peripheral hormones involved in energy intake regulation, to discuss what is currently known about their mechanism of action, and to present research findings related to the effect of macronutrient composition on concentrations and efficacy of these hormones. Potential applications of this information are also discussed.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1995

Proportion of energy intake from fat and subsequent weight change in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.

We examined the association of percent energy intake from fat with subsequent weight change in 2580 men and 4567 women, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS). Weight change was defined as the difference between the follow-up weight (NHEFS, 1982-1984) and the baseline weight (NHANES I, 1971-1974). Fat intake was estimated from a 24-h dietary recall obtained at baseline. Regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders showed no significant association of percent fat energy with weight change in men. Among women aged < 50 y, the inverse relation of percent fat energy with weight change was significant (beta = -0.052, P = 0.04). After exclusion of respondents with any morbidity from the analytic cohort, percent fat energy and weight change were positively associated in men (beta = 0.046, P = 0.05), but not in women. In conclusion, percent fat energy intake and weight change were inversely related in women aged < 50 y in the NHEFS cohort, but positively associated in men without any morbidity.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Food portions are positively related to energy intake and body weight in early childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To identify portion sizes (quantity ingested at a meal/snack) of foods commonly consumed in early childhood, temporal stability, and relations to energy intake, weight status, and sociodemographic characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Three samples were evaluated: the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994 to 1996, 1998 (CSFII 94-96, 98) (n = 1039), the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977 to 1978 (NFCS 77-78) (n = 1045), and a longitudinal sample (n = 55) studied from 12 to 18 months. The CSFII 94-96, 98, and NFCS 77-78 samples were compared to evaluate secular trends. Change from 12 to 18 months was assessed in the longitudinal sample. Relations of portion size to other relevant variables were evaluated in the CSFII 94-96, 98 sample. RESULTS: In recent decades, portions remained remarkably similar for most foods. An exception was for meat portions, which were smaller in recent samples. Portions were longitudinally stable for most foods but increased for milk, bread, cereal, juice, and peanut butter. Body weight was positively related to energy intake and portion size but not number of eating occasions and/or foods. Sociodemographically, portion size was inversely related to number of eating occasions and/or foods. CONCLUSIONS: Children regulate energy intake largely through portion size. Sociodemographic patterns may have implications for later weight status.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1984

Protein-energy intake and malnutrition in Crohn's disease.

A detailed nutrient assessment was made of 23 male and 24 female patients with Crohn's disease who entered sequentially into an outpatient clinic. Assessment included 48-hour dietary recall, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical and hematological tests appropriate to characterize protein-energy malnutrition. Approximately 40% of patients had energy intakes equal to only two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Three men and five women had relative body weights less than 85% of standard, but body weight was not correlated with energy intake. Relative body weight was correlated with arm muscle circumference in both male and female patients and with triceps skinfold and total lymphocyte count in women. Although the mean protein intake was greater than 150% of the RDA, evidence of protein malnutrition included low arm muscle circumference in 14% of the men and 15% of the women, low serum albumin concentration in 13% of the women, and low total lymphocyte count in one-half of the patients. The Crohn's disease activity index was correlated significantly with serum albumin, energy intake, and duration of disease in men and with serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentration in women. Thus, a reduced relative body weight or reduced serum albumin was not uncommon in patients with Crohn's disease but did not necessarily occur in those with reduced intakes of protein and energy. However, a low relative body weight may indicate need for further nutritional assessment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Circadian energy intake evaluation of a group of office workers in Porto].

The importance of food in health promotion and disease prevention is well known. The aims of our study were to evaluate the daily energy intake of an adult group; to study the association of a 24 hour recall (R24h) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ); to analyse energy intake variation with obesity and to verify if our sample had an ingestion according to DRI's. We studied a convenience sample of Portuguese adult population of 154 office workers (121 women), with a mean of ages of 44.2 +/- 12.1 years. We used a self administered FFQ and a R24h to evaluate food habits. Middle number of meals was 4.8 +/- 1.0 meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner were the most frequent). Middle daily ingestion was 1908 +/- 559 kcal. Men had a superior energy intake at all meals, except at afternoon snack and supper. We did not find any relation between BMI and food intake, BMI is only related with age. We compared our sample ingestion with DRI's and verified that vitamins B1, B2, B12, B6, C, niacin, Fe and P, were totally reached, and the inverse was obtained in Zn, folate, vitamin D and E, pantothenic acid and biotin. We conclude that our sample ingestion of protein is higher than the recommended, carbohydrates is less consume than the recommended and only recommendations of fat and alcohol consumption were in agreement with WHO recommendations.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Energy intake of 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents.

In a sample of 695 healthy well-nourished German children and adolescents covering the total age range from 1 to 18 years, 3d weighed diet records were collected and measurements of body height and weight were taken. 10% non-plausible records (reported energy intake (EI):estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR) < Cut off 1.06) were excluded from further analysis. The rate of non-plausible records was low in the childhood age groups (2-6%), higher in the male (10%), and highest in the female adolescents (30%). Recalculation of age and sex specific cut offs based on assumed light physical activity levels (PAL) reduced the exclusion rate to 6.5% (total) and 20% (female adolescents). The reported energy intake of the total sample based on plausible records (n = 627, EI:BMR > or = 1.06) was close to the new estimations of energy requirements assuming light physical activity which are proposed for the revision of the current FAO/WHO energy requirements. The sample was of normal height and weight compared to the Netherlands growth references. For a definite interpretation of the low reported energy intake in the context of health promoting physical activity patterns of children and adolescents more scientific evidence should be available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Consumption of carbohydrate solutions enhances energy intake without increased body weight and impaired insulin action in rat skeletal muscles.

OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we investigated whether replacement of tap water by fructose or sucrose solutions affect rat body weight and insulin action in skeletal muscles. METHODS: Rats were fed standard rodent chow ad libitum with water, or water containing fructose (10.5% or 35%) or sucrose (10.5% or 35%) for 11 weeks. Body weight and energy intake from chow and drinking solutions were measured. Urinary catecholamines secretion was determined after 50-60 days. At the end of the feeding period, soleus and epitrochlearis were removed for in vitro measurements of glucose uptake (with tracer amount of 2-[3H]-deoxy-D-glucose) and PKB Ser473 phosphorylation (assessed by Western Blot) with or without insulin. RESULTS: Fructose and sucrose solutions enhanced daily energy intake by about 15% without increasing rat body weight. Secretion of urinary noradrenaline was higher in rats drinking a 35% sucrose solution than in rats drinking water. In the other groups, urinary noradrenaline secretion was similar to rats consuming water. Urinary adrenaline secretion was similar in all groups. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin-stimulated PKB phosphorylation were not reduced by intake of fructose or sucrose solution. CONCLUSIONS: Fructose and sucrose solutions enhanced energy intake but did not increase body weight. Although noradrenaline may regulate body weight in rats drinking 35% sucrose solution, body weight seems to be regulated by other mechanisms. Intake of fructose or sucrose solution did not impair insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or signaling in skeletal muscles.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Physical performance and metabolic changes induced by combined prolonged exercise and different energy intakes in humans.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on physical performance of three levels of energy intake during a 5-day period of prolonged physical exercise and relative sleep deprivation. A group of 27 male soldiers were randomly assigned to three groups receiving either 1800 kcal.24 h-1 (7560 kJ, LC), 3200 kcal.24 h-1 (13440 kJ, MC) or 4200 kcal.24 h-1 (17,640 kJ, HC). They took part in a 5-day combat course (CC) of heavy and continuous physical activities, with less than 4 h sleep per day. Performance capacity was tested just before and at the end of CC. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined during an exhausting incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Anaerobic performance was measured from the time during which exercise could be maintained at supra maximal loads on a cycle ergometer. After CC, the subjects receiving LC exhibited a 14% decrease in power output at exhaustion in the incremental exercise test [from 325 (SEM 8) to 278 (SEM 9) W, P < 0.001] and a significant decrease in VO2max of 8% [from 3.74 (SEM 0.06) to 3.45 (SEM 0.05) 1.min-1, P < 0.05]. The remaining two experimental groups demonstrated the same mechanical and metabolic performances on days 1 and 5. Anaerobic performance was not influenced by energy intake and the field course. Blood samples were obtained at rest on days 1 and 5. At the end of CC, the data demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose concentrated ion (P < 0.01) for LC diet only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed1980

Effect of level of energy intake and influence of breed and sex on muscle growth and distribution in the bovine carcass.

Growth and distribution of muscle in the trunk, and thoracic and pelvic limbs were studied in 141 cattle ranging in slaughter weight from 121 to 706 kilograms. Holstein and Angus bulls, steers and heifers were fed at two levels of energy: ad libitum and 65 to 70% of ad libitum. The allometric equation Y = aXb was used to examine the effects of energy intake and of breed and sex on the rate of muscle growth of the three joints relative to the carcass side or to total muscle in the carcass side. Group comparisons of muscle distribution in the three joints were made after adjustment by regression to a total muscle weight of 53.1 kilograms. In both breeds, and irrespective of the level of energy intake, sex did not influence (P greater than .05) growth rate of muscle in the thoracic and pelvic limbs relative to the carcass side or to total muscle. However, sex was found to affect growth rate of muscle in the trunk relative to the carcass side. Generally, neither level of energy intake nor breed altered (P greater than .05) growth rate of muscle in the three joints relative to the carcass side or total muscle. The distribution of muscle in the three joints adjusted to a total muscle weight of 53.1 kg was generally not influenced (P greater than .05) by sex or altered (P greater than .05) by the level of energy intake. Breed influenced (P less than .05) the distribution of muscle in the trunk and pelvic limb; however, the commercial importance of this difference is questionable.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2002

Effect of liquid dietary supplements on energy intake in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition is a risk factor for increased mortality in older adults. Therapeutic intervention includes the administration of liquid dietary supplements. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of liquid dietary supplements on satiation, satiety, and energy intake in older adults. DESIGN: This study had 2 phases in a within-subject, repeated-measures design. The energy intake of 15 elderly (aged >70 y) and 15 younger (aged 20-40 y) healthy subjects was measured after 4 liquid preloads: water, high fat, high carbohydrate, and high protein. The preloads were administered within 5 min of a test meal in phase 1 and >or=60 min before the test meal in phase 2. Palatability, fullness, and hunger were assessed by using visual analogue scales. RESULTS: Mean energy consumption of the test meals was significantly lower in the older than in the younger subjects (P = 0.001), as was mean macronutrient consumption of fat and carbohydrate (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Mean energy intake and macronutrient consumption were higher in phase 2 than in phase 1 in both older and younger subjects (P < 0.05). Satiety lasted longer in older than in younger subjects after the high-protein and high-fat preloads (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the elderly, administration of dietary supplements between meals instead of with meals may be more effective in increasing energy consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Effect of level of energy intake and influence of breed and sex on the chemical composition of cattle.

Chemical composition of the empty body was determined in 159 animals slaughtered at weights ranging from 121 to 706 kilograms. Holstein and Angus bulls, steers and heifers were fed at two energy levels: ad libitum and 65 to 70% ad libitum. The allometric equation, Y = aXb, was used to determine the effect of energy intake and the influence of breed and sex on the accretion rates of the chemical components relative to the growth of the empty body or fat-free empty body. Group comparisons for chemical composition were made after adjustment by regression to a common empty body weight. The expression of the sex influence on the accretion rates of water, protein and ash relative to the empty body depended on the breed and the energy intake level considered. The accretion rate of chemical fat was not influenced by sex. Genetic differences in the accretion rate relative to the empty body were detected only among animals in the high energy intake group. Regardless of sex, the accretion rates of protein and ash were more rapid (P < .05) in Holsteins than in Angus. However, a breed influence on the accretion rate of chemical fat was detected only among bulls, where Angus had a more rapid accretion rate. Feeding animals at two energy levels resulted in different accretion rates relative to the empty body. In the Angus breed, regardless of sex, the accretion rates of water, protein and ash were more rapid (P < .05) in the low intake group, whereas the accretion rate of chemical fat was slower (P < .05). Among Holsteins, the low energy intake level had a less definite effect; for bulls, the accretion rates of water and chemical fat were more rapid (P < .05) and slower (P < .05), respectively; for steers, and accretion rate of protein was more rapid (P < .05), and for heifers, none of the accretion rates was altered.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Physical activity in relation to energy intake and body fat in 8- and 13-year-old children in Sweden.

A random sample of 682 8- and 13-year-old children resident in Sweden was studied with regard to physical activity, energy intake, height, weight and skinfold thickness. A reduction of physical activity over the years was indicated by a tendency towards a higher body fat content in spite of a lower mean energy intake as compared with such values obtained 10-15 years ago in Swedish children of equal ages. Children characterized by high habitual physical activity tended to have a lower body fat content, despite a higher energy intake, than less active children. Children, especially girls, of parents with a low educational level showed a tendency towards higher body fat content as compared with those of parents with higher education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey.

This study aimed to elucidate gender differences in dietary intake of rural Bangladeshi adults. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) survey using 15 food/dish items, together with anthropometric measurements, was conducted for 230 adults and adolescents (95 males and 135 females). To estimate the portion sizes of these foods/dishes, the samples consumed by 25 subjects were weighed. The FFQ revealed that rice was eaten two to three times (or more) per day by 98% of the subjects, providing nearly 60% of energy for both sexes. Puri (fried bread), meats, eggs, pulses, milk, fresh vegetables, fruits, tea with milk and sugar, and soft drinks were consumed more frequently by males. Males' larger portion sizes of rice, fish dish, potato dish, and vegetable dish resulted in larger daily energy intake per body weight in males (235 +/- 41 kJ/kg) than in females (161 +/- 28 kJ/kg). Despite males' larger energy intake, the proportion of chronically energy deficient persons (<18.5 kg/m2 in body mass index) was similar between males (35.8%) and females (37.8%), attributing to males' larger energy expenditure. Females' less-frequent consumption of nutritious foods and smaller energy intake were considered vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Energy-containing nutritional supplements can affect usual energy intake postsupplementation in institutionalized seniors with probable Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether increases in caloric intake associated with consumption of a mid-morning nutritional supplement for 3 weeks were maintained in the week after stopping the supplement and to investigate the effects of body mass index (BMI) and cognitive and behavioral measures on this response. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a previously published randomized, crossover, nonblinded clinical trial. SETTING: A fully accredited geriatric care facility affiliated with the University of Toronto. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty institutionalized seniors with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) who ate independently. MEASUREMENTS: Investigator-weighed food intake, body weight, cognitive (Severe Impairment Battery; Global Deterioration Scale) and behavioral (Neuropsychiatric Inventory--Nursing Home version; London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale) assessments. RESULTS: Individuals who responded successfully to supplementation as indicated by increases in daily energy intake were likely to maintain 58.8% of that increase postsupplementation, although stopping the supplement was associated with decreased habitual energy intake in low-BMI individuals who reduced their daily intakes during supplementation in response to the extra calories. Cognitive/behavioral tests were not reliable predictors of postsupplement intake. CONCLUSION: Institutionalized seniors with probable AD are likely to alter their usual energy intakes to maintain changes resulting from 3 weeks of supplementation. This effect may allow for rotating supplementation schedules in nursing homes that could reduce staff burden, but only for those individuals who are most likely to respond favorably. These data indicate that nutritional supplements and diet plans should be carefully prescribed in low-BMI individuals to limit variability in total energy provided and thus prevent lower-than-normal intake.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Critical examination of reported energy intake in published dietary studies of Japanese subjects using the Goldberg cut-off.

Although it is now generally acknowledged in Western countries that mismeasurement (under- and overestimation) of dietary intake is a serious problem in studies on diet and health, the validity of dietary assessment methods in Japan has seldom been externally evaluated with objective measures. This study used the Goldberg cut-off to examine whether the energy intake in Japan could be regarded as a measure of habitual energy intake at the group level. Examined here were six published dietary studies in Japan providing 14 subgroups when divided by sex and dietary assessment method. Reported energy intake was expressed as a multiple of basal metabolic rate estimated using equations (EI/BMR). EI/BMR was compared with the subgroup-specific cut-off values representing the lowest and highest values of EI/BMR that could reflect the habitual energy expenditure. Mean EI/BMR was 1.49 (SD=0.09), which was lower than an expected requirement of 1.55. When all 14 subgroups were combined, seven subgroups (50%) had an EI/BMR less than the subgroup-specific lower cut-off value, and one (7%) had the ratio greater than the upper value. The percentages of subgroups having the ratio less than the lower value and greater than the upper value ranged from 43 to 57% and from 0 to 14%, respectively, when subgroups of women (n=8), men (n=6), diet record (n=7), and questionnaire method (n=7) were evaluated separately. These findings suggest that responsible investigators in Japan should critically examine dietary intake data in any study of diet and health.

Basal Metabolism↗

PubMed2004

Alcohol energy intake and habitual physical activity in older adults.

Alcohol forms a significant component of many diets and it supplements rather than displaces daily energy intake. Surprisingly, alcohol intake does not systematically increase body weight. The present study assessed whether a higher level of habitual physical activity in the daily environment is associated with a higher alcohol intake. Alcohol intake as part of total food intake was measured with a 7 d dietary record while at the same time physical activity was monitored with a tri-axial accelerometer for movement registration. Subjects were twenty women and twenty-four men, aged 61+/-5 years, of BMI 27.1+/-4.6 kg/m(2). Between subjects, there was a positive association between the level of habitual physical activity and alcohol intake (r 0.41; P<0.01). The subjects with higher alcohol intake had a higher activity level. On days with and days without alcohol consumption there was no difference in physical activity within subjects. In conclusion, it was shown that subjects with higher alcohol consumption are habitually more active. This may explain the lack of increasing body weight through additional energy intake from alcohol.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2000

Under- and overreporting of energy intake using urinary cations as biomarkers: relation to body mass index.

Under- and overreporting of energy intake in relation to body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) were examined by using 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium as biomarkers. The data were obtained from 2,124 men and 1,998 women aged 25-74 years who participated in the 1981-1984 Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health study conducted in Belgium. The ratios of dietary intake to urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, as a measure for relative underreporting, were inversely associated with BMI (for men, beta = -0.019 for sodium ratio and beta = -0.026 for potassium ratio; for women, beta = -0.017 for sodium ratio and beta = -0.019 for potassium ratio; all p < 0.0001) independent of age, smoking, alcohol intake, and educational level. Since 77% of dietary potassium was reported to be excreted in the urine, subjects for whom the (dietary potassium x 0.77)/urinary potassium ratio was <1 were considered underreporters and >1 as overreporters. The percentage of underreporters increased with increasing pooled sex-specific deciles of BMI (beta = 1.88, p < 0.0001) and was higher than the percentage of overreporters in 13 of 20 deciles. At a BMI of 25.4, the percentage of under- and overreporters equalized. In conclusion, the relative underreporting of energy intake and the percentage of underreporters increased with increasing BMI.

Adult↗