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PubMed1999

Purification of catalase from human placenta.

The therapeutic use of an antioxidant complex containing superoxide dismutase and catalase has been proposed for the treatment of several diseases in which reactive oxygen species have an important role. Although superoxide dismutase for human use is commercially available, methods for the production of catalase for human use have not been described. An industrial process was developed for the purification of catalase for human use as a by-product of albumin production from human placenta, comprising two parts: (1) albumin and catalase co-purification steps, including blood extraction from ground placentas, precipitation of haemoglobin with ethanol/chloroform, concentration/diafiltration by tangential filtration and anionic chromatography, by which non-adsorbed catalase was separated from albumin; and (2) catalase purification steps after albumin separation, including a second anionic chromatography step and dye-affinity chromatography. This method provided a final recovery of 27% (70-100% in each step) with 670-fold purification of catalase (85% pure) and a specific activity of 49000 units/mg, which is higher than that of commercially available human catalase. This process permits the co-purification of catalase and albumin and can easily be scaled up.

Catalase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The yellowed archives of yellowcake.

Extensive historical documentation of exposures and releases at government-owned energy facilities is a unique and valuable resource for analyzing and communicating health risks. Facilities at all stages of the atomic fuel cycle were the subject of numerous industrial hygiene, occupational health, and environmental assessments during the Cold War period. Uranium mines and mills on the Colorado Plateau were investigated as early as the 1940s. One such facility was the mill in Monticello, Utah, which began operation as a vanadium extraction plant in 1943 and was later adapted to recover uranium from carnotite ores. The mill ceased operation in 1960. The site was added to the federal Superfund list in 1986. ATSDR held public availability sessions in 1993 as part of its public health assessment process, at which several former mill workers voiced health concerns. An extensive literature search yielded several industrial hygiene evaluations of the Monticello mill and health studies that included Monticello workers, only two of which had been published in the peer-reviewed literature. In combination with the broader scientific literature, these historical reports provide a partial basis for responding to mill workers' contemporary health concerns. The strengths and limitations of the available exposure data for analytical epidemiologic studies and dose reconstruction are discussed. As an interim measure, the available historical documentation may be especially helpful in communicating about health risks with workers and communities in ways that acknowledge the historical context of their experience.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2005

An occupational hygiene investigation of exposure to acrylamide and the role for urinary S-carboxyethyl-cysteine (CEC) as a biological marker.

Acrylamide has a range of toxicological hazards including neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity; however, occupational risk management is driven by its genotoxic and carcinogenic potential (it is classified within the EU as a Category 2 carcinogen, R45 and Category 2 mutagen, R46). Since there is the potential for skin absorption and systemic toxicity, biological monitoring may be a useful aid for the assessment of exposure via inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. However, there are currently no biological monitoring guidance values (BMGVs). This study describes an extensive survey of potential workplace exposure to acrylamide at the Ciba (Bradford) site to gather data suitable for a BMGV. This manufacturing site is typical within the industry as a whole and includes a cross section of activities and tasks representative of acrylamide exposure. Acrylamide is used in the manufacture of polyacrylamide based products for applications in water treatment; oil and mineral extraction; paper, paint and textile processes. Workers (62 plus 6 controls) with varying potential exposures provided a total of 275 pre shift and 247 post-shift urine samples along with 260 personal air samples. A small non-exposed control group was similarly monitored. Urine samples were analysed for S-carboxyethyl-cysteine (CEC). Airborne, surface and glove samples were analysed for acrylamide. Inhalation exposures were well controlled with values consistently below one-tenth of the UK Workplace Exposure Limit. Engineering controls, personal protective equipment and work practice, all contributed to good control of occupational exposure. CEC was found in urine samples from both exposed workers and non-occupationally exposed controls. At the low levels of exposure found, smoking made a significant contribution to urinary CEC levels. Nevertheless a correlation between urinary CEC and airborne acrylamide was found. A mixed effects model incorporating inhalation concentrations of acrylamide and smoking habits could predict some of the variation in observed post-shift urine results but could be improved through the use of additional surface contamination data. However, the data does not suggest that dermal absorption was a major contributor to the systemic dose. Based on the 90th percentile of the data, inclusive of the effects of smoking and environmental factors, a value of 4 mmol mol(-1) creatinine is proposed as a pragmatic BMGV associated with good occupational hygiene practice and control of workplace exposure. CEC in urine analysis has the utility for routine use as a means to estimate biological uptake where there is a potential for significant exposure or loss of workplace control.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2002

Pharmaceuticals from natural products: current trends.

The use of products extracted from plants for medicinal purposes can be traced to the beginnings of civilization and up until the end of the nineteenth century natural products were the principal source of medicines. Since then their relative importance has oscillated according to the strategies of large pharmaceutical companies. Now that these strategies are changing, there are new opportunities for countries like Brazil, in which a large proportion of the world's biodiversity is located. There are, however, new circumstances that must be taken into consideration: material must be collected by groups which are formally authorized to do so and under the conditions of the Convention of Biological Diversity, the discovery process is being successively outsourced to smaller specialized firms and there is a growing integration with producers of cosmetics and phytomedicines.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed2005

Enrichment of xanthohumol in the brewing process.

Xanthohumol (XN), a component of hops, is lost in significant quantities in the conventional brewing process. In commercial beers less than 0.2 mg XN/L are found. In order to increase the yield of XN in the brewing process, the parameters of XN recovery were studied. During wort boiling, XN is largely isomerised to isoxanthohumol. Further losses are owing to the precipitation and absorption of XN to yeast cells and haze particles and by filtration. The use of XN-enriched hop products combined with a late hop dosage during wort boiling proved to be effective in increasing the XN content in beer. The yield was further raised by a low-pitching rate and the abnegation of beer stabilisation. The use of dark malts had a positive effect on the XN recovery. Investigations of roasted malt extracts revealed several high-molecular substances that are able to form complexes with XN. These complexes proved to be stable in the brewing process. Depending on the addition of roasted malt or special XN-enriched roasted malt extracts, dark beers with more than 10 mg XN/L were achieved. Results obtained led to a brewing technology that produced on an industrial scale pale wheat beer with more than 1 mg XN/L.

Beer↗
PubMed1985

High Production of Thermostable beta-Galactosidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus in Bacillus subtilis.

By cloning the beta-galactosidase gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus IAM11001 (ATCC 8005) into Bacillus subtilis, enzyme production was enhanced 50 times. beta-Galactosidase could be purified to 80% homogeneity by incubating the cell extract of B. subtilis at 70 degrees C for 15 min, followed by centrifugation to remove the denatured proteins. Because of its heat stability and ease of production, beta-galactosidase is suitable for application in industrial processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Supercritical fluids as alternative, safe, food-processing media: an overview.

The continuous growth of world population and its concentration in the urban areas require food supplies that are continuous, sufficient and of good quality. To resolve this problem techniques have been developed for increasing food quantity and quality. The techniques are applied throughout the food chain from production, conservation and during distribution to the consumers (from "the field to the fork"). During handling of food, chemicals are often deliberately added to achieve improved processing and better quality. This is one of the main reasons food undergoes different kinds of contamination. This overview focuses on the application of supercritical fluids as media for handling food materials during processing with the perspective of reducing chemical contamination of food. Examples of developmental applications of this technique and on research work in process are presented. Emphasis is given to extraction and biotransformation techniques.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2001

Behavior of Triticum durum Desf. arabinoxylans and arabinogalactan peptides during industrial pasta processing.

Three industrial pasta processing lines for different products (macaroni, capellini and instant noodles) were sampled at three subsequent stages (semolina, extruded, and dried end products) in the process. Arabinoxylans (AX) and arabinogalactan peptides (AGP) were analyzed. Although very low endoxylanase activities were measured, the level of water-extractable AX (WE-AX) increased, probably because of mechanical forces. No change was observed in the level and structural characteristics of AGP. The WE-AX molecular weight (MW) profiles showed a very small shift toward lower MW profiles; those of AGP revealed no changes as a result of the production process. After separation of WE-AX and AGP, (1)H NMR analysis and gas chromatography of the alditol acetates obtained following hydrolysis, reduction, and acetylation revealed no changes in the arabinose substitution profile of the WE-AX samples during pasta processing. At optimal cooking times, WE-AX losses in the cooking water are small (maximally 5.9%). However, the loss of AGP is more pronounced (maximally 25.0%). Overcooking led to more losses of both components.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

Production of tomato flavor volatiles from a crude enzyme preparation using a hollow-fiber reactor.

In recent years there has been an increase in the interest in the production of compounds by isolation from natural sources or through processes that can be deemed "natural". This is of particular interest in the food and beverage industry for flavors and aromas. Hexanal, organoleptically known to possess "green character", is of considerable commercial interest. The objective of this study was to determine if the enzyme template known to be responsible for the synthesis of hexanal from linoleic acid (18:2) in tomato fruits could be harnessed using a hollow-fiber reactor. A hollow-fiber reactor system was set up and consisted of a XAMPLER ultrafiltration module coupled to a reservoir. The enzyme template was extracted from ripe tomato fruits and processed through an ultrafiltration unit (NMWC of 100 kDa) to produce a retentate enriched in soluble and membrane-associated lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). This extract was recirculated through the lumen of the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration unit with the addition of substrate in the form of linoleic acid, with buffer addition to the reaction flask to maintain a constant retentate volume. Product formation was measured in the permeate using solid phase microextraction (SPME) developed for this system. At exogenous substrate concentrations of 16 mM and a transmembrane pressure of 70 kPa, hexanal production rates are in the order of 5.1 microg/min. Addition of Triton X-100 resulted in membrane fouling and reduced flux. The reactor system has been run for periods of up to 1 week and has been shown to be stable over this period.

Aldehyde-Lyases↗
PubMed1990

Supercritical fluid extractions in biotechnology.

Over the past decade, supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction has been shown to deserve consideration as an alternative to liquid-liquid extraction or distillation. Most current commercial applications of SCF extraction involve biologically produced materials; the technique may be particularly relevant to extraction of biological compounds in cases where there is a requirement for low-temperature processing, high mass-transfer rates and negligible carry over of solvent into the final product. New advances, in which extraction is combined with reaction or crystallization steps, may further increase the attractiveness of SCFs in the bioprocessing industries.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2002

Partition behavior of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in oil-brine mixtures during thermal processing for fish canning.

The chemical modifications and partitioning toward the brine phase (5% salt) of major phenol compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) were studied in a model system formed by sealed cans filled with oil-brine mixtures (5:1, v/v) simulating canned-in-oil food systems. Filled cans were processed in an industrial plant using two sterilization conditions commonly used during fish canning. The partitioning of phenolic compounds toward brine induced by thermal processing was studied by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the phenol fraction extracted from oils and brine. Hydroxytyrosol (1), tyrosol (2), and the complex phenolic compounds containing 1 and 2 (i.e., the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycon 3, the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycon 4, and the oleuropein aglycon 6) decreased in the oily phase after sterilization with a marked partitioning toward the brine phase. The increase of the total amount of 1 and 2 after processing, as well as the presence of elenolic acid 7 released in brine, revealed the hydrolysis of the ester bond of hydrolyzable phenolic compounds 3, 4, and 6 during thermal processing. Both phenomena (partitioning toward the water phase and hydrolysis) contribute to explain the loss of phenolic compounds exhibited by EVOO used as filling medium in canned foods, as well as the protection of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in canned-in-EVOO fish products.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1983

Effect of microorganisms on in situ uranium mining.

The extraction of some metal values, e.g., uranium or copper, may be accomplished by using solutions to remove metals from ore bodies without practicing conventional mining. This process is referred to as in situ leaching and has been used industrially to recover uranium. The growth of microbial populations during in situ leaching is believed to be one of the causes of flow path plugging in the ore body, which results in decreased uranium production. Leach solution and solid samples from well casings and submersible pumps were collected from an in situ mining operation experiencing plugging problems. Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., pseudomonads, and xanthomonads were isolated from these samples in concentrations of 10 CFU ml. A mixed culture of these organisms was inoculated into a uranium core specimen in the laboratory to assess the role of microbes in the plugging problem. A one-third decrease in permeability was effected in 16 days. Hydrogen peroxide (0.2 g liter) killed the microorganisms in the core and alleviated the plugging problem. Periodically injecting hydrogen peroxide into the ore body through the production wells may reduce microbial plugging problems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Control, compare and communicate: designing control charts to summarise efficiently data from multiple quality indicators.

Summarising the complex data generated by multiple cross sectional quality indicators in a way that patients, clinicians, managers and policymakers find useful is challenging. A common approach is aggregation to create summary measures such as star ratings and balanced score cards, but these may conceal the detail needed to focus quality improvement. We propose an alternative way of summarising and presenting multiple quality indicators, suitable for use for quality improvement and governance. This paper discusses (1) control charts for repeated measurements of single processes as used in industrial statistical process control (SPC); (2) control charts for cross sectional comparison of many institutions for a single quality indicator (rarely used in industry but commonly proposed for health care); and (3) small multiple graphics which combine control chart signal extraction with efficient graphical presentations for multiple indicators.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Removal of mutagen precursor from wastewater by activated sludge and oxidation treatment.

Removal of mutagen precursors from wastewaters was investigated. Removal extent of mutagen precursor was evaluated by the mutagen formation potential (MFP) which is mutagenicity of pollutants capable of forming mutagens when chlorinated under the conditions of water purification processes. 77% of the MFP reduction extent for a wastewater from a university was achieved by activated sludge treatment. However, no significant reduction of the MFP was observed for wastewater from food industry, a landfill leachate and mold extract. The Fenton oxidation treatment and ozone treatment are able to remove mutagen precursors from the mold extract and the wastewater from a university, respectively. 90% of the MFP reduction extent was achieved for the mold extract by the Fenton treatment. 54% of the MFP reduction extent was achieved for a sewage by the ozone treatment. Using the oxidation treatments, biodegradability of mutagen precursors in the mold extract and sewage was improved. From the viewpoint of treatment cost, the oxidation treatments should be oriented to the improvement of biodegradability.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Enterocin-35, a bacteriocin with activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Possible use in the food industry].

The in vitro inhibitory activity of enterocin-35 produced by Enterococcus faecium CRL 35, was studied against Listeria monocytogenes, isolated from seafoods. Optimal growth conditions of the enterocin-35 producing strain, for higher bacteriocin production and improve the extraction and purification of these peptides, were applied. A crude extract of enterocin-35 was assayed in a frozen seafood artificially contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes isolate, simulating at laboratory scale an eventual application of this biopreservant in a routine production process at factory level. The feasibility of biopreservation of seafoods by means of bacteriocins is proposed and discussed.

Bacteriocins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Model-based analysis and optimization of an ISPR approach using reactive extraction for pilot-scale L-phenylalanine production.

Based on experimental data from fermentation runs, as well as from L-phenylalanine (l-Phe) separation studies, a simple model is presented that describes the total ISPR approach for on-line L-Phe separation. While fermentation process modeling via a macrokinetic model revealed an L-Phe inhibition constant of 20 +/- 1.35 g/L using recombinant E. coli cells, the reactive-extraction process modeling identified the L-Phe cation diffusion in the aqueous donor film and the transport of the lowly soluble carrier/L-Phe complex in the aqueous acceptor film as the most dominant transfer steps. The corresponding mass transfer coefficients were estimated as k(PheD) = 128 x 10(-7) cm/s (extraction) and k(CPheA) = 178 x 10(-5) cm/s (back-extraction). Simulation studies were performed for the total ISPR approach, which gave hints for strategies of further process optimization.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Darwin and the demon: innovating within established enterprises.

As commercial processes commoditize in a developed economy, they are outsourced or transferred offshore, leaving onshore companies with unrelenting, Darwinian pressure to come up with the next wave of innovation. But innovation is a broad term. There are many types, from the ballyhooed disruptive innovation to more mundane forms such as process and experiential, which might involve, respectively, doing such things as streamlining the supply chain and delighting customers with small modifications of products. Many executives find it hard to decide which kind to focus on. The best way to choose is to consider the phases of a market's life span. In a market's earliest phase, a new technology attracts enthusiasts and visionaries. Eventually, the market reaches the Main Street section of its life, when growth slows, flattens, and finally subsides. Different types of innovation produce more bang for the buck at different points in the life cycle. Disruptive innovation, for example, is rewarded most during the earliest phase. Once the life cycle advances to Main Street, however, the marketplace is no longer willing to yield the revenue or margin gains necessary to fund that type of innovation, so other forms, including process and experiential, yield better returns. But attempts to change the company's direction are often thwarted by the inertia that success creates. To overcome the inertia demon, managers must introduce new types of innovation while aggressively extracting resources from legacy processes and organizations. By running the two efforts in parallel, they can defeat the demon and renew the company.

Commerce↗