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PubMed2005

Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in sheep faeces at pasture in Scotland.

AIMS: To study the presence, numbers and virulence profiles of Escherichia coli O157 in sheep faeces and validate the microbiological methods used to attain these data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Flock level prevalence was found to be 40% (six from 15) and 6.5% of faecal samples tested were found to be positive. Two farms gave samples defined as high shedding (>10(4) CFU g(-1)), one of which comprised 91% positive samples with 13/33 at the high shedding level. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirmed that sheep are an important reservoir of E. coli O157. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Sheep play a significant role in the maintenance and dispersal of E. coli O157 in the farming environment and are an important source of human infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The impact of traditional management on seasonal internal parasite burdens and productivity of indigenous Tswana goats in southern Botswana.

Data collected monthly over a period of two years were live weight, packed cell volume (PCV), nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) and coccidial oocyst counts from faecal analyses for 100 mixed age (3-7 years) indigenous Tswana does. The aims of this experiment were to determine seasonal FECs and coccidial oocysts in these goats and quantify the relationships of these burdens to liveweight and PCV. FECs significantly (P < 0.05) varied with season, with the warmer seasons viz spring, summer and autumn having higher log (x + 1) parasite burdens than the cooler winter, while seasonal trends for coccidial oocysts were not obvious. PCV was also significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the warmer seasons than winter. FECs and coccidial oocysts in all seasons were less than the mean log (x + 1) of 3.3 inferred to reduce production in small stock. Correlation coefficients were strongly negative: -0.95 for FECs and liveweight and -0.84 for FECS and PCV, indicating that these worms had a negative impact on productivity. A further study should be conducted to quantify the effects of controlling these parasites during the warm seasons on productivity.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Models of total and presumed wildlife sources of fecal coliform bacteria in coastal ponds.

Models that accurately predict fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) concentrations, one of the most widely used measures of estuarine water quality, are needed to improve land use decision-making. Rapidly occurring changes in coastal land uses and the influence on water quality increases the urgency of having improved decision tools. For this study, samples were collected monthly from six coastal ponds, two tidal creeks and four shallow water wells for up to 212 years. These data were used along with other measures of environmental conditions and land classes within each watershed to construct quantitative relationships between combinations of variables and both total and presumed wildlife sources of FCB. Linear regression, bootstrapping and generalized additive modeling that incorporates both linear and nonlinear terms were used. Results of repeated simultaneous sampling on the same tide stage of ponds and downstream estuarine creeks suggest that most FCB come from wildlife and that the ponds effectively remove these bacteria except immediately following heavy rainfall. Predictive models for concentrations of total and presumed wildlife bacteria are provided along with simple measures to estimate watershed boundaries. It is proposed that these tools can be used to minimize impacts on receiving water body quality. The models can be used to test alternative development approaches within coastal watersheds similar to that found in the southeastern USA coastal zone as well as to evaluate specific proposed landscape alterations.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The effect of diet fed to lambs on subsequent development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae in vitro and on pasture.

Contrasting herbage diets were fed to lambs to evaluate their effect on subsequent development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae in faeces and on pasture. The diets had either no condensed tannin (CT), lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Otaio), white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Tahora), or had moderate to high concentrations of CT, sulla (Hedysarum coronarium cv. Grassland Aokau), Lotus corniculatus (cv. Grasslands Goldie), L. pedunculatus (cv. Grassland Maku), Dorycnium pentophyllum, and Dorycnium rectum. Trials were carried out in summer (warm) and in autumn (cool and moist). In summer, egg viability was evaluated in vitro with egg hatch and larval development assays. In both seasons faeces were placed on pasture to compare recovery of eggs and larvae from faeces and larvae from herbage on the high and low fertility farmlets on the AgResearch Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station. D. rectum and D. pentophyllum diets decreased (P<0.01) egg hatching and larval development in laboratory assays relative to other diets. In summer, the number of larvae recovered from faeces placed on pasture was far greater (P<0.001) if the lambs had been fed lucerne than any other diet, whereas recovery was always lowest from faeces of sheep fed D. rectum and D. pentophyllum. Although dietary differences were lower in autumn than in summer, larval recoveries were lower (P<0.05) from faeces of lambs fed D. rectum and L. corniculatus than from white clover, lucerne and sulla diets. This study indicates that the diet of the host can have a significant impact on egg hatching and the subsequent development of T. colubriformis larvae in the laboratory and in the field. In particular, D. rectum consistently reduced T. colubriformis development. Effects measured in vitro generally under-estimated effects measured under field conditions.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in barley silage: effect of a bacterial inoculant.

AIMS: The effect of a lactic acid producing bacterial (LAB) inoculant on the elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from barley forage was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Triplicate mini-silos were prepared for four treatments and six sampling times (1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 42 d post-ensiling). The treatments were (i) 10(5) cfu g(-1) Pediococcus pentosaceus and Propionibacterium jenzenii (P2); (ii) 10(5) cfu g(-1) E. coli O157:H7 strain 3081 and 10(5) cfu g(-1) E. coli Biotype 1 strains 719IE10, 719IE14 and 614ME49 (EC); (iii) P2 + EC; and (iv) the control (sterile distilled water). Triplicate mini-silos were opened at each sampling time for pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and lactate determinations and E. coli, E. coli O157:H7 and LAB were enumerated. On d 3 and 7, numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in P2 + EC were significantly lower than in EC (P < 0;05). Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not detected in P2 + EC and EC at 7 and 15 d post-ensiling, respectively. On d 15 through 42, E. coli Biotype 1 was not detected in P2 + EC or EC. Populations of LAB were higher in P2 and P2 + EC than in the control and EC on d 3 and 7 (P < 0.05). After 3 d of ensiling, lactate levels were higher (P < 0.05) and pH was lower (P < 0.05) in P2 and P2 + EC as compared to the control and EC. Bacteriocins of P2 were not found to be inhibitory to E. coli O157:H7 using the agar-spot procedure. Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated into the control silage at a level of 10(3) cfu g(-1) and exposed to aerobic conditions at 22 degrees C was not detected after 1 d and remained undetectable for the 28 d exposure period. CONCLUSIONS: Silage inoculant P2 increased lactate levels and decreased pH more rapidly during ensiling, which appeared to hasten the elimination of E. coli O157:H7 from the silage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results emphasize the importance of adequate ensiling since E. coli O157:H7 may be maintained and spread among cattle through feed.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1988

Influence of antibiotic therapy on faecal carriage of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria in neonates.

The influence of previous antibiotic therapy on the aerobic faecal flora, including P-fimbriated Escherichia coli, was studied in 953 neonates at discharge from 22 neonatal wards in Sweden. Antibiotics, mainly ampicillin (with or without gentamicin) or cefuroxime, had been received by 37% of the infants. Treatment with ampicillin (with or without gentamicin) increased Klebsiella/Enterobacter and reduced Esch. coli colonization. Cephalosporin therapy (71% cefuroxime) reduced the frequency of colonization with both Esch. coli and Klebsiella/Enterobacter spp. but doubled the isolation rate of other Gram-negative bacteria (Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Acinetobacter spp.) and tripled the incidence of specimens yielding no aerobic Gram-negative growth. Gentamicin showed no significant ecological impact. The selection of Klebsiella/Enterobacter and P-negative Esch. coli strains by ampicillin was correlated with their resistance to this agent, while the association between P-fimbriated Esch. coli and cefuroxime therapy was not related to cefuroxime resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Intestinal Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria mitigate bovine leukemia virus infection in experimentally infected sheep.

Ruminants often carry gastrointestinal Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Stxs belong to a large family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), found in many plants and some bacteria. Plant RIPs, secreted into extracellular spaces, limit the spread of viruses through plant tissues by penetrating and killing virally infected cells. Previously, we showed Stx activity against bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cells in vitro and hypothesized that STEC bacteria have antiviral activity in ruminant hosts. Here, we investigated the impact of STEC on the initial phases of BLV infection in sheep. Sheep were treated with biweekly oral doses of E. coli O157:H7 (an STEC) or an isogenic stx mutant strain. A different group of sheep were similarly treated with five naturally occurring ovine STEC isolates or stx-negative E. coli. Intestinal STEC bacteria were enumerated and identified by standard fecal culture and DNA hybridization. Oral STEC treatment did not always result in carriage of STEC, although many animals consistently presented with >10(4) CFU/g feces. BLV viremia was assessed by spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation (SLP) in cultures of blood mononuclear cells and by syncytium formation in cocultures of the same with F-81 indicator cells. SLP was lower (P < 0.05) and syncytia were fewer (P < 0.05) in STEC-treated sheep than in untreated sheep. Both lower SLP and fewer syncytia positively correlated with fecal STEC numbers. Average weight gain post-BLV challenge was higher in STEC-treated sheep than in untreated sheep (P < 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that in ruminants, intestinal STEC bacteria have antiviral activity and mitigate BLV-induced disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effect of diet composition on water consumption in growing pigs.

Concerns relating to use of water resources by the livestock industry, combined with the rising cost of manure management, have resulted in greater interest in identifying ways to reduce drinking water utilization by pigs while maintaining animal well-being and achieving satisfactory growth performance. The objective of this experiment was to determine if increasing the dietary CP or mineral concentrations increases water intake and excretion and, conversely, if reducing the dietary CP content reduces water intake and excretion. Forty-eight barrows (34.3 +/- 4.6 kg of BW; 12/treatment) were given free access to diets containing a low protein (16.9% CP), high protein (20.9% CP), or excess protein (25.7% CP) level, or a diet with excess levels of Ca, P, Na, and Cl. Water was available to each pig on an ad libitum basis via dish drinkers that were determined to waste less than 3% of total water flow. The excess CP diet tended to increase average daily water intake (ADWI) and urinary excretion (P < 0.10) and increased the water:feed ratio (P < 0.05); lowering dietary CP did not lower water intake or excretion. The excess mineral diet did not increase ADWI or urinary excretion but did increase water excretion via the feces. Daily nutrient intake and dietary nutrient concentration were poor predictors of ADWI; only daily intake of N and K were significantly correlated with ADWI (P < 0.05), and the r-values were low (0.39 and 0.32, respectively). There was no relationship between ADFI and ADWI. The average water:feed ratio was 2.6:1. Any study of water utilization is complicated by behavioral as well as nutritional and physiological influences, and isolating physiological need from so-called luxury intake is a significant experimental challenge. Because the impact of dietary treatment on water utilization was small, we conclude that factors other than dietary protein and mineral concentration and daily protein and mineral intake have a relatively large effect on water intake and excretion. Consequently, strategies to reduce water intake must recognize, understand, and manage these additional behavioral and physiological factors. Diet composition may be a part of strategies designed to reduce excessive water utilization by the pig industry but may have a limited effect if other important factors are ignored.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1987

Impact of cefaclor on the normal human oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora.

Cefaclor was given orally in doses of 250 mg every 8 h for 7 days to 10 volunteers. Saliva and faecal specimens were taken up to 16 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and for assay of cefaclor. Cefaclor was not detected in saliva or faeces. In the oropharynx only minor changes in the anaerobic part of the microflora were observed. The microflora was normalized within 1 week after the administration of cefaclor had stopped. The aerobic intestinal microflora was unchanged during and after cefaclor administration while a minor impact on the anaerobic intestinal microflora was observed. The anaerobic intestinal flora returned to its normal state within 1 week. No new colonization with cefaclor resistant microorganisms were observed and no side effects were registered during the investigation period.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Meckel's diverticulitis due to Taenia saginata: case report.

A thirteen-year old girl presented with acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain for which evaluation suggested appendicitis. At laparotomy, the appendix was normal but a Meckel's diverticulum with an impacted Taenia saginata (tapeworm) was found. The diverticulum was excised and histopathology confirmed diverticulitis from the parasite. Though Meckel's diverticulitis due to parasites has been reported, this is usually from ascaris. Tapeworm causing this complication is rare.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed1999

Risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infection among hospitalized horses.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infections among hospitalized horses. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 1,583 horses hospitalized in an intensive care unit between January 1992 and June 1996. PROCEDURE: Survivor functions were used to estimate time to shedding salmonellae for various Salmonella serotypes. Survival analysis was then used to determine how variables associated with patient management, environmental conditions, hospital conditions, and other disease processes affected the risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection. RESULTS: 78 horses shed Salmonella organisms: 35 shed Salmonella krefeld, 26 shed S typhimurium, and 17 shed other Salmonella serotypes. Mean time from admission to shedding was significantly longer for horses shedding S krefeld or S typhimurium than for horses shedding other Salmonella serotypes. Therefore, infection with S krefeld or S typhimurium was considered nosocomial. Seven variables were found to be significantly associated with risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection: mean number of horses in the hospital shedding S krefeld during the 4 days prior to and the day of admission, mean number of horses shedding S typhimurium during this period, a diagnosis of large colon impaction, withholding feed, number of days fed bran mash, duration of treatment with potassium penicillin G, and mean daily ambient temperature. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that risk of nosocomial Salmonella infections is greater for horses with large colon impactions. In addition to implementing hospital protocols that minimize cross contamination between patients, strategies to reduce the risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection should include minimizing use of potassium penicillin G and regulation of environmental temperature in the hospital.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Use of rapid enzymatic assays to study the distribution of faecal coliforms in the Seine river (France).

In 1997 and 1998 faecal contamination of the Seine river and its estuary was studied for the first time by rapid enzymatic methods, based on the presence of the beta-D-glucuronidase enzyme in E. coli, in parallel with traditional plate counts of faecal coliforms on specific culture medium. Our study focused on a 450 km stretch of the river, including the Parisian area, and presenting highly variable levels of faecal pollution. Both methods showed that wastewater outfalls of the Parisian area and the presence of a maximum turbidity zone (at the mouth of the estuary) had a strong impact on the abundance of faecal coliforms in the river. Downstream from the Parisian outfalls, beta-D-glucuronidase activity measurements decreased 5-6x less rapidly than plate counts suggesting that rapid enzymatic assays could detect enzymatically-active but non-culturable bacteria.

Biological Assay↗

PubMed2005

Modeling sediment impact on the transport of fecal bacteria.

Sediment storage of fecal bacteria has been observed for a long time. However, limited modeling efforts have been conducted to dynamically and explicitly study the impact of sediment on the transport of fecal bacteria. In this paper, a modeling framework based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model has been proposed. Free and particle-associated fecal bacteria can be modeled explicitly using the developed model. A linear adsorption relationship is incorporated into the model to obtain a sediment concentration dependent attachment ratio. The deposition and resuspension fluxes of fecal bacteria across the sediment bed-water interface are calculated coupled with the sediment deposition and resuspension flux. The model was applied to hypothetical scenarios to evaluate the sediment impacts under ideal settling and resuspension conditions. A case study was provided to test the resuspension calculation of fecal bacteria under an artificial flooding condition. Using this model, the contributions of fecal bacteria from sediment bed and from the watershed can be modeled separately and explicitly.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2002

The detection of Bifidobacterium adolescentis by colony hybridization as an indicator of human faecal pollution.

AIMS: To develop an improved method for the detection of Bifidobacterium adolescentis as an indicator of human faecal pollution. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bifidobacterium medium (BFM) was identified as the optimal medium for the recovery of bifidobacteria from human effluent. Dilutions of faeces and effluent from both humans and animals were filtered, grown on BFM and human specific B. adolescentis identified via colony hybridization with a digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled oligonucleotide probe. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of BFM with colony probing allows the detection of B. adolescentis, a specific indicator of human faecal pollution. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is now technically feasible to use B. adolescentis as indicators of human faecal pollution, and studies to examine the survival and appropriateness of bifidobacteria in this role can be initiated.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Evaluation of the use of pooled serum, pooled muscle tissue fluid (meat juice) and pooled faeces for monitoring pig herds for Salmonella.

AIMS: Monitoring for Salmonella in slaughter pigs is important to enable targeted control measures to be applied on problem farms and at the abattoir. The aim of this study was to determine whether pooled serum and meat juice could be used to identify finishing pig herds with a high prevalence of infection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples of meat juice, serum, caecal contents, carcase swabs and pooled faeces from pig pens were taken from 20 commercial pig finishing farms and comparisons were made between the results of Salmonella culture, individual ELISA tests on serum and meat juice and pooled samples of serum and meat juice. Salmonella was isolated from samples from 19 of 20 farms. None of the ELISA tests showed a statistically significant correlation with caecal carriage of Salmonella or contamination of carcases. Serum mean optical density (O.D.) from pools of five, 10 or 20 sera showed a significant correlation with the Salmonella status of farm pen faeces. All pooled serum O.D. and sample/positive control ratio results correlated significantly with the results of the conventional individual sample ELISA. There was a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of Salmonella in farm pen pooled faeces and the prevalence of Salmonella in caeca of slaughter pigs. CONCLUSIONS: The results show a generally poor correlation between serological and bacteriological results but pooled serum or meat juice samples could be used as a cheaper substitute for serological screening of farms for Salmonella than individual samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The availability of a cheaper test should allow the costs of Salmonella monitoring of pig farms to be reduced or allow more regular testing to enhance the designation of farm Salmonella risk status.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2004

Identification method based on PCR combined with automated ribotyping for tracking probiotic Lactobacillus strains colonizing the human gut and vagina.

AIMS: A molecular methodology based on PCR-associated automated ribotyping was developed to specifically detect the Lactobacillus strains of two probiotic products (an orally administered lyophilized preparation and vaginal tablets) in human faeces and vaginal swabs. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 16S-23S rDNA sequences and the ribotype profiles of the probiotic lactobacilli were characterized and new species-specific primer sets were designed. The identification of faecal and vaginal lactobacilli isolated from subjects administered with the probiotic products was performed by using PCR with species-specific primers followed by strain-specific automated ribotyping. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR-ribotyping identification allowed to study the colonization patterns of the probiotic lactobacilli in the human gut and vagina evidencing the strains with the best survival capability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The proposed molecular method represents a powerful tool of strain-specific identification, useful for differentiating exogenous from indigenous strains in any microbial ecosystem and for rationally choosing probiotic bacteria with the best chance of survival in the host.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed2005

Effect of quinolone treatment on selection and persistence of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in swine faecal flora.

AIMS: To study the effect of oral administration of a quinolone on emergence of resistance in an indicator bacterial species from faecal flora. METHODS AND RESULTS: Quinolone resistance was studied in Escherichia coli obtained from the faecal contents of pigs housed in nine commercial farrow-to-finish herds in France after administration of flumequine to sows. The percentage of quinolone-resistant E. coli increased in the faeces of sows after administration of flumequine (mean 21.78% at day 7 vs 6.42% before treatment for nalidixic acid) and then decreased (mean 12.6 and 10.4 at days 30 and 60, respectively for nalidixic acid), being not significantly different from initial values 1 month post-treatment. In young pigs, the proportion of resistant strains was lower and decreased over rearing period. Moreover, changes over time of both total E. coli and the proportion of resistant bacteria exhibited great inter-individual variability. CONCLUSIONS: Restoration of susceptible faecal flora occurred within 2 months after flumequine treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Effect of flumequine treatment of sows on the quinolone resistance of faecal E. coli of both sows and their progeny is noticeable but transitory.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Exoproducts of the Escherichia coli strain H22 inhibiting some enteric pathogens both in vitro and in vivo.

AIMS: The antagonistic activity of the Escherichia coli strain H22 against enteric bacteria was studied both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: In vitro, bacterial strains belonging to seven of nine genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Morganella, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia) were inhibited by the strain H22. Six days after simultaneous oral inoculation in germ-free mice, E. coli strain H22 reduced the faecal population of Shigella flexneri 4 to undetectable levels (P < 0.05). In ex vivo assay, inhibitory zones against Sh. flexneri 4 were observed around faecal samples from mice inoculated with E. coli strain H22. The in vitro inhibition of Sh. flexneri 4 was shown to be mediated by microcin C7. In addition to microcin C7, strain H22 was shown to produce aerobactin, new variants of colicins E1 and Ib, and bacteriophage particles with morphology similar to the phages of the family Myoviridae. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, the properties of E. coli H22, observed both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, suggest its potential use as a probiotic strain for livestock and humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The strain H22 was shown to produce several antimicrobial compounds with inhibitory capabilities against pathogenic or potentially pathogenic enterobacteria.

Administration, Oral↗