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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

First attempts at validation of radiation exposure of the population along the Techa River, southern Urals.

A research programme sponsored by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU) was conducted during 1992 and 1993 in the Southern Urals, to provide an initial validation and comparison of results of population exposure arising from the release of radioactive waste from the MAYAK nuclear facility between the years 1948 and 1967. This programme included investigations of the contamination of the soil, of food (milk, drinking-water, potatoes) and whole-body-counter measurements of inhabitants of settlements at the Techa River. The nuclides of interest were plutonium isotopes and the long-lived fission products 137Cs and 90Sr. Results of these investigations, particularly in and around the village of Muslyumovo (78 km downstream from the point of release of the radioactive waste into the Techa River), are shown. These investigations are a first step towards an independent validation of the enormous data base collected by the Russian institutes and of derived values of the doses to the population of the Techa River.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2005

Estimation of doses received in a dry-contaminated residential area in the Bryansk region, Russia, since the Chernobyl accident.

In nuclear preparedness, an essential requirement is the ability to adequately predict the likely consequences of a major accident situation. In this context it is very important to evaluate which contributions to dose are important, and which are not likely to have significance. As an example of this type of evaluation, a case study has been conducted to estimate the doses received over the first 17 years after the Chernobyl accident in a dry-contaminated residential area in the Bryansk region in Russia. Methodologies for estimation of doses received through nine different pathways, including contamination of streets, roofs, exterior walls, and landscape, are established, and best estimates are given for each of the dose contributions. Generally, contaminated soil areas were estimated to have given the highest dose contribution, but a number of other contributions to dose, e.g., from contaminated roofs and inhalation of contaminants during the passage of the contaminated plume, were of the same order of magnitude.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1984

Radionuclides in natural terrestrial ecosystems.

p6osystems to be found in the maritime temperate zone are described. The part played by vegetation, animals and soils in the distribution and movement of radionuclides is discussed, with particular reference to natural systems. Biomass activities have been compiled for 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu in woodland and moorland ecosystems. The data indicate that these ecosystems are more effective at intercepting and retaining radionuclides than are agricultural systems and that many undisturbed soils function as efficient sinks.

Air Pollution, Radioactive↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of radionuclides in the environment in northern Italy after the Chernobyl accident.

Soon after the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the air-pumping stations in Pavia (northern Italy) were alerted. In a few days, a rapid increase in radionuclide concentration in air particulates was observed. Consequently, an environmental radioactivity monitoring programme was started in which several matrices such as soil, grass, vegetables and cows' milk were subjected to direct gamma-ray spectrometry. The radioactivity distribution and its variation with time is presented, discussed and compared with other available data. Detection limits, precision and accuracy are also reported, and depth profiles in soils for 137Cs are presented and correlated with soil quality parameters. A survey of environmental radioactivity in soil, in a search for residual Chernobyl fallout, was carried out and a map of the 137Cs distribution over a large area in northern Italy is presented and discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1981

Dependence on age at intake of committed dose equivalents from radionuclides.

The dependence of committed dose equivalents on age at intake is needed to assess the significance of exposures of young persons among the general public resulting from inhaled or ingested radionuclides. The committed dose equivalents, which are evaluated using ICRP principles, depend on the body dimensions of the young person at the time of intake of a radionuclide and on subsequent body growth. Representation of growth by a series of exponential segments facilitates the derivation of general expressions for the age dependence of committed dose equivalents if metabolic models do not change with age. The additional assumption that intakes of radionuclides in air or food are proportional to a person's energy expenditure (which implies age-independent dietary composition) enables the demonstration that the age of the most highly exposed 'critical groups' of the general public from these radionuclides is either about 1 year or 17 years. With the above assumptions the exposure of the critical group is less than three times the exposure of adult members of the general public. Approximate values of committed dose equivalents which avoid both underestimation and excessive overestimation are shown to be obtainable by simplified procedures. Modified procedures are suggested for use if metabolic models change with age.

Adolescent↗