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PubMed2006

Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Hong Kong during 2001-2002.

Most of the molecular epidemiological studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are based on comparison of VP1 gene sequence. In this report, The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 coding region of FMDV type O strains O/HKN/3/01, O/HKN/5/01, O/HKN/12/01, O/HKN/7/02 and O/HKN/10/02, isolated from the disease outbreak that occurred in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong SAR) of China during 2001-2002, were determined and compared with the sequences of other FMDVs. The results revealed that the VP1 gene of the five isolates had the same nucleotide (nt) sequences (639 nt), coding for 213 amino acids, and no changes were found either at the critical amino acid sites 144 (Val), 148 (Leu), 154 (Lys) and 208 (Pro) within the VP1 protein epitope (amino acids 140-160, 200-213), or in the amino acids 145-147 comprising the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence that is involved in the adsorption of virus to host cell. Analysis of the VP1 gene nucleotide sequence revealed that the five isolates examined were most closely related to FMDVs found in Hong Kong from 1991 to 1999 and Taiwan in 1997. Furthermore, although the critical amino acids on the antigen epitope of the prevalent Hong Kong isolates and the serotype O vaccine strain, O1/Manisa/Turkey/69, showed relative conservativeness, they were distantly related genetically, which showed that there existed variation between the prevalent Hong Kong FMDV strains and the vaccine strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Foot and mouth disease: the future of vaccine banks.

The authors briefly review the history of vaccine banks for foot and mouth disease, their current location and their constituent serotypes and strains, together with the occasions on which they have been activated. Experimental studies on emergency vaccines are summarised and areas identified for further investigation. The future of such banks is considered, including the principal strengths and weaknesses of existing banks, and suggestions are made for potential improvements. The fact that the banks have been activated on relatively few occasions over the 25 years of their existence testifies in part to the relatively rare calls which have been made upon them, but also reflects the difficulty in deciding when and how to utilise emergency vaccination. Nevertheless, in an era of increasing global risks of the spread of foot and mouth disease, banks will most certainly continue to have strategic and tactical importance in the control of this most readily communicable of animal diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Foot-and-mouth disease: clinical aspects, epizootiology and diagnosis].

A description of the clinical signs, differential diagnosis, epizootiology and laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in ruminants and pigs is given. Clinical signs are most easily recognised in cattle and pigs. Sheep and goats with foot-and-mouth disease do not show distinct clinical signs and can easily be missed. Clinical diagnosis by the veterinary practitioner is very important in case of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparisons of the complete genomes of Asian, African and European isolates of a recent foot-and-mouth disease virus type O pandemic strain (PanAsia).

During the last 12 years, a strain of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype O, named PanAsia, has spread from India throughout Southern Asia and the Middle East. During 2000, this strain caused outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, Japan, Russia (Primorsky Territory), Mongolia and South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal Province), areas which last experienced FMD outbreaks in 1934, 1908, 1964, 1974 and 1957, respectively. In February 2001, the PanAsia strain spread to the United Kingdom where, in just over 7 months, it caused outbreaks on 2030 farms. From the UK, it quickly spread to the Republic of Ireland, France and the Netherlands. Previous studies that utilized RT-PCR to sequence the VP1-coding region of the RNA genomes of approximately 30 PanAsia isolates demonstrated that the UK virus was most closely related to the virus from South Africa (99.7 % nucleotide identity). To determine if there was an obvious genetic reason for the apparently high level of fitness of this new strain, and to further analyse the relationships between the PanAsia viruses and other FMDVs, complete genomes were amplified using long-range PCR techniques and the PCR products were sequenced, revealing the sequences for the entire genomes of five PanAsia isolates as well as an animal-passaged derivative of one of them. These genomes were compared to two other PanAsia genomes. These analyses revealed that all portions of the genomes of these isolates are highly conserved and provided confirmation of the close relationship between the viruses responsible for the South Africa and UK outbreaks, but failed to identify any genetic characteristic that could account for the unprecedented spread of this strain.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1994

Application of monoclonal antibodies to quality control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

Panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus types O, A and C were selected for cell culture neutralization titre (NT), mouse protection index (MPI), trypsin sensitivity (TS) and avidity to different epitopes. The selected sets were used to assay the antigen concentration and the fit between FMDV vaccine and challenge strains. It was observed that FMD vaccines protect more than 75% of vaccinated cattle when manufactured with antigens characterized by (1) a high degree of fit with the potency control virus, and (2) mean ELISA 50% titres (T50) > 28 for O, > 18 for A and > 75 for C types, respectively, using the corresponding mAb set.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in cattle.

Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1 Campos has been analyzed in consecutive isolates recovered over a one- or two-year period from four cattle with experimental persistent infection. Comparisons of RNase T1 two-dimensional maps and nucleotide sequences of the VP1-coding region revealed a continual, although irregular, increase in the fixation of mutations as the infection progressed. Most changes were not conserved in consecutive isolates. These results, together with the substantial rates of genomic variation observed between some pairs of strains recovered at close time periods, suggested the coexistence of heterogeneous populations in which variants evolve independently from each other, and predominate at irregular time intervals. Furthermore, non-related patterns of variation were observed in the four animals. Similarly, genetic diversity of representative strains from major serotype O outbreaks in endemic disease regions of southeastern Brazil and central eastern Argentina which occurred between 1958 and 1983, suggested that outbreak strains are also likely to represent fluctuations of heterogeneous populations which evolve independently from each other. The possible role of persistent infections in the introduction of variant populations in the field is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Vesicular exocytosis of foot- and -mouth disease virus from mammary gland secretory epithelium of infected cows.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus particles were observed by electron microscopy in the cytoplasma of alveolar secretory cells of the bovine mammary gland after contact exposure of uninfected cows to pits with foot-and-mouth disease. Virus, contained in membrane-limited vesicles, was released from the basal and peranuclear portions of the cells into the intracellular and extracellular spaces by an exocytotic mechanism similar to that of the release of th milk-fat globule. Virus was released into the lumen from the apical portion of the cell both by membrane-limited vesicles and by the merocrinal exocytosis of casein-associated virus. The lytic release of virus was observed in 20% of the preparations observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The complete nucleotide sequence of the PanAsia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Japan.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/JPN/2000 strain, the PanAsia strain, was determined by cycle sequencing and primer walking. The 5' end of the genome upstream from homopolymeric poly(C) tract (S-fragment) was 367 nucleotides in length, and the remainder of the genome (L-fragment), excepting the poly(A) tail, was 7808 nucleotides. The L-fragment contains a single open reading frame of 6996 nucleotides terminating at a UAA codon 96 bases from the 3' poly(A) sequence. Comparison of sequences shows that the length of the structural and non-structural protein coding regions are identical to those in the O1/Kaufbeuren strain, and no striking differences such as deletion or insertion were observed between them.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A novel mucosal vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus induces protection in mice and swine.

Epitopes of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein VP1 complex and a chimera of 6xHis-tagged cholera toxin B subunit (hCTB) were expressed in Hansenula polymorpha and used together as a mucosal vaccine. Antibody and cytokine responses to VP1-hCTB vaccine and protection against FMDV were evaluated by ELISA and a virus challenge test in mice, respectively. VP1-hCTB directly enhanced the expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5) both in serum and supernatants of cultured spleen cells. After challenging suckling mice with 10(5) FMDV (=50% lethal dosage per mouse) a greater protection was seen after intraperitoneal and intranasal vaccinations than after oral vaccination. In swine immunized with VP1-hCTB, immune responses were achieved after three administrations, and the vaccine protected swine (80%) when challenged with 10(6.5) FMDV (=50% infectious dosage per swine). These results demonstrated the possibility of using CTB as a mucosal adjuvant to elicit protective immune responses against FMDV.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2006

Enhanced immune response with foot and mouth disease virus VP1 and interleukin-1 fusion genes.

The capsid of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus carries the epitopes that are critical for inducing the immune response. In an attempt to enhance the specific immune response, plasmid DNA was constructed to express VP1/interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and precursor capsid (P1) in combination with 2A (P1-2A)/IL-1alpha under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediateearly promoter and intron. After DNA transfection into MA104 (monkey kidney) cells, Western blotting and an immunofluorescence assay were used to confirm the expression of VP1 or P1-2A and IL-1alpha. Mice were inoculated with the encoding plasmids via the intradermal route, and the IgG1 and IgG2a levels were used to determine the immune responses. These results show that although the immunized groups did not carry a high level of neutralizing antibodies, the plasmids encoding the VP1/ IL-1alpha, and P1-2A /IL-1alpha fused genes were effective in inducing an enhanced immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the L and VP1 genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1.

Most of the molecular epidemiological studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are based on comparison of VP1 gene sequence. In this report, we determine the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the L (603 nt) and VP1 (633 nt) genes of 27 FMDV serotype Asia 1 isolates recovered from different outbreaks in India, and compared with each other and the vaccine strain, IND 63/72, used in the country. Independent phylogenetic analyses on both the aligned gene sequences identified two major lineages (designated A & B) in the Asia 1 isolates. Both L- and VP1-based trees were congruent with respect to the major branching pattern of the isolates. The lineage A is represented by the isolates of 1986-2000 including the vaccine strain IND 63/72, whereas, lineage B appeared to be dominant and responsible for most of the recent outbreaks. A correlation was observed between the clustering of the isolates in the phylogenetic tree and the amino acid changes at many of the positions in VP1 as well as in L protein. The annual rate of evolution in L and VP1 genes was found similar and estimated to be 4.0 x 10(-3) and 3.8 x 10(-3) substitutions per nucleotide, respectively. Our result, largely from the congruence in phylogenetic trees and the rate of evolution in both the genes, suggests the possibility for the use of L gene sequence in phylogenetic comparison of FMDV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia from 1988 to 1991.

During the period 1988 to 1991 samples from 16 foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Ethiopia were examined at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia, and at the FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, UK. Typing of the virus responsible was possible in 13 of these outbreaks representing 10 separate disease events; 8 of these were caused by serotype O and 2 by serotype SAT2. This is the first record of the presence of serotype SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Ethiopia. In contrast to earlier studies serotypes A and C were not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

INFLUENCE OF TISSUE CULTURE PASSAGE ON VIRULENCE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS FOR MOTHER MICE.

Campbell, Charles H. (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N.Y.). Influence of tissue culture passage on virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus for mother mice. J. Bacteriol. 86:593-597. 1963.-Foot-and-mouth disease virus serially passaged in bovine cell cultures was more lethal for mother mice than the parent virus from infected steers. In tests with virus from several pools of bovine tongue tissue, only 0 to 20% of the mice died. Serial passage of such virus in primary calf-kidney cell cultures progressively increased the lethality of the virus. By the eighth passage, after which no further appreciable increase was observed, the mortality was 60%. As the lethal capability of this virus population increased, the average time required for it to produce death decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A review of the status of foot and mouth disease in South-East Asia and approaches to control and eradication.

The author presents reports of foot and mouth disease (FMD) submitted between 1996 and 2001 to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE: World organisation for animal health) Sub-Commission for FMD in South-East Asia. Of the ten countries in South-East Asia, FMD is endemic in seven (Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) and three are free of the disease (Brunei, Indonesia and Singapore). Part of the Philippines is also recognised internationally as being free of FMD. From 1996 to 2001, serotype O viruses caused outbreaks in all seven of the endemically infected countries. On the mainland, three different type O lineages have been recorded, namely: the South-East Asian (SEA) topotype, the pig-adapted or Cathay topotype and the pan-Asian topotype. Prior to 1999, one group of SEA topotype viruses occurred in the eastern part of the region and another group in the western part. However, in 1999, the pan-Asian lineage was introduced to the region and has become widespread. The Cathay topotype was reported from Vietnam in 1997 and is the only FMD virus currently endemic in the Philippines. Type Asia 1 has never been reported from the Philippines but was reported from all countries on the mainland except Vietnam between 1996 and 2001. Type A virus has not been reported from east of the Mekong River in the past six years and seems to be mainly confined to Thailand with occasional spillover into Malaysia. The distribution and movement of FMD viruses in the region is a reflection of the trade-driven movement of livestock. There is great disparity across the region in the strength and resources of the animal health services and this has a direct impact on FMD control. Regulatory environments are not well developed and enforcement of regulations can be ineffectual. The management of animal movement is quite variable across the region and much market-driven transboundary movement of livestock is unregulated. Formal quarantine approaches are generally not supported by traders or are not available. Vaccination is not used widely as a control tool because of the expense. However, it is applied by the Veterinary Services in Malaysia to control incursions of the disease and there is a mass vaccination programme for large ruminants in Thailand where the Government produces and distributes vaccine. Vaccination is also used by the commercial pig sector, particularly in the Philippines and Thailand.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of a live-attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate.

A variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lacking the leader (L) coding region (A12-LLV2) was previously constructed and shown to be less virulent in cattle than its wild-type parent (A12-IC). In this study, cattle were tested for their clinical and immunological responses to subcutaneous inoculation with A12-LLV2 or A12-IC or to intramuscular vaccination with chemically inactivated A12-IC. Five weeks postinoculation animals were challenged by intradermal inoculation in the tongue with a virulent cattle-passaged virus. A12-LLV2-inoculated animals showed no clinical signs of disease and developed a neutralizing antibody response by 4 days postinoculation, whereas a companion control bovine did not seroconvert. After challenge, two of three inoculated animals did not develop lesions, but showed mild signs of infection. The third inoculated animal developed some lesions, but these were less severe than in the uninoculated control animal, which showed classical FMD. All animals inoculated with A12-IC developed a fever, two showed typical FMD lesions, and the companion control seroconverted, indicating that it had acquired infection by contact. The A12-IC-inoculated animals and the control were protected from challenge. Animals vaccinated with inactivated virus showed no clinical signs of disease and developed a neutralizing antibody response, and the control did not seroconvert. Upon challenge none of the vaccinated animals developed lesions, one developed a fever, and the control developed FMD. These experiments demonstrate the potential of a rationally designed live-attenuated FMDV vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Northern Benin during the 1990-1991 dry season].

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease damaged the North-Benin during the 1990-1991 dry season (November to May). Coming from outside the Benin, it spread out very quickly in the country essentially because of trans-humant herds. No measures have been taken to limit this sickness which is endemic and which regularly exhibits outbreaks in Benin. Antibodies to types A, O and SAT2 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus were detected in the sera during this outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interaction of foot-and-mouth disease virus with dendritic cells.

Despite several decades of investigation, the manner in which foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) interacts with the innate and adaptive immune compartments is not completely understood. The importance of elucidating this relationship is emphasized by the inability of current FMDV vaccines to provide long-term protection and the recent outbreaks of FMDV in formerly disease-free countries. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have evolved to monitor the environment and provide a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Comprehending the cross-talk between DC and FMDV will provide valuable information towards understanding the host response to the virus and will aid in the design of effective tools and vaccines to block virus spread.

Animals↗