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PubMed1999

Dietary intake methods for estimating food additive intake.

Given the wide array of demands on food intake databases for estimating food chemical intake, there is no possibility of an all-embracing methodology. Whereas initial estimates should always begin at a crude level, when more refined estimates are needed methodologies range from indirect (household, national level) to direct (retrospective or prospective, individual level). The indirect methods cannot provide data on consumer-only intakes but percentage households purchasing can be used as a surrogate for percentage individuals consuming. For the direct methods, the greater the duration, the higher the estimate of percentage consumers and the lower the estimate of intakes among consumers only. In considering excursions above the acceptable daily intake (ADI), databases need to be constructed which allow estimates of intake per eating occasion, where intakes at each eating occasion through the day or days are collapsed into intake per day or week, and the possibility of measuring excursions above the ADI is lost.

Diet Surveys↗
PubMed2006

Generation of an antibody specific to erythritol, a non-immunogenic food additive.

Erythritol, a simple sugar alcohol, is widely used as a food and drug additive owing to its chemical inertness, sweetness and non-toxicity. Adverse reactions to erythritol are rare and only three cases of allergic reactions to foods containing erythritol have been reported. Being inert, erythritol cannot produce an immunological response. In order to explain the mechanism of immunogenicity of erythritol, a method to obtain erythritol epitopes on a carrier protein, which can serve as an immunogen to develop antibodies against erythritol, is described. D-Erythrose was conjugated to bovine serum albumin at pH 8 by reductive amination. The reduction product of the Schiff base of D-erythrose-bovine serum albumin conjugate creates erythritoyl groups. Rabbits immunized with erythritol-bovine serum albumin conjugate (29 haptens/molecule) showed good antibody response (detection of 1 microg antigen, erythritol-keyhole limpet haemocyanin conjugate possessing 50% modified amino groups, at 1 : 50,000 dilution). Anti-erythritol immunoglobulin-G antibodies were purified from the immune serum using hapten-affinity chromatography on an erythritol-keyhole limpet haemocyanin-Sepharose CL-6B affinity matrix. The yield of erythritol-specific antibody was approximately 40 microg ml-1 of rabbit antiserum. Enzyme-linked immunobsorbant assay inhibition studies using sugars, sugar alcohols and L-lysine showed minimal cross-reactivity (approximately 4%) when compared with erythritol; only dithioerythritol showed a cross-reactivity of approximately 33%. D-Threitol and L-threitol (isomers of erythritol) had cross-reactivities of 15 and 11%, respectively. The inhibition studies confirmed the haptenic nature of erythritol and indicated that the erythritoyl group is a single epitope. The reaction scheme outlined here for the generation of erythritol epitopes appears to provide a basis for the immunogenicity of erythritol.

Amination↗