SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Neuron-specific restriction of a herpes simplex virus recombinant maps to the UL5 gene.

We have previously shown that, when compared with either parent, a herpes simplex virus type 1/herpes simplex virus type 2 intertypic recombinant (R13-1) is attenuated by 10,000-fold with respect to neurovirulence in mice. Despite this, after intracranial inoculation, R13-1 replicated to titers of 10(5) PFU per brain. We present evidence that the restriction is specific for replication in neurons and have taken a three-step approach in determining the basis of the attenuation by (i) characterizing cellular tropism of the virus in both central and peripheral nervous systems, (ii) defining where in the viral replication cycle the restriction is manifest, and (iii) identifying the genetic basis of the restriction through marker rescue analysis. Following inoculation into the animal, R13-1 viral antigens predominate in nonneuronal cells, and the block to replication in neurons was found to be beyond the level of adsorption and penetration. Despite the restricted replication within neurons, the virus established a latent infection in spinal ganglia and could be reactivated by in vitro cocultivation of the ganglia. In studies carried out in cell culture, R13-1 was found to replicate normally in mouse embryo fibroblasts and primary mouse glial cells but was restricted by 1,000-fold in primary mouse neurons and PC12 cells. R13-1 appeared to produce normal levels of early RNA in these cells, but production of DNA and late RNA was less than that of the wild type. Marker rescue analysis localized the fragment responsible for restoring neurovirulence to UL5, a component of the origin-binding complex implicated in replication of the viral genome. Our results with this virus, with a cell-specific restriction, suggest that a neuron-specific component is involved in viral replication.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1977

Acute ascending polyradiculoneuritis in a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

A patient is described who showed subacute dementia and ataxia and, finally, acute asending polyradiculoneuritis. At necropsy, together with the cerebral and cerebellar lesions that are typical of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the lesions of the spinal motor neurons, the spinal ganglia, and of the roots and peripheral nerves were analogous with those of the Guillain-Barré-Landry syndrome. The aetiological possibility is discussed either that this is a simple and unique association, or that the disorder is related to the virus nature of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

Activation of protein kinase C during newt limb regeneration: effect of denervation.

Blastema cell proliferation during newt limb regeneration is a nerve-dependent process. The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not that process is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) activation during limb regeneration in Pleurodeles walt. Analysis included evaluation of PKC activity and its subcellular localization at various stages of regeneration, both in vivo and in vitro. The data reveal an increase in PKC activity in both the cytosol and particulate fractions of whole blastemas reaching a maximum at the mid-bud stage, which correlates with blastema cell proliferation rate. Denervation significantly reduces blastema cell proliferation and also causes a reduction in membrane-associated PKC activity. The effect of PKC activity appears to be restricted to the blastemal mesenchyme, which exhibits a dramatic reduction in activity 96 h after denervation. In contrast, PKC activity in the epidermal cap did not change. Cultured whole blastemas likewise express a decrease in particulate PKC activity and therefore mimic denervated blastemas in this parameter. Co-culture of blastemas with spinal ganglia partially reduces the decline in PKC activity, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, a direct activator of PKC, also prevents the fall in membrane-bound PKC activity while stimulating blastema cell proliferation, in vitro. These data indicate that blastema cell (mesenchyme) proliferation is related to increased PKC activity and that PKC may therefore be involved in the nerve-dependent signalling pathway regulating the early phase of urodele limb regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Light- and electron-microscopic observations of the spinal ganglion cells of mice.

Under the light microscope, large and small types of spinal ganglion cells can be seen in the mouse. Among those of the small type bipolar cells are observed. By electron microscopy, the cells of the large type have a low electron density and those of the small type a high electron density. Bipolar cells continue to be observed among the latter. The cells of the spinal ganglia contain different cellular apparatus in enormous quantity. There are four kinds of lysosomes in the GERL, i.e. the coated vesicles, dense bodies, multivesicular bodies and autophagic vacuoles.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Prenatal mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter): a pathogenetic study.

A prenatal diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis II (M. Hunter) was made early in a pregnancy at risk in a family with one affected child. An affected fetus was diagnosed on the basis of an abnormal incorporation and degradation of 35SO4 in 35SO4-labeled mucopolysaccharides in cultured amniotic cells. Dermatan sulfate and heparin sulfate concentrations in the supernatant of the amniotic fluid were high. In the aborted fetus, the diagnosis could be confirmed by 35SO4 incorporation studies in the cultured fibroblasts and in cultured brain cells as well as by the deficiency of the specific enzyme activity (iduronide sulfate sulfatase) in the organs of the fetus. beta-Galactosidase was in the low normal range in liver and spleen but significantly reduced in brain. Under electron microscopy, the mesenchymal cells of liver and spleen showed lysosomal storage of material, presumably mucopolysaccharides, in excess of normal. In the neurons of the spinal ganglia and spinal cord, "Zebra bodies" in statu nascendi were observed.

Female↗

PubMed1994

Innervation of the rat external auditory meatus: a retrograde tracing study.

The innervation of the rat external auditory meatus has contributions from several nerves. Fluoro-gold, a retrograde neuronal tracer, was used to determine the relative contributions from neurons in cranial and spinal ganglia, and to distinguish any difference in the sensory and motor innervation between the outer cartilaginous and inner bony portions. The following ganglia were examined: the trigeminal, geniculate, glossopharyngeal, vagal, superior cervical, and dorsal root (C2-C4) ganglia. All selected ganglia demonstrated innervation of the external ear canal, particularly the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, facial, and vagal ganglia. The geniculate and glossopharyngeal ganglia contributed more innervation to the inner osseous portion than to the outer cartilaginous portion of the external ear canal, and the vagal ganglion contributed relatively equally.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Secretoneurin and neurogenic inflammation.

AIM: Review of evidence that the 33-amino-acid polypeptide secretoneurin, which is generated by proteolytic cleavage of secretogranin II, plays a role in neurogenic inflammation. METHODS: Survey of the literature using a MEDLINE search database. RESULTS: Secretoneurin is synthesized in spinal ganglia, transported through the dorsal roots and stored in the axon terminals of primary afferent neurons. Investigations using capsaicin suggest that secretoneurin functions as an excitatory transmitter. Secretoneurin specifically activates various cell functions including the chemotactic migration of monocytes, eosinophils, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells, which suggests that the peptide may modulate inflammatory reactions. Secretoneurin receptors have been functionally characterized. They are G-proteins linked and effects are abrogated by inhibition of protein kinase C. CONCLUSION: With actions as diverse as those seen with other mediators such as tachykinins, secretoneurin may be considered another sensory neuropeptide with modulatory potential in neurogenic inflammation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine tranquilizers in different tests of anxiety].

In experiments on rats the presence or absence was studied of the phenomenon of potentiation of anxiolytic action, estimated by the time of the animal stay in the light part of the chamber in tests of avoidance of "the lighted ground" or "menacing situation" at combined application of the pairs of substances of benzodiasepine and non-benzodiasepine series (elenium, indoter, campiron and campironin). Spectra of their neurochemical activity were determined in experiments on neurones of isolated spinal ganglia of rats with intracellular biopotentials records. It has been established that GABA-potentiating action of indoter and elenium, dopamine-negative action of campiron and campironin are significant in their anxiolytic action in the states of alarm of aversive genesis of different modalities. Serotoninmimetic effect of non-diasepine tranquilizers is of functional significance in the test of avoidance of "the lighted ground", but not of the "menacing situation". It is suggested that differences of neurochemical mechanisms of anxiolytic action of the tested tranquilizers testify to different neurochemical profiles of the neuronal "matrices" of the studied states of alarm.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The serotonin- and dopaminergic mechanisms in the action of 1-pyrimidinyl piperazine derivatives].

It has been established in experiments on spinal ganglia neurons of rats that 1-pyrimidinyl-piperazine derivatives show the properties of partial agonists of 5-HT1A-receptors. Some of them were discovered to be capable of blocking D2-dopamine receptors. Comparison of neuronal and behavioral activity of the substances tested has demonstrated that their anxiolytic activity detectable under the conditions of the conflict situation method significantly correlates with 5-HT1A-mimetic and anti-dopamine activity. The latter one correlates well with the influence of the substances tested on the time of immobilization in the forced swimming test.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Sensory innervation of the gastro-intestinal junction: new electrophysiological, histological and histochemical data].

The sensory innervation of the small intestine was studied in the cat with electrophysiological, histological and histochemical techniques. Thanks to the histochemical technique (peroxydase method) the exact number and proportion of splanchnic and vagal fibres was determined : the latter being about 9 times more numerous than the former. On the other hand the exact position of the corresponding cells was defined in the nodose and spinal ganglia by means of the previous technique and the microelectrophysiological method (recording of single units into the ganglia with extracellular glass microelectrodes). The splanchnic neurones were found in the T9, T10 and T11 ganglia whereas the vagal ones were chiefly located in the lower half of the nodose ganglia. The histological studies using electronic microscope showed many non-medullated endings, which were often found beneath the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the villi close to the blood vessels. This result is certainly the proof that numerous receptors (mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and even thermoreceptors do exist in the small intestine.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Neurotransmitter stage in the development of peripheral part of autonomic nervous system].

The dynamics of neurotransmitter stage in the development of autonomic nervous system (ANS) was studied in rats starting from the moment of initial appearance of neurotransmitters acetylcholine and adrenalin in ANS peripheral part main nervous plexuses. Cryostat sections of embryos on developmental days 13.5, 16.5 and 18.5 and of neonatal rats aged 0.5 and 1.5 days were treated with glyoxilic acid, using Karnovsky-Roots method and impregnated with silver nitrate according to Bielschowsky-Gross method. Acetylcholinesterase in vagus and in spinal ganglia was found on day 13.5, while catecholamine in sympathetic trunc was detected in animals immediately after the birth. Periods of the beginning of neurotransmitter stage in ANS development in rat and man were compared and it was established that it was delayed in rat as in immature-born animal.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1991

[Effect of LH-FSH releasing hormone on the sensitivity of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in toad spinal ganglion neurons].

Intracellular recordings were performed on 81 neurons from 53 isolated toad spinal ganglia (SG). The effects of LH-FSH releasing hormone on the sensitivities of muscarinic receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors located on the soma of SG neurons were observed. Perfusing SG with atropine 10 mumol.L-1 in Ringer's solution depressed the amplitude of depolarization response induced by acetylcholine (ACh, 10-100 mumol.L-1). The depolarization and hyperpolarization induced by norepinephrine (NE, 10-100 mumol.L-1) were blocked by alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine respectively. These results indicated that ACh-induced depolarization was mediated by muscarinic receptors while NE-induced depolarization and hyperpolarization were mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors respectively. On the other hand, perfusing SG with LH-FSH releasing hormone 10 mumol.L-1 in Ringer's solution increased the depolarization response caused by ACh or NE, but attenuated NE-caused hyperpolarization response. The above results suggest that LH-FSH releasing hormone may modulate the sensitivities of muscarinic receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors on the soma membrane of toad SG neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Ultrastructure of glial cells in the human fetal trigeminal ganglion.

In 9th and 10th week each neuroblast of trigeminal ganglion is surrounded by 2 satellite cells. The structure of Schwann cells is the same as satellite cells. With advancement of the development the number of satellite cells increases and at 23rd week on the periphery of neuron are 2-4 satellite cells. The myelination of nerve fibers starts at the 12th week. It has to be stressed that maturation of trigeminal ganglion precedes that of other cranial ganglia and spinal ganglia.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of in vitro X-irradiated blood transfusions on the morphostructure of immunocompetent organs and their nerve elements].

A study was made of changes that occur in the rat thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, their nerve elements, and spinal ganglia under the effect of the in vitro X-irradiated blood transfusions. Parallelism was noted in the activation of the immunocompetent organ morphostructures, the rate of reactive alterations in nerve elements, and the improvement of the immunity indices.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect on an impulse electromagnetic field on the bioamine allowance of the spinal ganglion in rats under whole-body exposure].

In experiments with albino male rats subjected to whole-body pulse electromagnetic irradiation of 100 mTl magnetic induction, the luminescent histochemical methods and the subsequent microspectrofluorometry were used to determine the content of biogenic amines (catecholamines, serotonin, and histamine) in spinal ganglia neurons. Significant changes were revealed not only in the content of all studied bioamines but in the histamine/serotonin ratio as well.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[The growth and morphophysiological study of the bushy tissue receptor in a nerve tissue culture].

The conditions for growing bush receptors on collagen substrate in presence of 2-4 ng/ml highly purified brain neurite stimulating protein were determined in the study of spinal ganglia cultures of 10-11-day chicken embryos. The degree of neurite branching and sinuosity and the distribution density of preterminals of cultured bush-like receptors are like those of chicken embryos' natural interoceptors. The ultrastructure of end receptor plates in culture resembles that of natural mechanoreceptor terminals. Cultural receptors are characterized by spontaneous electrophysiological activity. They respond to tactile irritation with bursts of discharges.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Features of the growth and differentiation of the spinal ganglion of the embryonic rat in diffusion chambers].

Cultivation peculiarities in diffusive chambers on nucleoporous and milliporous filters of the rat embryo spinal ganglia have been investigated on the 18th-20th days of development. Optimal variants have been obtained on the nucleoporous filters. Growth and differentiation of the sensitive neurons and cells of the peripheral glia are realized quicker in the diffusive chambers on the nucleoporous filters, than under in vitro cultivation. In 7-12 days in the diffusive chambers there are already mature pseudounipolar and multipolar neurons, and lemmocyte--axonal interrelations are of definitive character. The disadvantage of the method is its limited time of cultivation, since a connective tissue capsule is formed around the diffusive chamber.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The neuronal endomembrane system. II. The multiple forms of the Golgi apparatus cis element.

The cis element and its associated tubules and vesicles are ideally positioned to play a major role in the sorting of rough endoplasmic reticulum components destined for processing in the Golgi apparatus. Its position is also ideal for playing a major role in the assembly of the saccules which constitute the Golgi apparatus. The present study was undertaken to critically analyze the normal morphology of this Golgi apparatus component. Seventy- to 2000-nm-thick sections of bullfrog spinal ganglia, fixed by osmium impregnation as well as by conventional protocols, were studied using standard and high voltage electron microscopy. Impregnated cis elements were also reconstructed from 170-nm serial sections. These studies found that adjacent neurons within the given ganglion contain cis elements of widely different morphology. In larger neurons, a different cis element organization was also found in different regions of the same cells. Based on structural comparisons, all of the different cis element forms observed could be systematically assembled into a gradual continuum of morphological variation. This continuum was circular in a manner analogous to chromosomal variations seen in highly mitotic tissues. For the sake of discussion, five distinctly different form categories were established. Some forms contained structures that are described herein for the first time. Most notable among these is the cis tubular network, an extensive system of parallel tubules that closely apposed the regularly perforated cis saccule. Osmiophilic vesicles were found to collect in tight clusters that closely apposed certain forms of the cis element. These findings raise the possibility that the cis element and its associated structures may undergo morphological transformations as part of their normal function.

Animals↗