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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Role of placental cytokines and inflammation in vertical transmission of HIV infection.

In light of new evidence suggesting that maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection produces at least a three-fold increase in the number of early spontaneous abortions, it is important to search for factors that may predispose to fetal wastage. Immunological factors are thought to play an important role in permitting the HLA-disparate fetus to continue to term, despite powerful maternal immune forces capable of rejection. In the context of a heightened incidence of spontaneous abortion in HIV infection, evidence is now accumulating that implicates an imbalance in immune factors in contributing to this fetal loss. Soluble immune factors, such as cytokines, have been suggested as contributing agents to recurrent spontaneous abortions. Inflammatory cytokines-interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha-have been measured in isolated placental trophoblastic cells in HIV-infected and non-infected pregnant women in an attempt to explore this hypothesis. These inflammatory cytokines and their messenger RNAs were significantly elevated before and after stimulation in HIV-infected women, supporting the belief that HIV-infected women present their fetuses a milieu of imbalanced immune factors capable of contributing to immunological rejection. In addition, these elevated inflammatory cytokine levels may contribute to HIV disease progression in fetuses by virtue of activation of HIV gene transcription factors similar to what has been demonstrated in in vitro systems. We therefore propose that HIV infection in pregnant women produces an altered state of certain soluble immune factors, which in concert with other immune factor abnormalities, such as loss of immune selection in the fetal thymus, predisposes the fetus to advanced HIV infection and possible spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1986

Typhoid fever in pregnancy. Case report and review of the literature.

The clinical details of two cases of typhoid fever in pregnancy are described. The first patient contracted the disease in the third trimester, with successful outcome for both mother and baby. The second patient became infected in the first trimester, with the complication of underlying cardiac disease. This resulted in typhoid endocarditis contributing to fetal loss. A survey of the literature is presented and treatment recommendations outlined.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2001

Association of porcine circovirus 2 with reproductive failure in pigs: a retrospective study, 1995-1998.

In order to determine if vertically transmitted porcine circovirus (PCV) has played a role in reproductive failure in pigs in areas of endemic infection, archival fixed tissues were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Tissues tested were from routine cases of abortion or reproductive failure submitted between 1995 and 1998 to the diagnostic laboratory at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon. They originated from 29 high-health herds in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and comprised a total of 36 individual submissions. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was not detected by PCR in any submitted tissues. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was not detected by PCR or immunohistochemistry in any of the submitted tissue. The effect of extended formalin fixation on the detection of PCV2 by PCR was assessed and fixation for up to one week had no gross effect on sensitivity of detection using this PCR technique. Failure to detect porcine circoviruses in cases of reproductive failure prior to 1999 in areas of endemic infections, suggests that reproductive disease may be a new clinical manifestation of PCV2 infection, and that vertical transmission may not have been the primary mechanism of initial dissemination of the virus in the pig population.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2002

Teratogenicity of a mutagenised Rift Valley fever virus (MVP 12) in sheep.

A 5-fluorouracil mutagenised Rift Valley fever virus strain, which was shown to be attenuated and immunogenic in cattle and sheep, was evaluated for its ability to cause teratogenic effects in pregnant sheep. A group of 50 sheep at various stages of pregnancy was inoculated with the virus and the pregnancies followed to term. There were two abortions and 14% of the lambs produced by vaccinated ewes showed teratogenic effects, the most prevalent being spinal hypoplasia, hydranencephaly, brachygnathia inferior and arthrygryposis. The foetal malformations of the central nervous and musculo-skeletal systems were mostly consistent with those observed in sheep vaccinated with the attenuated Smithburn RVF strain. The teratogenic effects of MVP12 were not seen in previous experiments by other authors as immunisation of sheep took place in the second to third trimester of pregnancy, when the foetal brain tissue has completed most of its cell division.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

[Bifid ureter with a blind branch as cause of unspecified abdominal pain. Report of a new case and review of the literature].

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of bifid left ureter with a blind-ending branch in a 35 year-old female patient who complained of poorly defined abdominal pain. METHODS: Clinical features, radiologic findings, differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach are discussed and the literature reviewed. RESULTS: Bifid ureter with a blind branch is not an uncommon anomaly as generally believed. There are at least a hundred and seventy-five cases reported in the literature reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis is most commonly made by intravenous urography (IVU) with oblique views showing the blind-ending segment filled by retrograde uretero-ureteral reflux. However blind segment does not always fill on excretory urography and retrograde pyelography is required for diagnosis (an ectopic kidney at the distal end of the blind-ending branch should be easily seen on CT scan or ultrasonography). A voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) may be needed to demonstrate an ureteral branch with coexistent vesicoureteral reflux. Treatment is initially conservative although complications or severe symptoms require surgical excision of the blind branch together with antireflux reimplantation of the normal ureter when vesicoureteral reflux is present.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1991

Recurrent spontaneous abortion--aetiological factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 76 couples.

A diagnostic screening programme identified a possible aetiological factor in 32 of 76 couples (42%) evaluated for recurrent spontaneous abortion (three or more consecutive abortions). The abnormalities most commonly observed were endocervical infections (18%), cervical incompetence (11%) and uterine abnormality (9%). Hypothyroidism was present in 3 women and chromosomal abnormality in 2. None were positive for lupus anticoagulant. Treatment of uterine abnormality and cervical incompetence was associated with 75% and 86% success rates, respectively, whereas treatment of infective causes resulted in a 44% successful pregnancy rate, much the same as the 42% rate that occurred in women who had not been thus treated.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1991

Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy: an analytical study in Zagazig, Egypt.

The sera of 72 women with a history of abortion (sporadic or habitual abortion) or perinatal complications were examined for Toxoplasma antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). It was found that 27.8% of them were positive for toxoplasmosis with geometric mean titre of 1/64. Also sera of 34 women with normal obstetric history as a control group were examined. 11.8% of them were positive for toxoplasmosis with geometric mean titre 1/16. The difference between the control group and complicated group was found to be statistically significant. The histopathological picture of placenta of positive cases showed characteristics of toxoplasmic placentosis with detection of the organism in fixed paraffin sections using HX and E, PAS or Giemsa stains.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1990

Effect of Rift Valley fever virus on pregnant and non-pregnant local Barki ewes after artificial infection.

Studies were conducted into effects of Rift Valley fever virus on oestrous and vaginal cytology in non-pregnant ewes. 6 pregnant and 8 non-pregnant local Barki ewes were subcutaneously inoculated with different doses of virus isolated from Sharkia Province. Observed were irregularities in the oestrous cycle (20-28 days inoculation) and anoestrum. The anoestrum smears included large non-cornified epithelial cells with large well stains centrally located nuclei together with a large number of bacteria. Abortion and retention of placenta occurred in pregnant ewes with prolonged puerperal heat up to 70 days. Inoculation of virus was followed by thermal response. Re-isolation of virus in BHK cells was possible from aborted foetuses and placenta.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

Pathologic examination of the placenta in human cases of toxoplasmosis.

One hundred sixty one placentae were examined grossly and microscopically, 131 specimens belonged to seropositive patients and 30 specimens belonged to seronegative patients and used as control. 63.3% of the placentae of seropositive patients were macroscopically normal, 9% were hydropic, 21% were of mixed or partially hydropic pattern, 6% had areas of infarction & 0.7% showed areas of calcifications. The most consistent microscopic finding was focal low grade chronic villitis with mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. In hydropic placentae villous edema was of very variable degree from one placenta to another and from one area to another in the same placenta. Nucleated red blood cells were demonstrated in villous capillaries. The patients had Rh positive factor in their blood.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗