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PubMedDate not supplied

[Instruments and equipment for psychophysiological examinations].

Scientific aspects providing a foundation for working out the instruments and equipment systems designed for psychophysiological examinations are presented in the article. The already developed instruments and equipment systems for psychophysiology are described; projects implemented jointly with the leading institutions and experts of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and Ministry of Health of Russia, and which are already related with the use of the developed instruments and equipment systems in the field psychophysiology, are also described.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Images of health technology in national and local strategies.

OBJECTIVES: This paper examines the potential of various models relating technology to society and institutional structures to inform health policy. Among the models discussed are various versions of technological determinism, social constructivism, actor network theory and critical theory. METHODS: The paper considers recent developments in policy and strategy that aim to shape the way the UK's National Health Service (NHS) integrates Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into health care and considers what these alternative models highlight or emphasise, and how they might influence the activities of setting local implementation strategies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary ICTs are often presented as having a particular relevance and power in reforming or transforming the delivery of health care. Understanding how such technologies might be conceived of, implemented and become an integral part of some future health care system is an important and challenging task that requires innovative theoretical treatments.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2003

Dental informatics: an emerging biomedical informatics discipline.

Biomedical informatics is a maturing discipline. During the last forty years, it has developed into a research discipline of significant scale and scope. One of its subdisciplines, dental informatics, is beginning to emerge as its own entity. While there is a growing cadre of trained dental informaticians, dental faculty and administrators in general are not very familiar with dental informatics as an area of scientific inquiry. Many confuse informatics with information technology (IT), are unaware of its scientific methods and principles, and cannot relate dental informatics to biomedical informatics as a whole. This article delineates informatics from information technology and explains the types of scientific questions that dental and other informaticians typically explore. Scientific investigation in informatics centers primarily on model formulation, system development, system implementation, and the study of effects. Informatics draws its scientific methods mainly from information science, computer science, cognitive science, and telecommunications. Dental informatics shares many types of research questions and methods with its parent discipline, biomedical informatics. However, there are indications that certain research questions in dental informatics require novel solutions that have not yet been developed in other informatics fields.

Dental Research↗

PubMed2004

The HOCS paradigm shift from disciplinary knowledge (LOCS)--to interdisciplinary evaluative, system thinking (HOCS): what should it take in science-technology-environment-society oriented courses, curricula and assessment?

Given the current world state of affairs, striving for sustainability and the consequent paradigm shift: growth-to-sustainable development, correction-to-prevention and options selection-to-options generation: the corresponding paradigm shift in science-technology-environment-society (STES) education is unavoidable. Accordingly, the essence of the current reform in STES education, worldwide, is a purposed effort to develop students' higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) capability; i.e., question-asking, critical system thinking, decision making and problem solving, at the expense of the "delivery" of lower-order cognitive skills (LOCS)-oriented knowledge. This means a paradigm shift from the contemporary prevalent LOCS algorithmic teaching to HOCS evaluative learning and HOCS-promoting courses, curricula, teaching strategies and assessment methodologies, leading, hopefully to evaluative thinking and transfer. Following the formulation of selected relevant axioms, major paradigm shift in STES research and education for sustainability have been identified. The consequent shift, in the STES context, from disciplinary to inter- and transdisciplinary learning, in science technology and environmental engineering education is discussed, followed by selected examples of successfully implemented HOCS-promoting courses, and assessment methodologies. It is argued, that transferable "HOCS learning" for sustainability can and should be done.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2005

Searching for clinical evidence in CiteSpace.

A crucial step in the practice of evidence-based medicine is to locate the best available evidence regarding to clinical questions. In this article, we demonstrate that combining visualization techniques with traditional methods developed in evidence-based medicine could simplify the task. We describe a unifying framework for searching clinical evidence across multiple sources such as highly cited articles in the Web of Science and articles of particular types of study design in PubMed. We describe the implementation of a prototyping system to visualize the distribution of available evidence in a broader context of the underlying subject domain. We include examples of evidence found in the heart diseases and lung cancer literature. Practical implications on the design of visualization-based evidence searching tools are discussed.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention and health policy: a view from the social sciences.

A theoretical framework is outlined which identifies four major problem areas which must be dealt with in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of social policy. Certain issues relevant to policy concerning health promotion and disease prevention are discussed within this framework. The first problem area, adaptation, is concerned primarily with resources; the second area, goal attainment, deals with organizational issues; the third, integration, is concerned with motivations; the fourth, pattern maintenance, concentrates on questions of values. Policymaking is seen as an attempt by governing bodies to resolve problems in all these areas, and the success of any policy may be judged by the extent to which major issues in each area are dealt with equitably and reasonably.

Canada↗

PubMed1976

An experiment in teaching MEDLINE.

The design and implementation of an experimental MEDLINE module at Case Western Reserve University School of Library Science is described. The module places MEDLINE within the context of multiple data bases and networking operations andis embedded in a course in health science communications. The module consists of eight weeks of lectures, demonstrations, videotapes, and exercises on terminals.

Bibliography of Medicine↗

PubMed1997

Research issues in nutrition support.

Nursing scientists have made important contributions to the understanding of individual responses to nutritional support as well as factors that place patients at risk for health complications. In addition, they have begun to incorporate measures of quality of life, function, and satisfaction into their outcome measures. This article focuses on describing the current state of nursing science related to nutrition support and issues related to the evaluation of research for implementation into practice.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Fluoridation at fifty: what have we learned?

The question posed by the title of this article encompasses more than just the law and science applied to fluoridation. A review of the history and present status of fluoridation policy development and implementation makes it quickly apparent that the lessons learned are applicable to a wide range of public health policy and that the public health community needs to be very concerned about the status and trends of legal precedent. Indeed, in the context of recent U. S. Supreme Court decisions, the need for a comprehensive and coordinated effort to educate the public, legislators, and jurists about the safety and efficacy of community water fluoridation is clear. Two fundamental issues are at the core of this article: (1) the use of science in formulating and defending public health policy, and (2) how to connect scientific fact with the legal process in connection with the actual circumstances regarding a community's health status. The opening section of this article presents an analysis of fluoridation's great success in preventing dental caries over the past 50 years, along with a discussion of current data scientifically demonstrating that fluoride is safe when properly utilized. A second section provides an overview of one state's legislative experience in mandating fluoridation and the political challenges encountered. A final section discusses the legal issues associated with fluoridation, including the bases of legal challenges to public laws mandating it.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed2001

Nutrition education training of health workers and other field staff to support chronically deprived communities.

This paper focuses on the provision of adequate training in nutrition education to health and other community development workers for their improved performance and achievement. The difficulties encountered and special care needed when dealing with low-income, chronically deprived communities are raised. A brief analysis of past and present trends in nutrition education is presented to show the progress made from restricted, authoritative and not very successful proposals to more comprehensive and participatory approaches. The need to train and update regional and field-level personnel on the new approaches, theories and models offered by nutrition education is highlighted, but the scant availability of resources for training activities may be a great limitation for this undertaking. The contribution of educational, social, psychological and communication sciences, as well as marketing, in improving and broadening the performance of health and nutrition education is recognised. Some successful nutrition education projects, implemented in different regions, using various approaches, have managed to improve the nutrition situation of low-income groups and could be used as good examples to be followed. Recommendations for implementing nutrition education projects or activities need to consider some prerequisites, such as good knowledge and analysis of the nutrition situation, careful selection of the strategies and methods, careful planning and implementation, and clear definition of the procedures and instruments for follow-up and evaluation.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

[Role of hygienic science in controlling overall and occupational morbidity].

Hygiene as a science of man still faces some responsible tasks. Their solution requires the provision of broad, constructive complexity between the separate hygienic branches with constant increase of hygienic knowledge and expansion of the potentialities for scientific-practical implementation. However, at the present stage, the creative application of the hygienic-prophylactic approach is necessary, as well as of the clinical sciences and their introduction into the elaboration of measures for morbidity rate reduction (morbidity rate with temporary incapacity for work including). The complex research work of MA in collaboration with the health organs of MC "Kremikovzi", etc. could serve as good examples. A decisive precondition, in the campaign against the occupational diseases, is the determination of the actual number and dynamically changed structure in occupational pathology, as well as their incomplete registration. The present and future prospective tasks of hygienic science are determined of the base of the analysis of the conditions of life, work and training under socialist reconstruction of our economy.

Bulgaria↗

PubMed2001

Translating heart failure guidelines into clinical practice: clinical science and the art of medicine.

The rapid growth of medical knowledge during the past few decades has created many potential advances in the therapeutics of chronic disease, and cardiovascular disease has been at the center of this phenomenon. Translation of these advances into everyday care of patients with chronic disease continues to be problematic. Guideline development has emerged as a major strategy to improve utilization of new and existing therapeutic modalities of proven benefit. To be effective, practice guidelines must not only clearly delineate which therapies are efficacious, but also consider the many practical aspects necessary for implementation of specific therapeutics in the actual care of patients. In this way, both the art and the science of medicine can be employed to obtain better patient outcomes in cardiovascular diseases long associated with severe mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. This review examines the difficulties inherent in translating new advances into standards of care. The recent guideline process for a specific chronic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, is used for illustration of the translation process.

Art↗

PubMed1991

Quality circles in the public health sector: implementation and effect.

Although the quality circle (QC) process has been used in health care, there is a conspicuous gap in the literature about its use in community health nursing. The purpose of this service/education project was to implement QCs in the public health nursing sector throughout a southern central state. The major objective was to provide QC training to approximately 250 supervisors and staff nurses so that this participative group problem-solving approach might be used as a systematic method of dealing with concerns related to quality of care. Evaluation tools, such as the Science Research Associates' attitude scale and the quality management maturity index, were used to determine whether or not the implementation of the QC program influenced the level of morale and quality management maturity. The data obtained reflected positive changes and favorable supervisory responses.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed1994

Knowledge, attitudes and practice in regard to AIDS: the case of social science students at the University of Bophuthatswana.

The necessity of AIDS educational campaigns is to reduce the spread of HIV infection by changing attitudes and practices related to high-risk behaviours. However, before such programmes are implemented a needs assessment should be conducted. This includes the existing knowledge and attitudes and sexual practices of the specific risk-group. In this study the risk-group were social science students at the University of Bophuthatswana. The majority of the respondents showed a general knowledge about AIDS in terms of its main symptoms, common modes of transmission and the non-availability of a cure. They, however, expressed the need for more information about AIDS. Lack of enough knowledge was shown by their negative attitudes towards those who had already contracted the disease and the number of sexual partners they had. Furthermore, despite the realization of the necessity to use condoms during sexual intercourse, the majority of them did not use them. The study also revealed the minimal role parents, teachers and lecturers play in the dissemination of information about AIDS. The findings call for more AIDS educational programmes to clear away misconceptions about the transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus; and the need to involve parents, schools and universities actively in the dissemination of information about AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Functional health pattern assessment on-line. Lessons learned.

Assessment of patient care needs is the foundation for planning patient care and documenting the nursing process to enhance the nurse's ability to coordinate care, plan discharges effectively, and provide appropriate patient/family education. An on-line assessment module in the hospital clinical information system was implemented. This module uses Gordon's Functional Health Pattern Assessment as the foundation for the professional nursing documentation system in this academic, health science center. The article provides a description of the design of the pathways for the on-line assessment, analysis of the design, benefits of using the on-line assessment, and lessons learned from the design and implementation of the pathways.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1998

Implementation of organizational practices to protect information in health organizations.

In March of 1997, the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences issued the report, "For the Record: Protecting Electronic Health Information." In its report, the Council recommended both technical and organizational practices to protect electronic health information. At the time the report was issued, Vanderbilt University Medical Center was deeply immersed in the development of organizational practices consistent with the Council's recommendations. We agreed that the recommended technical and organizational practices are important for protecting other information types in addition to health information, and that they suggest appropriate practices for non-electronic information, as well. In this paper, we focus on our process for developing and implementing the seven organizational practices recommended for immediate implementation.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2000

A model for educating humanistic physicians in the 21st century: the new medicine, patient, and society course at Tel Aviv University.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the social and behavioral sciences on medical education has often been limited due to a variety of organizational, curricular and professional barriers. The new "Medicine, Patient, and Society (MPS)" program in Tel Aviv attempts to rectify this educational shortcoming by exploring new ways to help students acquire the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for becoming humanistic physicians and for helping patients (and themselves) adopt healthy behaviors. To work toward this goal, this program integrates the biomedical and psychosocial aspects of health care, providing developmentally appropriate learning experiences according to levels of training, together with a variety of educational methods, including learner-centered approaches. OBJECTIVES: To implement and evaluate the MPS pilot program. METHODS: The MPS program uses a "seamless" model of behavioral science education. This integrated curriculum interweaves several elements: behavioral science topics (presented through multiple approaches), clinical experiences, practical medical skills, and an independent project. During the program's first year there is a strong focus on "health" rather than "disease," with activities designed to encourage healthy behaviors, including smoking cessation, stress management, birth control, AIDS education, life cycle and preventive health services. Assessment of the pilot for first-year students included standardized questionnaires, student focus groups, participant observation of educational activities, and committee feedback. RESULTS: Students' quantitative evaluations indicated high levels of satisfaction with the MPS program, but their qualitative evaluations revealed some concerns. Participant observations and focus groups added unexpected insights. Student concerns included performance fears, difficulties with "learner-centered" education, and incompatibilities between more traditional first-year courses and the MPS program. Long-term follow-up will be needed to determine the impact of this emphasis on health during the first year. We assume it serves as a helpful foundation for students before they focus on disease and its sequelae in their later years.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

The attitudes of religious, environmental, and science policy leaders toward biotechnology.

Biotechnology is an increasingly visible and important item on the national science policy agenda. With growing corporate and governmental funding, basic research in recombinant DNA and related technologies is expanding rapidly. In a parallel and related process, new agricultural, medical, and other applications are being developed and a growing list of genetically-engineered products is ready for field testing and market distribution. In the months and years ahead, the flow of genetically-engineered products into the marketplace and the media coverage related to those new products will increase the public's awareness of biotechnology. In addition, it is possible that some public policy debate will occur over the issue of field testing new genetically-engineered materials. Media coverage of this type of controversy will also heighten awareness and influence the aggregate level of public awareness of biotechnology. The prospect of a public debate or controversy over any biotechnology issue illustrates a fundamental problem in the formulation of science policy within a democratic political system. The processes and techniques involved in genetic engineering and complex and require some level of scientific background knowledge. A 1979 study found that only seven per cent of American adults met a minimal definition of scientific literacy. It is clear that the current levels of public awareness and knowledge about biotechnology will not allow a public policy debate similar to those associated with controversies involving Social Security or gasoline prices. How, then, does a democratic society establish public policies on advanced technical issues like biotechnology? This report will outline a model of policy formulation for specialized issues and describe the results of a national study of relevant policy leaders concerning biotechnology. To understand the formulation of public policy toward biotechnology, it is necessary to focus on the role of the policy leaders in a stratified model. In general, when there is agreement on a given policy between the decision-makers and the policy leaders, the policy is implemented and there is no wider involvement in the policy formulation process. A large number of science and technology policy issues have been handled in this manner in the decades since the Second World War and it is likely that most science policy matters will continue to be resolved directly between policy leaders and decision-makers. Looking at the general science policy formulation process, it is clear that policy leaders are an important component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Attitude↗