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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effect of proteins, phytates, ascorbic acid and citric acid on dialysability of calcium, iron, zinc and copper in soy-based infant formulas.

The possible effect of ascorbic acid, citric acid, proteins and phytate on dialysability of Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu in soy-based infant formulas is studied, taking dialysability as a measure of the amount of element available for absorption. Different dialysis percentages for similar element contents in different formulas are found. A regression analysis was applied between Ca, Zn, Cu and Fe dialysis percentages and soy-based formula components to estimate the possible influence of the latter on the dialysability of the elements. Significant correlations were found between citric acid contents and dialysability of Zn and Fe. No correlations were found between protein, ascorbic acid and phytic acid contents and the dialysis percentages of the four minerals. However, we must to point out that the range of protein contents was narrow and the ascorbic acid: iron ratio was high in our formulas.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1996

The determination of choline in vitamin preparations, infant formula and selected foods by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet detection.

A method for the determination of choline in vitamin preparations, infant formula and selected foods by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect ultra-violet detection at 214 nm is described. the "free" choline in the vitamin preparations was simply extracted with water, the solutions filtered and analysed. The "free" and"bound" choline in the other products was extracted with methanol. The near dry extract was then treated with hot saturated aqueous calcium hydroxide to hydrolyse the "bound" choline before analysis. A 75 cm x 75 microns uncoated fused silica capillary column with an electrolyte consisting of 5 mM 1-methylimidazole, pH 4.5, and an operating voltage of 30 kV was used for all of the determinations. Using these conditions, choline migrates in less than 3 min and is well separated from the other components in the electropherograms. The tetramethylammonium ion was used as the internal standard. The instrument repeatability data for area calculation and migration time variation were good (coefficient of variation, CV, area calculation 1.4%, n = 10; CV for migration time variation 1.0%, n = 20). The level of detection for choline using this procedure is 5 mg/100 g.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are the stool characteristics of preterm infants affected by infant formulas?

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the type of formula consumed and the stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of preterm infants prospectively. Seventy-five preterm infants weighing < 2000 g in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were investigated. Four groups of 15 each were fed one of four commercial formula preparations (Prematil, Neonatal, Humana-0 and S-26) and the fifth group was breast-fed in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. The stool characteristics and gastrointestinal problems were recorded daily from the first day till the time they were discharged by the nurses of NICU. No significant differences of daily weight gain was observed between the groups. No significant difference was observed in daily frequency of stool, distention, vomiting and gas passage between the groups during the enteral + parenteral and full-enteral nutrition periods. The infants fed by Prematil during the enteral + parenteral nutrition period had a higher percentage of hard stool occurrence than infants receiving Humana-0 and breast milk. In the full-enteral nutrition period, infants receiving Prematil had a higher percentage of hard stool occurrence than all the other groups, whereas breast-fed infants had a lower percentage of hard stool than all the other groups. While the group fed with Humana-0 had a higher percentage of green stool occurrence in the enteral + parenteral nutrition period, no significant difference was observed in the full-enteral nutrition period. In the enteral + parenteral nutrition period no additional therapy affected stool characteristics or the gastrointestinal system except in the case of the infant receiving phototherapy for whom the daily number of detections was significantly high. In this study, it was shown that the color and consistency of stool in preterm infant differs according to the preterm infant formulas, but no differences were observed in the frequency of defecation or in gastrointestinal system problems. When the infant formulas were compared with breast milk, it was shown that they cause a higher percentage of hard stool occurrence. An increased number of formula feedings are necessary to obtain a similar daily weight gain, but the color and the frequency of the stool and the gastrointestinal system problems were similar for breast-fed and formula-fed infants.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1991

Quantitative determination of linoleic acid in infant formulas.

The aim of this paper is to develop a gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of linoleic acid in adapted, preterm, follow-up and special infant formulas. For sample preparation, lipids were extracted with a Soxhlet extractor after acid hydrolysis, and methyl esters of fatty acids were prepared in a sealed vial with hydrochloric acid in methyl alcohol and analysed using a packed polar column (SP 2330). Triheptadecanoin was chosen as internal standard. The method yielded reliable and repeatable results for all the examined formulas.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1983

Zinc absorption from human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas.

Zinc absorption from 450 mL of human milk, cow's milk, humanized cow's milk formula, cereal-cow's milk formula, and soy formula was determined in healthy adults. The milks and formulas were extrinsically labeled with zinc chloride Zn 65 and the absorption was determined from measurement of the whole-body retention of the isotope. The zinc content of the formulas was comparable to or higher than that of human milk. Absorption of zinc was 41% +/- 9% from human milk and 28% +/- 15% from cow's milk. Absorption was 31% +/- 7% from the humanized cow's milk formula, 22% +/- 11% from the cereal-cow's milk formula, and 14% +/- 4% from the soy formula. These results indicate that, with the present levels of zinc supplementation, the amount of zinc absorbed from infant formulas is considerably lower than that absorbed from human milk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of choline in milk and infant formulas by enzymatic analysis: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted on a coupled enzymatic-spectrophotometric method for the determination of choline in infant formula and milk powders. Twenty-nine laboratories participated in the analysis of 8 blind duplicates over the range of 45-175 micrograms/100 g sample. After the combined acid hydrolysis-phospholipase release of choline, incubation with choline oxidase in the presence of peroxidase and phenol generates a quinoneimine chromophore with 4-aminoantipyrine. Following raw data screening, overall mean RSDR was estimated at 5.14% (range, 4.26-6.34%) with a HORRAT value of 0.91 (range, 0.76-1.00) and an overall mean RSDr:RSDR value of 0.53 (range, 0.42-0.74). The method was also compared with alternative independent analytical techniques for several of the collaborative study samples.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of biotin and folate in infant formula and milk by optical biosensor-based immunoassay.

Biomolecular interaction analysis was evaluated for the automated analysis of biotin- and folate-supplemented infant formulas and milk powders. The technique was configured as a biosensor-based, nonlabeled inhibition immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies raised against analyte-conjugate. Sample extraction conditions were optimized and antibodies were evaluated for cross-reactivity. Performance parameters included a quantitation range of 2-70 ng/mL, recoveries of 86-102%, agreement against assigned reference values for National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1846, between-laboratory reproducibility relative standard deviation of 9.1% for biotin and 8.1% for folate, respectively, and equivalence against reference microbiological assay methods for both analytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Determination of free myo-inositol in milk and infant formula by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of supplemental myo-inositol in infant formulas based on cows' milk. The technique incorporates pre-column derivatization with phenylisocyanate followed by reversed-phase gradient chromatography and ultraviolet detection. The protocol was also applied to a survey of free inositol at endogenous levels in the milk of cows, goats and humans. Nutritional preparations containing inositol at pharmacological levels are also amenable to a simplified isocratic analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of gravimetry and hydrolysis/derivatization/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of fat from standard reference infant formula powder using supercritical fluid extraction.

This paper describes a comparative study of the gravimetric versus hydrolysis/derivatization/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of fat in infant formula. Fat was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide modified with a small amount of ethanol, the extract was weighed, and the total fat was determined gravimetrically. Subsequently, another sample of the supercritical fluid fat extract was hydrolyzed to yield free fatty acids, which were converted to their methyl ester derivatives (FAMEs). Quantification was performed by GC-MS. NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM-1846) was used to validate both fat determination methods. Results showed that the gravimetric average percent fat was 26.86%, whereas the GC-MS method yielded 24.64%. Some peaks were detected in the ion chromatogram from the GC-MS that were identified as nonfatty acids such as aldehydes, which may account for the higher percentage fat measured as weight of extract rather than measured as FAMEs expressed as triglycerides.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2002

Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula--Tennessee, 2001.

Enterobacter sakazakii, a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, is a rare cause of invasive infection with high death rates in neonates. This report summarizes the investigation of a fatal infection associated with E. sakazakii in a hospitalized neonate, which indicated that the infection was associated with the presence of the organism in commercial powdered formula fed to the infant. The implicated batch of formula has been recalled by the manufacturer. Clinicians should be aware of the potential risk for infection from use of nonsterile enteral formula in the neonatal health-care setting.

Enterobacter↗
PubMed1999

In vivo and in vitro studies on the residual allergenicity of partially hydrolysed infant formulae.

AIM: Because allergen-reduced formulae are widely used in the prevention and treatment of cow's milk allergy in children and because anaphylactic reactions have been reported for some hydrolysed formulae, it is of clinical relevance to know about the residual allergenicity of so-called hypoallergenic formulae. METHOD: We therefore studied the reactions of 20 children (mean age 1.6 years) with proven cow's milk allergy to a variety of formulae, using skin prick test, specific IgE in serum, protein content and RAST inhibition. RESULTS: Whereas all but two children with a clinically relevant cow's milk allergy had a positive skin prick test to cow's milk, some children still showed positive responses to the partially hydrolysed formulae. No child had a positive skin test to the amino acid formula. Specific IgE to the partially hydrolysed whey formula (median 0.28 U/ml) was significantly lower (p < 0.003) than to cow's milk. Specific IgE to the partially hydrolysed whey/casein formula, soy/pork collagen hydrolysate and the amino acid formula was in a low range (median values 0.19, 0.23 and 0.21 U/ml, respectively). While determination of the protein content of the formulae gave no valid information, RAST/EAST inhibition was highest for cow's milk, followed by the partially hydrolysed whey formula, partially hydrolysed whey/casein formula, soy/pork collagen formula, and the amino acid formula. CONCLUSION: Skin prick test and RAST inhibition test are suitable methods for determining the residual allergenicity of hydrolysed infant formulae, while determination of protein content using the applied modified Lowry method is not helpful.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of vitamin K1 in powdered infant formulas, using supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is extracted from commercial soy protein-based and milk-based powdered infant formulas by using supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 at 8000 psi and 60 degrees C. Quantitative extraction requires only 15 min, and does not suffer from the problems associated with conventional solvent extraction of lipophilic materials from media such as formulas. Vitamin K1 is determined in the extracts by using reverse-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with reductive mode electrochemical detection at a silver electrode polarized at -1.1 V vs SCE. LC run time is 9 min. The minimum detectable quantity is 80 pg, and response is linear over at least 5 orders of magnitude. Recovery of vitamin K1 from a milk-based powdered formula was 95.6% with RSD of 7.4%, and from a soy protein-based product, 94.4% recovery with RSD of 6.5%.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1985

Protein-lipid interactions in concentrated infant formula.

Radiolabeled milk proteins ([carbon-14] beta-lactoglobulin or [carbon-14] kappa-casein) were added to raw skim milk used to prepare concentrated humanized infant formula. Ultracentrifugation of the sterilized product allowed separation of three fractions: lipids and the proteins associated with them; free casein micelles and other dense particles; and the fluid phase. Distribution of radiolabeled tracer proteins or of protein measured by chemical methods among these three phases varied significantly with differences in processing conditions (time and temperature of sterilization) or amount of certain additives (potassium hydroxide or urea). In the range of 0 to 8 meq/L of potassium hydroxide added to the formula after homogenization but before sterilization, the lipid layer content of carbon-14 from [carbon-14] kappa-casein in the sterilized product decreased by 4.7% for each 1 meq/L of added potassium hydroxide. Lipid layer content of protein decreased by 2 g/L (of a total of 32 g/L) for each 1 meq/L potassium hydroxide. Such differences in the structure of the product, related to interactions of protein with lipid, protein, or calcium phosphate, may correlate with physical properties and stability of milk-based lipid-rich products.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

Upper limit of iodine in infant formulas.

Iodine is the rate-limiting substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid gland and must be available in threshold amounts to prevent goiter and hypothyroidism. Because excess iodine can inhibit thyroxine synthesis, an upper limit of iodine in infant formulas of 75 microg/100 kcal was proposed by the Food and Drug Administration in 1985. Review of recent studies of iodine physiology in infants and iodine content of milk suggests that a safe upper limit of iodine intake by normal, term infants should not exceed 100 microg/kg body wt daily. Given this limit and assuming the total intake of iodine to be derived from formula, the recommendation of 1985 still seems reasonable.

Female↗
PubMed1995

[Infant formula follow-up: an update].

The work presents and comments on, the recommendations of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, European Communities Commission and FAO/WHO regarding the composition of infant formulae and follow-up formulae. The survey is aimed at facilitating selection of adequate formula's out of their abundance on the Polish market.

Food, Formulated↗