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PubMed1976

The communication of suicidal intent. A reexamination.

Verbal expressions and nonverbal indicators of suicidal intent have been frequently regarded as pleas for rescue and help. We investigated the clinical and empirical significance of verbalizations of suicidal ideas, putting one's affairs in order, and previous suicide attempts as forms of "communication of suicidal intent." The patient sample consisted of 211 suicide attempters: 71 "communicators" and 140 "noncommunicators." The results indicated the following: (1) there is no clear evidence that verbal communication, final acts, and previous suicide attempts are justifiably labeled together as ways of communicating suicidal intent; (2) prior verbalization of suicidal ideation or intent bears little relationship to the extent of the wish to die experienced at the time of the suicide attempt; and (3) "talking" or "not talking" about suicidal plans may be a manifestation of personal style rather than an index of despair or hidden motives.

Communication↗

PubMed1997

Breastfeeding intention and outcome: a test of the theory of planned behavior.

Causal modeling was used to test the hypotheses of the theory of planned behavior for the prediction of prenatal breastfeeding intentions and postpartum breastfeeding outcomes with 135 childbearing women. In support of the theory, prenatal breastfeeding attitudes and perceived behavioral control predicted breastfeeding intentions (R2 = 23); however, the subjective norm variable failed to meet statistical criteria for model entry. Breastfeeding intentions weakly predicted duration of breastfeeding up to 6 weeks postpartum (R2 = .04). No additional empirically suggested prenatal and postpartum variables increased the explanatory power of the model in predicting breastfeeding intentions and duration. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Critical care nurses' intent to stay in their positions.

The purpose of this study was to build upon earlier research into the relationships among locus of control, organizational unit structure, job satisfaction, and registered nurses' intentions to remain in their positions. The data were collected by a questionnaire from 214 registered nurses from adult critical care units within 12 hospitals in two Midwestern cities. The best predictor of intent to stay was satisfaction with work activities (R = .43, p less than or equal to .05). Satisfaction with job remuneration, lower level of nursing education, and less intent to continue work toward a advanced degree or to do work-related educational activities also contributed to intent to stay on the job (R = .52, p less than or equal to .05).

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Mode of acquiring AIDS and nurses' intention to provide care.

The intention of 322 staff nurses to provide care to male patients who acquired AIDS either through sexual activity with males, sexual activity with females, sharing needles, or a blood transfusion was examined. For each mode of acquiring AIDS, respondents indicated their intent to perform 11 care-giving behaviors, whether they were comfortable performing the behaviors, and if they felt in danger by performing the behaviors. No statistically significant differences related to mode of acquiring AIDS were found in nurses' intention to provide care. Comfort was the only significant predictor of intent to provide care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1995

Family resemblance in beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards consumption of 20 foods; a study among three generations of women.

Family resemblance in beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards the consumption of 20 foods that contribute to the fat intake was investigated in 97 adult women, their mothers and their grandmothers. Mean correlation for elements from the Fishbein and Ajzen theory of reasoned action between younger and middle generations ranged from 0.09 to 0.17 and between middle and older generations from 0.12 to 0.17. All significant correlations were positive. More statistically significant correlations were found for liking attitudes between the younger and middle generations (p < 0.05 for ten out of 20 correlations) than for other pairs. Between the older and younger generation the number of significant correlations could be due to chance alone. From the relative importance of liking and good/bad attitude on intention it appeared that liking contributed the most to the variance in intention scores. Health related beliefs and attitudes became of increasing importance in the older generations. From this study it can be concluded that mothers and their adult daughters resemble each other in beliefs, food preferences, attitudes and intentions, although resemblance is poor.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Predicting the intent to purchase unfamiliar and familiar cheeses: the effects of attitudes, expected liking and food neophobia.

The attitude model of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) has been applied mainly to predicting the choice of familiar foods; however, the choice of unfamiliar foods may be governed by distinct factors. In the present study, 92 females rated their attitudes and subjective norms about the purchase intentions of two familiar and two unfamiliar cheeses, and the expected and actual pleasantness of them. They also completed the food neophobia scale, which measures the tendency to avoid novel foods. Neophobic persons rated the attitudes and expected and actual taste pleasantness lower than neophilics for all cheeses, except for the most familiar, mild cheese. This suggests that food neophobia also indicates the tendency not only to avoid, but also to dislike novel foods. Before tasting, attitudes and subjective norms together predicted the intent to purchase familiar cheeses better (R2=0.54 and 0.58) than for novel cheeses (R2=0.24 and 0.35); thus, the basic TRA model was not as useful in predicting intent to purchase unfamiliar as familiar cheeses. The predictions especially for the novel cheeses were clearly improved by including expected pleasantness ratings in the model. The usefulness of the food neophobia score as an additional predictor was not clearly supported. Attitudes and subjective norms measured before tasting were poor predictors of purchase intents after tasting, which implies the importance of taste and direct product experience in food choice.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Exposure to violence and intentions to engage in moralistic violence during early adolescence.

This study examined young adolescents'intentions to use moralistic violence and their violence exposure, examining male-female differences. Sixth-grade students (n=702) from Georgia middle schools servicing impoverished communities participated. Data were obtained on the students' exposure to violence, family structure and education level, church attendance, gang interest, drug use, and depression status. The dependent variable, intention to use moralistic violence, was measured with an 11-item scale. Linear regression models were run separately for males and females. Males had significantly higher mean intention to use moralistic violence than females (p=0.002). Males reported being exposed to violence more than females, but exposure decreased as attendance to religious services increased. For these 11-12-year-olds, unconventional peer social norms, such as witnessing violence, increased their intention to use violence while involvement in conventional activities, such as church attendance, decreased it. The protective effect was greater for males than females.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1999

The inheritance of desired characteristics: Children's view of the role of intention in parent-offspring resemblance.

Two studies examined children's beliefs about maternal intention as a mechanism for trait inheritance. In Study 1, 42 preschool-aged (4 to 5 years old) children and 81 adults were shown pictures of adult women (mothers) and were asked to identify their daughters. In the critical condition participants were asked to choose between a girl who shared an attribute with the mother and a girl who had the attribute desired by the mother. Trait types included physically heritable traits, nonheritable traits, and beliefs. Results from this study suggest that preschoolers do believe that maternal intention plays a role in the inheritance of physical traits. Study 2 was designed to determine whether preschoolers recognize limits on both the efficacy and the timing of maternal intention. Results suggest that children see some properties as outside of maternal control. Further, they do seem to see maternal intentions as operating prior to birth. One finding of these studies is that preschoolers may not have strong intuitions that offspring will resemble their parents. In addition, children seem to have different intuitions about the mechanisms of inheritance than do adults.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2000

A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task.

Several authors have demonstrated that theory of mind is associated with a cerebral pattern of activity involving the medial prefrontal cortex. This study was designed to determine the cerebral regions activated during attribution of intention to others, a task which requires theory-of-mind skills. Eight healthy subjects performed three nonverbal tasks using comic strips while PET scanning was performed. One condition required subjects to attribute intentions to the characters of the comic strips. The other two conditions involved only physical logic and knowledge about objects' properties: one condition involved characters, whereas the other only represented objects. The comparison of the attribution of intention condition with the physical logic with characters condition was associated with rCBF increases in the right middle and medial prefrontal cortex including Brodmann's area (BA) 9, the right inferior prefrontal cortex (BA 47), the right inferior temporal gyrus (BA 20), the left superior temporal gyrus (BA 38), the left cerebellum, the bilateral anterior cingulate, and the middle temporal gyri (BA 21). The comparison of the physical logic with characters condition and the physical logic without characters condition showed the activation of the lingual gyri (BA 17, 18, 19), the fusiform gyri (BA 37), the middle (BA 21) and superior (BA 22, 38) temporal gyri on both sides, and the posterior cingulate. These data suggest that attribution of intentions to others is associated with a complex cerebral activity involving the right medial prefrontal cortex when a nonverbal task is used. The laterality of this function is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of intention to quit smoking among Dutch employees: the influence of the social environment.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the influence of the social environment in worksites on employees' intention to quit smoking by applying the attitude-social influence-efficacy model. METHODS: Regression analyses were conducted with 509 smoking employees from eight Dutch worksites. Variables of interest were attitudes toward smoking, perceived social pressure to quit, perceived smoking behavior of others, self-efficacy, demographics, smoking history variables, company type, and smoking tolerance. RESULTS: Attitude, social pressure from people out-side the worksetting (partner, children), and self-efficacy explained 23% of the variance for intention. Past behavior increased the adjusted R2 from 0.23 to 0.29. Social influences in the worksite were unrelated to employees' intention to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that, in Dutch work-sites, social influences stemming from people at work have less influence on employees' intention to quit smoking than other important people outside the work situation. Implications for smoking control strategies in worksites are briefly discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of state legislators' intentions to vote for cigarette tax increases.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed influences on state legislators' decisions about cigarette tax increase votes using a research strategy based on political science and social-psychological models. METHODS: Legislators from three states representing a spectrum of tobacco interests participated in personal interviews concerned with tobacco control legislation (n = 444). Measures of potential predictors of voting intention were based on the consensus model of legislative decision-making and the theory of planned behavior. Multiple logistic regression methods were used to identify social-psychological and other predictors of intention to vote for cigarette tax increases. RESULTS: General attitudes and norms concerning cigarette tax increases predicted legislators' intention to vote for cigarette tax increases. More specific predictors included perceptions of public health impact and retail sales impact of cigarette tax increases. Constituent pressure was the strongest perceived social influence. Political party and state also were strong predictors of intention. Results were consistent with related research based on political science models. CONCLUSIONS: Legislators' votes on cigarette tax increases may be influenced by their perceptions of positive and negative outcomes of a cigarette tax increase and by perceived constituent pressures. This research model provides useful insights for theory and practice and should be refined in future tobacco control research.

Female↗

PubMed1990

Behaviors, beliefs, and intentions in skin cancer prevention.

This study investigated knowledge, behaviors, and health beliefs of Australian university students (n = 312) regarding skin cancers and evaluated the effects of videotaped presentations. Students' knowledge and health beliefs were assessed, and they then viewed either an informational video, an emotionally involving video, or a control video. Knowledge and beliefs were assessed immediately and 10 weeks later. Postvideo skin protection intentions increased significantly from prevideo assessment among the two intervention groups compared to the controls. Maintenance of skin protection intentions was higher with the emotional video. Health belief variables, particularly perceived barriers, were significant predictors of knowledge, intention, and behavior. However, other variables such as skin type and previous experience with skin cancer were more important. Females had greater knowledge and stronger intentions to prevent skin cancer than males but reported fewer high-risk behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The impact of physical fitness and health-age appraisal upon exercise intentions and behavior.

This study investigated the relative and combined effectiveness of the Canadian Home Fitness Test (CHFT) and Health Hazard Appraisal (HHA) to modify (1) intention to exercise with and without knowledge of the results and (2) intention and behavior to exercise over 3 months. The 200 subjects were randomly attributed to groups, either (1) physical-fitness evaluation (PF), (2) appraised health age (HA), (3) physical-fitness evaluation and health-hazard appraisal (PF-HA), or (4) control (C). The immediate impact on the intention to exercise of passing one and/or the other tests, without knowledge of the results, was not significant. With knowledge of the results, the intentions of the PF and PF-HA groups differed from those of the C group. This effect disappeared after 3 months. There was no significant impact on exercise behavior over 3 months. The results indicated a short-term motivational effect from being informed of CHFT results. Maintaining this effect might require intervention on a long-term basis.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Influences of intentionality at encoding and retrieval on memory in adulthood and old age.

This research investigated whether different memory functions are differentially affected by the adult aging process. Four groups of normal adults (18-35, 60-68, 69-78, and 79-91 years of age) were presented with a set of pictures of faces with first names and surnames. Subjects were instructed to memorize the faces and the surnames for subsequent memory tests. Memory performance was assessed in four ways: stem completion of surnames; recognition of faces; recognition of surnames and recognition of first names. These memory tests varied in terms of intentionality at encoding and retrieval. The stem completion task involved intention at encoding, but not at retrieval, and thus served as a measure of implicit memory. With respect to the three explicit memory tasks, recognition of faces and surnames involved intention at both encoding and retrieval, whereas recognition of first names involved intention at retrieval, but not at encoding. Results indicated no age-related differences in implicit memory, as assessed by the stem completion test. In addition, there was an age-related deficit in recognition of faces and surnames, although there were no age-related differences in recognition of first names. The overall pattern of results suggests that age-related deficits in memory may be most likely to occur when there are demands of conscious mental activity at encoding and retrieval.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Classification and predictive quality of the "suicide intent" marker in parasuicides. A cluster analytic study].

The aim of the study was to investigate the discriminant and predictive quality of "suicide intent" (SIS) in relation to motives for deliberate self-harm (DSH). Cluster analysis was performed in a sample of 137 inpatients admitted to a psychiatric hospital after a DSH episode. Six different subgroups were isolated. The hypothesis was tested that the six groups would reveal distinct patterns of motives and different patterns of repeated DSH episodes during a 12-month observation period. Results indicated that one high-risk group for completed suicide was characterized by the highest death intention and remarkably low interpersonal motives. Two further groups were labeled as "moderate" risk groups. Two groups were found to be characterized by low suicide intent with prevailing patterns of distinct interpersonal oriented motives (manipulative vs appellative), whereas one group revealed an ambiguous motive structure reflecting death orientation and interpersonal motives. The DSH repetition rates were found to be significantly different between certain subgroups. The study results support the assumption that DSH patients represent heterogeneous populations with regard to suicide intent, motives, and the repetition of deliberate self-harm.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Evil intent and design responsibility.

Mass casualty attacks in recent years have demonstrated the need to include "evil intent" as a design consideration. Three recent actual or potential weapons of mass destruction (WMD) attacks did not involve nuclear bombs or other devices designed as weapons, but rather benign objects used with evil intent. Just as unplanned events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, and user misuse have been codified into design requirements based on the likelihood and potential impact of the event, "evil intent" has to become part of the design process for buildings, vehicles, equipment, and other items. The endstate should be reasonable additions to existing codes and standards such that it is clear what is and is not designed for. In the absence of specific design guidance, professionals with appropriate expertise can assess potential for "evil intent" and provide recommendations to design out or warn against this potential harm to public safety, particularly when codified requirements are not present.

Facility Design and Construction↗

PubMed1995

Taking the intentional stance at 12 months of age.

This paper reports a habituation study indicating that 12-month-old infants can take the "intentional stance" in interpreting the goal-directed spatial behavior of a rational agent. First, we examine previous empirical claims suggesting that the ability to attribute intentions to others emerges during the second half of the first year. It is argued that neither the perceptual evidence (concerning the early ability to discriminate agents), nor the behavioral data (indicating the use of communicative gestures for instrumental purposes) are sufficient to support such claims about the early appearance of a theory of mind, as there are alternative explanations for these phenomena in terms of simpler psychological processes. It is then suggested that to show that an infant indeed attributes an intention to interpret the goal-directed behavior of a rational agent, one needs to demonstrate that the baby can generate an expectation about the most rational future means action that the agent will perform in a new situation to achieve its goal. We then describe a visual habituation study that meets this requirement. The results demonstrate that based on the equifinal structure of an agent's spatial behavior, 12-month-old infants can identify the agent's goal and interpret its actions causally in relation to it. Furthermore, our study indicates that infants of this age are able to evaluate the rationality of the agent's goal-directed actions, which is a necessary requirement for applying the intentional stance. In closing, we discuss some of the theoretical and methodological implications of our study.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1976

Non-hypertrophic familial neuropathy associated with intention tremor. A variety of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

A family with an association of sensorimotor neuropathy and intention tremor is reported. Clinical examination of 3 affected family members showed in varying degrees areflexia, muscle wasting, impairment of deep sensation with an ataxic gait, pes cavus and disabling intention tremor. Motor nerve conduction velocities were moderately slowed. A superficial peroneal nerve biopsy showed axonal degeneration without segmental demyelination or onion bulb formation. Our observation seems to indicate an association of intention tremor with the non-hypertrophic variety of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. It can therefore be suggested that the two classical types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome possess variants which are associated with intention tremor. This association is well-known for the hypertrophic type; our report gives an example of the non-hypertrophic type.

Adult↗