SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Library Collection Development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking.

Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26% of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed2004

Additional bedtime H2-receptor antagonist for the control of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough.

BACKGROUND: Nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough(NAB) is defined as intragastric pH<4 for more than one continuous hour overnight. Adding H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs)at bedtime to high-dose proton pump inhibitors is likely to enhance nocturnal gastric pH control and decrease nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of additional bedtime H2-receptor antagonists in suppressing nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough and the incidence of adverse effects. SEARCH STRATEGY: We identified eligible trials by searching The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2003), MEDLINE (1966-July 2003), EMBASE (1980-July 2003) and CINAHL (1982-July 2003). We re-ran the search on CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2004), and in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL in June 2004. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized controlled trials evaluating H2-receptor antagonists for the control of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data and recorded relevant information onto specially developed forms. One reviewer extracted data and a second reviewer checked data extraction. We have also double-checked data entry into RevMan. For binary outcomes, we expressed the impact of the intervention as relative risks, together with 95% confidence intervals. For scale-based outcomes, we used means and standard deviations to summarise the values in each group, provided the scale permitted sufficient values. We had intended to analyse such outcomes for the presence of skew, but the studies included were too limited to permit this. MAIN RESULTS: Two randomized crossover studies including 32 participants met the inclusion criteria. Because the design, dosage and duration of the treatment were different between the studies, it was not possible to conduct meta-analysis. There is no consistent conclusion between the two included studies in evaluating H2RAs for the control of NAB. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude no implications for practice at this stage. Appropriately designed, large-scale randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the effects of additional bedtime H2RAs in suppressing nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough.

Drug Administration Schedule↗

PubMed2004

Interaction of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with a resistant Brassica napus cultivar: expressed sequence tag analysis identifies genes associated with fungal pathogenesis.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a ubiquitous necrotrophic fungal pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of plants. To identify genes involved in fungal development and pathogenesis we generated 2232 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from two cDNA libraries constructed using either mycelia grown in pectin medium or tissues from infected Brassica napus stems. A total of 774 individual fungal genes were identified of which 39 were represented only among the infected plant EST collection. Annotation of 534 unigenes was possible following the categories applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Universal Gene Ontology scheme. cDNAs were identified that encoded potential pathogenicity factors including four endopolygalacturonases, two exopolygalacturonases, and several metabolite transporters. The potential role of these genes, as well as those encoding signal transduction factors, in the infection process is discussed.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1999

Combinatorial mixture synthesis and biological evaluation of dihydrophenyl triazine antifolates.

The traditional 'one-pot' three component synthesis was adapted successfully for combinatorial mixtures synthesis of dihydrophenyl triazines, which are nonclassical, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. Each library was designed to comprise eight reaction mixture pots and in every pot there were three dihydrophenyl triazines. A total of three libraries were synthesized and the final number of compounds harvested was 64. The products precipitated out of the reaction mixture and could be collected easily and cleansed by washing. Solid supports and further purification processes were not required. The reactions were monitored by TLC and a HPLC method was developed to determine the number of products in each pot. All 24 pots were screened for inhibitory activity against the rat liver DHFR. Two pots showed good inhibitory activity and the products in them were individually synthesized, characterized and biologically tested again. One lead compound was identified amongst all the compounds synthesized, and would be further optimized.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Applications of display technology in protein analysis.

Display technology refers to a collection of methods for creating libraries of modularly coded biomolecules that can be screened for desired properties. It has become a routine tool for enriching molecular diversity and producing novel types of proteins. The combination of an ever-increasing variety of libraries of modularly coded protein complexxes with the development of innovative approaches to select a wide array of desired properties has facilitated large-scale analyses of protein-protein/protein-substrate interactions, rapid isolation of antibodies (or antibody mimetics) without immunization, and function-based protein analysis. Several practical and theoretical challenges remain to be addressed before display technology can be readily applied to proteomic studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Profiling patterned transcripts in Drosophila embryos.

Here we describe a high-throughput screen to isolate transcripts with spatially restricted patterns of expression in early embryos. Our approach utilizes robotic automation for rapid analysis of sequence-selected cDNAs in a whole-mount in situ hybridization assay. We determined the spatial distribution of a random collection of 778 different genes from an embryonic cDNA library and show that a significant fraction of these exhibit patterned profiles of expression. In addition, gene ontology studies revealed groups of gene products exhibiting shared expression patterns, providing new insights into the largely overlooked effector molecules that function in development. As described in this paper, automated hybridization to whole-mount embryos in situ proved to be straightforward and provided us with a very powerful method for the global survey of gene expression in early embryos. From the perspective of biological significance, our finding that many spatially restricted transcripts correspond to loci encoding novel transcripts that have not been previously identified in nearly saturating genetic screens for maternal effect and zygotic lethals is particularly notable.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (I): blood flow, pH, thickness, and ultrasound echogenicity.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aging process has been studied with fervor recently, given our shifting demographics. Since age's effects are so manifest in skin's appearance, structure, mechanics, and barrier function, it is not surprising that much effort has been placed in research to better understand them. Quantitative measurements permitted by bioengineering have allowed us to objectively and precisely study aging skin. These overviews piece together the immense amounts of information that have emerged from recent technological advances in dermatological research in order to develop a unified understanding of the quantitative effects of age on the skin. METHODS: We performed a literature on age-related changes in blood flow, pH, skin thickness, and ultrasound imaging data, searching Pub-med, Em-Base, Science Citation Index, and the UCSF dermatological library's collection of books on the topic of aging skin. RESULTS: Despite the many tools and techniques available for quantitative analysis of skin, age studies are often conflicting, especially in the areas of blood flow and skin thickness. Trends indicate that blood flow may decrease with age, especially in sites exposed to the environment. pH apparently varies little until the age of 70, after which it declines. Skin thickness data are difficult to interpret; while the stratum corneum is generally accepted to maintain its thickness during aging, dermal, epidermal, and whole skin thickness changes are controversial. Ultrasound reveals the appearance of a subepidermal low echogenic band that thickens with age, especially in environmentally exposed areas. Some studies also indicate the presence of an echogenic band in the lower dermis which thins with increased age. However, the whole dermis appears to become more echogenic in elderly people. CONCLUSION: Much remains to be done if we are to reach consensus on the effects of age on skin structure and function. Future studies would be benefited by increased standardization of skin sites tested, methodology, and increased sample size.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (II): protein, glycosaminoglycan, water, and lipid content and structure.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aging process has been studied with fervor recently, given our shifting demographics. As age's effects are so manifest in the skin's appearance, structure, mechanics, and barrier function, it is not surprising that much effort has been made in research to better understand them. Quantitative measurements permitted by bioengineering have allowed us to objectively and precisely study aging skin. These overviews piece together the immense amounts of information that have emerged from recent technological advances in dermatological research in order to develop a unified understanding of the quantitative effects of age on skin. METHODS: We performed a literature search on age-related changes in protein, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), water, and lipid content and structure, searching Pub-med, Em-Base, Science Citation Index, and the UCSF dermatological library's collection of books on the topic of aging skin. RESULTS: Collagen becomes sparser and less soluble in intrinsically aged skin, but is thickened and more soluble in extrinsically aged areas. Elastin is degraded slowly and accumulates damage with intrinsic aging; also, increased synthesis of abnormally structured elastin occurs in photoexposed areas. This leads to an age-related accumulation of aberrant elastoic material, clumped in the papillary dermis. Generally, age leads to increased folding and decreased interaction of proteins with water. Also, despite increased GAGs in aged skin, these are abnormally deposited on the elastoic material and cannot interact properly with water. Hence, in aged skin, water is found in the tetrahedron form, bound to itself rather than other molecules. Lipid content appears to decrease with age, although the proportion of different lipid classes seems to remain fairly constant. CONCLUSION: Much work remains to be carried out to reach a consensus on the effects of age on skin structure and function. Future studies would be benefited by increased standardization of skin sites tested, methodology, and increased sample sizes.

Body Water↗

PubMed2000

Identification of vaccine candidates for experimental visceral leishmaniasis by immunization with sequential fractions of a cDNA expression library.

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani is a significant public health problem in many regions of the world. Because of its large genome and complex biology, developing a vaccine for this pathogen has proved to be a challenging task and, to date, protective recombinant vaccine candidates have not been identified. To tackle this difficult problem, we adopted a reductionist approach with the intention of identifying cDNA sequences in an L. donovani amastigote cDNA library that collectively or singly conferred protection against parasite challenge in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. We immunized BALB/c mice with plasmid DNA isolated and pooled from 15 cDNA sublibraries ( approximately 2,000 cDNAs/sublibrary). Following systemic challenge with L. donovani, mice immunized with 6 of these 15 sublibraries showed a significantly reduced (35- to 1,000-fold) hepatic parasite burden. Because of the complexity and magnitude of the sequential fractionation-immunization-challenge approach, we restricted our attention to the two sublibraries that conferred the greatest in vivo protection. From one of these two sublibraries, we identified several groups of cDNAs that afforded protection, including a set of nine novel cDNAs and, surprisingly, a group of five cDNAs that encoded L. donovani histone proteins. At each fractionation step, the cDNA sublibraries or the smaller DNA fractions that afforded in vivo protection against the parasite also induced in vitro parasite-specific T helper 1 immune responses. Our studies demonstrate that immunization with sequential fractions of a cDNA library is a powerful strategy for identifying anti-infective vaccine candidates.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Efficient optimization strategy for marginal hits active against abl tyrosine kinases.

Primary high-throughput screening of commercially available small molecules collections often results in hit compounds with unfavorable ADME/Tox properties and low IP potential. These issues are addressed empirically at follow-up lead development and optimization stages. In this work, we describe a rational approach to the optimization of hit compounds discovered during screening of a kinase focused library against abl tyrosine kinase. The optimization strategy involved application of modern chemoinformatics techniques, such as automatic bioisosteric transformation of the initial hits, efficient solution-phase combinatorial synthesis, and advanced methods of knowledge-based libraries design.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

[The establishment of the museum of Hôpital Saint-Louis: chronological milestones and important elements].

Created in 1865, by Alphonse Devergie, physician and head of one of the medical departments in Saint-Louis hospital, the first iconographic collection of the museum was made by water-colours, photographs from the atlas by Hardy and Montméja. Financially supported by the assistance Publique in Paris, thanks to the interest of its manager, Armand Husson, the museum was then enriched by the wax moulages produced by Jules Baretta, from 1867 onwards. Due to the development of the collection, the erection of a specific building was soon regarded as a necessity. The attention given to the project, by Bourneville, City Councellor in Paris, made it possible. First managed by Charles Lailler, physician in Saint-Louis, the museum was definitely located, with the medical library (later called Bibliothèque Henri Feulard), in an independent building, inaugurated August 5th 1889 on the opening of the first International Congress of Dermatology and Syphilology. This new museum, still existing in its original condition, was a part of the restoration of the international influence of the French school of dermatology.

Dermatology↗

PubMed2002

High-throughput and in silico techniques in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.

The high-throughput screening (HTS) of large proprietary compound collections and combinatorial libraries has increased the pressure on gathering pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism data as early as possible. Properties related to absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) can be estimated by a range of in vivo and in vitro methods, most of which are now available or under development in high(er)-throughput modus. In addition, progress has been made in in silico methods using various quantitaTive structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and molecular modeling techniques that employ a range of recently introduced descriptors tailored to e-ADME. These in silico approaches are promising filters for virtual libraries to aid synthesis as well as the selection of compounds for acquisition and screening in the early stages of drug discovery.

Absorption↗

PubMed2002

The evolution of diabetes information systems.

Diabetes information systems have already evolved rapidly in recent years along a developmental pathway initiated by the St Vincent Declaration, fuelled by the rapid pace of IT development in the 1990s and now endorsed by the emerging NHS information strategy. They will be central to the delivery of 'patient-centred' care and essential to supporting and monitoring the diabetes national service framework implementation. Widespread experience has identified three key principles. Firstly the need for a core data set that supports both service delivery and quality development. Secondly, because of the multiprofessional, multisector nature of diabetes care, there is a need to reconcile information from many diverse sources into unitary diabetes care records. Thirdly the crucial importance of making data collection a by-product of every day care delivery (i.e. no duplicate data entry). The work of many local innovators, allied to the increasing experience of the Diabetes UK sponsored UKDIABS project has generated substantial expertise. With the aid of new extraction/analysis tools such as QUIDS and a consistent approach to assessment, this work has hopefully laid secure foundations for monitoring the implementation of the national service framework. Furthermore, parallel developments under the aegis of the National electronic Library for Health (NeLH) should enable those involved with diabetes care to access relevant knowledge and information with ease. Increasingly user friendly ways by which patients can interact with their electronic records and linked knowledge sources will create many new opportunities. Diabetes information systems are likely to be at the forefront of diabetes care delivery in the future, providing patients and professionals with timely and accurate data for the organization and delivery of care.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1996

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastatic to the central nervous system: a report on two cases with review of literature.

Metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) from ovarian malignancy is rare. We describe two such patients who developed CNS metastasis in the form of multiple deposits in brain parenchyma after an interval of 27 and 16 months from the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. Both patients received cranial radiotherapy but survived only 2 weeks and 5 months, respectively. Data on 99 patients collected from the literature (Medline, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) are reviewed and an attempt is made to suggest therapeutic guidelines depending on the extent of the intracranial and extracranial disease and performance status of the patients.

Brain Neoplasms↗

PubMed2005

Cochrane reviews in neonatology: past, present and future.

The Neonatal Review Group of the Cochrane Collaboration is dedicated to improving outcomes of newborn infants through the collection and synthesis of the highest quality evidence. Much has been achieved with limited resources. Future challenges for the group are to maintain and extend current reviews of therapeutic interventions, to develop bridging reviews to assist clinicians in applying current evidence more easily, to expand the scope of the Cochrane Library to include diagnostic tests, and to utilize techniques such as prospective meta-analysis to answer remaining questions in the field. In future, the Neonatal Review Group needs to assist reviewers in developing countries to prepare reviews relevant to their settings that will reduce the global burden of neonatal mortality and morbidity.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed2003

Prediction of aqueous solubility of a diverse set of compounds using quantitative structure-property relationships.

"Fail early and fail fast" is the current paradigm that the pharmaceutical industry has adopted widely. Removing non-drug-like compounds from the drug discovery lifecycle in the early stages can lead to tremendous savings of resources. Thus, fast screening methods are needed to profile the large collection of synthesized and virtual libraries involved in the early stage. Solubility is one of the filters that are applied extensively to ensure that the compounds are reasonably soluble so that synthesis of the compounds and assay studies of pharmacokinetics and toxicity are feasible. To address this need, we have developed a fast quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model for the prediction of aqueous solubility (at 298 K, unbuffered solution) from the molecular structures. Multiple linear regressions and genetic algorithms were used to develop the models. The model was based on a set of diverse compounds including small organic molecules and drug and drug-like species. The predicted solubility for the training and test sets agrees well with the experimental values. The coefficient of determination is R(2) = 0.84 for the training set of 775 compounds and the RMS error = 0.87. This model was validated on four sets of compounds. The RMS error for the 1665 compounds from the four validation data sets (including compounds from the Physician's Desk References and Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry databases) is 1 log unit and the unsigned error is 0.77. This model does not require 3-D structure generation which is rather time-consuming. Using 2-D structure as input, this model is able to compute solubility for 90 000-700 000 compounds/h on a SGI Origin 2000 workstation. This kind of fast calculation allows the model to be used in data mining and screening of large synthesized or virtual libraries.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed2004

1274 full-open reading frames of transcripts expressed in the developing mouse nervous system.

As part of the trans-National Institutes of Health (NIH) Mouse Brain Molecular Anatomy Project (BMAP), and in close coordination with the NIH Mammalian Gene Collection Program (MGC), we initiated a large-scale project to clone, identify, and sequence the complete open reading frame (ORF) of transcripts expressed in the developing mouse nervous system. Here we report the analysis of the ORF sequence of 1274 cDNAs, obtained from 47 full-length-enriched cDNA libraries, constructed by using a novel approach, herein described. cDNA libraries were derived from size-fractionated cytoplasmic mRNA isolated from brain and eye tissues obtained at several embryonic stages and postnatal days. Altogether, including the full-ORF MGC sequences derived from these libraries by the MGC sequencing team, NIH_BMAP full-ORF sequences correspond to approximately 20% of all transcripts currently represented in mouse MGC. We show that NIH_BMAP clones comprise 68% of mouse MGC cDNAs > or =5 kb, and 54% of those > or =4 kb, as of March 15, 2004. Importantly, we identified transcripts, among the 1274 full-ORF sequences, that are exclusively or predominantly expressed in brain and eye tissues, many of which encode yet uncharacterized proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Home and community literacy experiences of individuals with Down syndrome.

This exploratory survey was conducted to gain a detailed understanding of the home and community literacy experiences of children, adolescents and adults with Down syndrome. The data were collected from 224 parents/guardians across Canada who were asked to indicate literacy goals and priorities for their children with Down syndrome, the literacy resources they and their children utilised at home and in the community, perceived barriers to their children's literacy attainment, and solutions for alleviating the barriers. The results were analysed according to age when appropriate, in order to better understand the course of literacy development. Overall, the number of respondents who indicated their children with Down syndrome could read and write appeared to be consistent with previously published estimates, including the number reporting advanced reading levels. The wide range of reading and writing materials observed in use at home appeared to be greater than the range of materials actually used by children with Down syndrome. Relatively few of the parents who read storybooks to their children reported asking higher-level questions, suggesting that some parents might benefit from support in this activity. Many respondents reported using the library, and many expressed concerns about the quality and scarcity of literacy programs. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for how parents, caregivers, teachers, and program providers can encourage literacy development in persons with Down syndrome, and suggestions for future research.

Adolescent↗