SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “MOUTHWASHES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Feasibility of collecting buccal cell DNA by mail in a cohort study.

This study assessed the feasibility of obtaining buccal cell DNA by mail from participants in a large, community-based cohort study in Hawaii. Mouthwash collection kits were sent to a total of 355 randomly selected Japanese, Caucasian, and Hawaiian cohort members. Subjects were requested to swish 10 ml of mouthwash in their mouth for 60 s and expel it into a collection cup, which they mailed back to our laboratory. Half of the subjects were requested to collect a second sample. After up to two mailings and two reminder phone calls, two-thirds of the subjects returned a sample. The participation rate was lower for Hawaiians (59.0%) than for Caucasians (68.1%) and Japanese (76.3%). Participation was not affected by requesting two specimens. Participants did not differ from the total sample in terms of education and smoking status. The mean DNA yield was lower in females (41.7 microg) than males (53.4 microg) and in Japanese (37.8 microg) as compared with Hawaiians (51.9 microg) and Caucasians (54.5 microg). For subjects who returned two samples, the DNA yields were similar when both specimens were extracted in the same batch. All samples were successfully genotyped for polymorphisms in the CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and NQO1 genes by PCR-RFLP. From these and previous data, we conclude that, in situations where blood samples cannot be obtained, mail collection of mouthwash samples should be considered because it yields substantial amounts of high-quality genomic DNA for large numbers of study subjects.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

The gingivitis fluorescein test in recruits.

The average individual status of gingival inflammation was evaluated in two groups of 39 and 47 subjects by means of the Gingivitis Fluorescein Test (GFT) and the Sulcus Bleeding Index. The subjects of the test group received a prophylaxis and hygiene instructions which were effective in reducing the gingivitis after 12 days. However, the reduction was not paralleled by a simultaneous decrease of fluorescein recovered in mouthwashings. The oral hygiene of the control group's subjects was not altered and examinations were performed after 7 days. In both groups the average SBI-score did not exceed 1.2 in all examinations. The fluorescein content of the mouthwashings was approximately 10 times reduced when compared with previous findings. No correlation was found between the amounts of fluorescein in mouthwashings and the severity or extent of the clinically assessed gingival inflammation.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

[Prevention of postoperative bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulants. Effects of tranexamic acid].

INTRODUCTION: We present a prospective clinical study on use of tranexamic acid mouthwashes in patients taking oral anticoagulants and who have to undergo minor ambulatory oral surgery, without modifying their anticoagulant therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients (18 men and 22 females) aged from 42 to 81 were studied from April 2000 to December 2002. All patients were under the same anticoagulant, vitamin K antagonist, (Sintrom) for different pathologies. The anticoagulant therapy was not modified neither before nor after surgery. More than 70 oral procedures were carried out under local anesthesia. The International Normalized Ratio of prothrombin time (INR) was<=4. Tranexamic acid 5% (Exacyl) mouthwashes were prescribed during and after surgery. RESULTS: All the patients were followed up during 2 weeks after surgery. There were no postoperative bleedings. DISCUSSION: Use of tranexamic acid mouthwashes under a specific protocol is an efficient, reliable and economic method in preventing postoperative bleeding in patients under oral anticoagulant therapy.

Acenocoumarol↗

PubMed1989

Use of a metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide formulation as a mouthrinse for plaque reduction.

A metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide (MECA) formulation was used as a mouthwash in a group of 18 volunteers aged 20-27. Its effect on developing plaque and salivary bacterial count was tested. The trial was carried out over 33 days during which each subject used three different formulations of mouthwash: a high concentration (0.16% sodium chloride in an activating system), a low concentration (0.04% sodium chloride, comparably activated) and a placebo mouthwash (activating system alone). Each participant used each of the three formulations as the only means of oral hygiene for 5-day periods. Each experimental period was separated by 9 days during which the participants returned to their regular oral hygiene habits. The high concentration and low concentration groups showed a 34.5 and 13.5% reduction of dental plaque scores, respectively, compared with the placebo control group. This effect on the plaque index scores was not accompanied by any significant change in the number of salivary bacteria.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses: II. Effects on plaque reformation, gingivitis, and tooth staining.

Several chlorhexidine mouthwashes are now produced commercially but which differ in concentration and regimen of use. This study compared a 0.1% formulation with a 0.2% formulation for effects on plaque reformation, development of gingivitis, and tooth staining. The investigation was a single blind cross-over design employing 14 volunteers with a high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health. The rinses were used twice a day during two 19 day periods using the regiments recommended by each manufacturer and as a replacement for mechanical oral hygiene practices. A baseline zero plaque score was obtained at the beginning of each period with a 16-day washout allowed between the two periods. Parameters of gingival inflammation were scored at baseline and then, together with plaque and tooth stain scores, at 12 and 19 days. All indices of gingival inflammation and plaque were significantly increased at days 12 and 19 with the 0.1% mouthwash formulation. Little evidence of tooth staining was noted with the 0.1% formulation. The 0.2% mouthwash produced the characteristic staining noted with most chlorhexidine preparations. Based on the findings of this study and a previous laboratory investigation, it is concluded that the reduced antiplaque activity of the 0.1% formulation resulted from inactivation of chlorhexidine within the product rather than from the reduced dose of chlorhexidine used.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol-containing mouthwasheses: effect on composite color.

This study investigated whether commercially available mouthwashes could affect or change the color of a hybrid composite resin. Twenty-four disks were fabricated and divided into eight equal groups for testing. At baseline, six colorimetric recordings and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were recorded for each grouping of disks using a Chroma Meter CR-300 in reflectance mode. The groups of disks were immersed in their respective mouthwashes for 2 minutes a day in a vibratory fashion over a 6-month period. At the end of 6 months, color differences, delta E, were calculated between the base line and test recordings. The results indicate that rinsing with mouthwashes for 6 months can cause a hybrid resin to undergo color variations. Except for one product the color variations were not clinically significant.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1996

Modulation of nitrate-nitrite conversion in the oral cavity.

The formation of nitrite from ingested nitrate can give rise to the induction of methemoglobinemia and endogenous nitrosation resulting in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. We investigated the possibility of modulation of the conversion of nitrate into nitrite in the oral cavity in order to seek ways of reducing the formation of the deleterious nitrite. We investigated the effectiveness of several mouthwash solutions with antibacterial constituents on the reduction of nitrate into nitrite in the oral cavity. In 15 studied subjects, the mean percentage of salivary nitrate reduced to nitrite after ingestion of 235 mg (3.8 mmol) nitrate was found to be 16.1 +/- 6.2%. The use of an antiseptic mouthwash with active antibacterial constituent chlorhexidine resulted in an almost complete decrease of the mean percentage of reduced nitrate, to 0.9 +/- 0.8%. Mouthwash solutions with antibacterial component triclosan or antimicrobial enzymes amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase did not affect the reduction of nitrate into nitrite. A toothpaste with active components triclosan and zinc citrate with synergistic antiplaque activity was also without effect. Use of a pH-regulating chewing gum resulted in a rise in the pH in the oral cavity from 6.8 to 7.3. At 30 min after nitrate ingestion, this rise was accompanied by a significant increase in the salivary nitrite concentration, which might be explained by the pH being close to the optimal pH for nitrate reductase of 8. In conclusion, a limited number of possibilities of modulation of the conversion of nitrate into nitrite in the oral cavity are available.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Detection of multiple Epstein-Barr viral strains in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients.

We have previously shown in 3 allogeneic bone-marrow transplant (BMT) recipients that complete replacement of recipient marrow was associated with the elimination of the pretransplant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strain of the recipient. To study the kinetics of EBV elimination and reinfection in more detail, we have performed a longitudinal study of BMT recipients combining serology, virus isolation from mouthwashes and peripheral blood, and EBV strain characterization. Oropharyngeal EBV excretion was found to persist after the cytoreductive therapy prior to BMT, whereas EBV-carrying cells in the blood were detected only after 5 weeks following BMT. During the first month post-BMT, 2 different EBV strains could be isolated from sequential mouth-washes of 3 patients. The initial strains were found to persist up to 7, 21, and 29 days post-BMT, whereas the subsequent strains appeared at 21, 42, and 34 days post-BMT, respectively. Thus, the original EBV strain may persist only for a limited time after BMT, and the oropharyngeal epithelium may be reinfected by a new EBV strain from the blood within 3 weeks. With respect to the coexistence of multiple EBV strains, 2 patterns were evident. From the day 62 mouthwash of 1 patient, 1 Type A and 1 Type B strain were isolated. From the day 180 mouthwash of a second patient, a dominant Type A strain was recovered, together with 6 "variant" strains that differed from each other by only a single EBNA protein (EBNA 1). This pattern may be explained by viral recombinations during replication, which may form the basis for the vast polymorphism of EBV observed in unrelated individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

A phase II study of Biotene in the treatment of postradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer.

One of the major side effects of radical radiation therapy for head and neck malignancies is xerostomia, or dryness of the mouth. There is no clearly effective treatment for this condition, but we have observed that patients in our practice believe that their symptoms improve significantly when using two "over-the-counter" oral comfort products - Biotene (toothpaste, mouthwash and chewing gum) and Oralbalance gel. We decided to study these agents in a formal phase II study to evaluate their usefulness in patients with postirradiation xerostomia. Twenty-eight patients with post-irradiation xerostomia were entered on the study. All had biopsy-proven carcinoma of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx or larynx, and had received primary radiotherapy with curative intent (> or =50 Gy in 20 fractions) more than 4 months before study entry. More than 75% of both parotid glands were included in the primary radiation field. There was no clinical evidence of recurrent disease. Patients were provided with a 2-month supply of Biotene mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing gum and Oralbalance gel. Response was evaluated 1 and 2 months after study entry using a patient-completed visual analogue scale to assess the severity of xerostomia and its effects on quality of life. For analysis, the scored baseline was subtracted from the later scores to assess change. Patients with an increase of 10 mm from their baseline score on the visual analogue scale were classified as having responded to the treatment intervention, and those with an increase of > or =25 mm from their baseline score were classified as having experienced a major improvement in their symptoms. After 2 months of treatment, 15 patients (54%) reported an improvement in intraoral dryness and 10 of these patients (36%) reported a major improvement. Similar proportions of patients (46% some improvement, 25% major improvement) reported an improvement in their ability to eat normally. Seventeen patients (61%) reported an improvement in oral discomfort, and 12 of these (43%) had a major improvement in their symptoms. The results of this study suggest that the use of Biotene (mouthwash, toothpaste and chewing gum) and Oralbalance gel can improve many of the symptoms of radiation-induced xerostomia. A placebo effect could account for many of the observed improvements in symptoms, and in order to assess the role of these agents in the management of patients with postirradiation xerostomia a randomised phase III study is needed.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1987

The use of benzydamine HCl for the management of cancer therapy-induced mucositis: preliminary report of a multicentre study.

A multicentre study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of benzydamine, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, in relieving oral pain and inflammation due to cancer chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis. Benzydamine or placebo mouthwash was administered in a double-blind fashion to patients with established mucositis who complained of at least moderate mucositis pain. Preliminary review of the data reveals encouraging trends, subjects who received benzydamine consistently reporting more effective pain relief than those receiving placebo. Benzydamine mouthwash provided good to excellent relief of oral mucositis pain when rated by patients after one day (68% vs 47%) and by examiners both after one day (60% vs 40%) and overall (60% vs 42%). When only very good to excellent responses were considered, observer impressions of benzydamine's effectiveness were found to be statistically significant (p less than .04). These initial results are encouraging and, though not all results are statistically significant, appear to support the potential usefulness of benzydamine mouthwash in managing oral mucositis due to cancer therapy.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1997

Direct identification by PCR of EBV types and variants in clinical samples.

Both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type A and type B, and variants of type A, were identified simultaneously by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a DNA region coding for a 13 amino acid repeat in the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) 6. Whereas this region varies extensively in type A isolates, no variation was seen in type B isolates. When a repetitive region in the LMP1-coding region was amplified by PCR, it was possible to distinguish individual variants of type B isolates from each other. Forty-two saliva samples from HIV-1-carrying individuals were examined for the presence of type A and type B virus. Both types and multiple variants of each type were found with a much higher frequency than in the saliva samples from healthy individuals. Type A EBV alone was detected in mouthwash samples from 6 infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients. Both type A and B were detected in the peripheral blood B-lymphocytes (PBL) from 1 healthy individual. The same type A variant was demonstrated both in PBL and in the mouthwash sample from another healthy individual. In this study it was shown that a combination of the EBNA 6- and LMP 1-specific PCRs followed by Southern hybridisation can be used to identify both type A and type B virus, as well as to distinguish between multiple variants of the same strain, in saliva and B-cells from both healthy and immunosuppressed individuals.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2006

Tongue scraping for treating halitosis.

BACKGROUND: Halitosis is used to describe any disagreeable odour of expired air regardless of its origin. Mouthwashes which disguise oral malodor are more socially acceptable and generally more popular than tongue scrapers. OBJECTIVES: To provide reliable evidence regarding the effectiveness of tongue scraping versus other interventions (including mouthwashes) to control halitosis. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to 15th September 2005); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3 2005); MEDLINE 1966 to September Week 1 2005; EMBASE 1974 to September 2005 (searched September 19th 2005). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials comparing different methods of tongue cleaning to reduce mouth odour in adults with halitosis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Clinical heterogeneity between the two included trials precluded pooling of data, therefore a descriptive summary is presented. MAIN RESULTS: This review included two trials involving 40 participants. Both trials were methodologically sound but included no data for the primary outcomes specified in this review. Secondary outcomes expressed as volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels were assessed by a portable sulfide monitor in both trials. One trial showed reductions of VSC levels of 42% with the tongue cleaner, 40% with the tongue scraper and 33% with the toothbrush. Reduced VSC levels persisted longer with the tongue cleaner than the toothbrush and could not be detected for more than 30 minutes after the intervention in any of the groups. Differences were assessed by the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank tests with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. The second trial, in which differences in totaled rank values between groups were compared by the Dunn method alpha = 0.01, showed a reduction of VSC levels compared with baseline measurements of 75% with the tongue scraper and 45% with the toothbrush. Adverse effects in one trial were nausea (60%) and trauma (10%) with the toothbrush and all participants receptive to using the tongue scraper. Based on the independent data from these two trials there was a statistically significant difference between the effectiveness of either the tongue cleaner or the tongue scraper in reducing VSC levels when compared with the toothbrush. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is weak and unreliable evidence to show that there is a small but statistically significant difference in reduction of VSC levels when tongue scrapers or cleaners rather than toothbrushes are used to reduce halitosis in adults. We found no high level evidence comparing mechanical with other forms of tongue cleaning.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗

PubMed2002

Effect of topical morphine for mucositis-associated pain following concomitant chemoradiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis is the dose-limiting toxicity for patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy regimens for tumors of the head and neck area. Currently, the management of established mucositis includes the use of topical anesthetics and systemic analgesics. Based on the clinical evidence of pain alleviation by topical morphine in patients with some inflammatory and painful conditions, a clinical study was undertaken to determine this effect on mucositis-associated pain. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with head and neck malignancies treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma who had severe painful mucositis (World Health Organization Grade 2 or higher) were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to morphine mouthwash (MO; 14 patients) or magic mouthwash (MG), a mixture of equal parts of lidocaine, diphenhydramine, and magnesium aluminum hydroxide (12 patients). RESULTS: The duration of severe pain was 3.5 days less in the MO group compared with the MG group (P = 0.032). The intensity of oral pain was also significantly lower in the MO group compared with the MG group (P = 0.038). No patient in the MO group required third-step opiates for alleviation of the mouth pain. There was a significant difference in duration of severe functional impairment (P = 0.017). Five patients in the MG group complained of local side effects and only one in the MO group (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with head and neck carcinomas receiving concomitant chemoradiotherapy, MO is a simple and effective treatment to decrease the severity and duration of pain and the duration of functional impairment.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2002

Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing as basic treatment measures for halitosis.

Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing are basic treatment measures for halitosis, and as such are categorised as treatment needs (TN)-1. Although TN-1 is used for treatment of physiologic halitosis treatment, pseudo-, extra oral pathologic or halitophobic patients must also be managed with TN-1 as well as other treatments. Since the origin of physiological halitosis is mainly the dorso-posterior region of the tongue, tongue cleaning is more effective than mouth rinsing. However, practitioners should always instruct their patients on how to brush their tongues to prevent harmful effects. Another approach using a chlorhexidine mouthwash is most effective in reducing oral malodour. However, chlorhexidine should not be used routinely; therefore, zinc-containing mouthwashes have been recommended for use. People can also use chewing gum to reduce oral malodour. Surprisingly, however, it has been noted that sugarless chewing gum increased methyl mercaptan, one of the principal components of oral malodour. Mint did not reduce the concentration of methyl mercaptan either, although these products are widely used for their ability to mask oral malodour. There is a need for the development of a novel food or chewing gum that could considerably reduce VSC levels in mouth air to complement TN-1.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2004

Reliability of non-invasively acquired human genomic DNA as a substrate for real-time PCR-assisted analysis of genetic polymorphisms.

Molecular epidemiological studies require high numbers of participants. The combination of an non-invasive access to human DNA with a rapid genotyping analysis, e.g. by use of LightCycler assisted real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be helpful in conducting such trials. The aim of our study was to define, for the first time, the use of LightCycler technology in analysis of non-invasively derived DNA. DNA extracted from blood, mouthwash and buccal cytobrush samples from 100 volunteers was analyzed for the genotypes of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1, and glutathione S-transferases GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1. The median amounts of DNA isolated from blood, mouthwash and buccal cytobrush samples were 95, 11 and 8 microg, respectively. While genotyping for CYP1B1 codon 432 polymorphism and GSTP1 codon 105 polymorphism resulted in a complete correspondence for all three modes of sampling, the identification of individuals with null-genotype for GSTT1 or GSTM1 failed in some cases due to atypical courses of the corresponding melting curves, leading to high false-positive rates in the group of non-invasively derived samples. Thus, the results presented here call for caution in using LightCycler assisted real-time PCR in non-invasively collected samples, at least when appropriate control strategies are not implemented.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Oral complications in Chinese cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

In this study the oral status and mucositis-related symptoms in 94 Chinese cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy for with curative intent were examined. Data were collected by a research nurse at three stages over a period of 16 days: at the start, on day 8, and on day 16 of chemotherapy. The majority of subjects experienced a mild to moderate degree of mucositis with the highest score reported on day 8. Patients with head and neck cancer had consistently higher scores for mucositis and symptoms in most phases. Oral mucositis and symptoms were significantly and positively correlated with consumption of spicy and/or hot (temperature) food, and frequency of use of mouthwashes. Significantly higher scores were found in patients who: ate hot (temperature) food, had low tolerance for hot food and spicy foods, and were taking Chinese medicinal herbs. Careful monitoring of patient diet preferences, cancer site, and use of Chinese medicine is recommended for comprehensive oral assessment. The alleviation of oral mucositis and the associated symptoms through promotion of an appropriate food/fluid intake and more frequent use of mouthwashes should be emphasized in oral care.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Influence of the oropharyngeal microflora on the measurement of exhaled breath hydrogen.

We investigated the possible contribution made by oropharyngeal microfloral fermentation of ingested carbohydrate to the generation of the early, transient exhaled breath hydrogen rise seen after carbohydrate ingestion. Ten subjects ate or were sham fed carbohydrate-containing meals with and without prior chlorhexidine mouthwash during serial collection of exhaled breath and mouth hydrogen samples. Meal ingestion and sham feeding both induced significant (p less than 0.01) elevations of breath and mouth hydrogen that were virtually abolished by prior chlorhexidine mouthwash. In 7 subjects, delivery of the meal directly into the stomach via an orogastric tube did not cause a breath or mouth hydrogen rise. Oral contents incubated anaerobically in vitro with carbohydrate generated hydrogen that was again inhibited by chlorhexidine. These studies indicate that fermentation of ingested carbohydrate by oropharyngeal bacteria can contribute significantly to measured breath hydrogen values soon after meal ingestion, and may introduce avoidable error into the interpretation of serial breath hydrogen data.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Variation in surface topography of different NiTi orthodontic archwires in various commercial fluoride-containing environments.

OBJECTIVES: The surface topography can affect the friction behavior between an orthodontic wire and brackets during clinical applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a fluoride-containing environment on the surface topography variations of different nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires. METHODS: Four different NiTi commercial orthodontic archwires were immersed in fluoride mouthwashes and in artificial saliva with the addition of commercial fluoride toothpastes or prophylactic gels for a 28-day period. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the three-dimensional surface topography of NiTi archwires before and after the immersion tests. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the surface roughness variance (including DeltaR(a), DeltaR(ms), and DeltaR(z)) with the archwire manufacturer and immersion test environment as the factors. RESULTS: Both the archwire manufacturer and immersion environment had a significant influence on DeltaR(a), DeltaR(ms), and DeltaR(z) (manufacturer: P<0.05; environment: P<0.0001). Regardless of the archwire manufacturer, no statistically significant difference in DeltaR(a) (<70 nm), DeltaR(ms) (<90 nm), and DeltaR(z) (<450 nm) was observed on the tested NiTi archwires in lower fluoride-containing (<2500 ppm) environments, including the various fluoride mouthwashes and the artificial saliva added with fluoride toothpastes. In artificial saliva added with high fluoride prophylactic gel (around 17,000 ppm), a significant increase in DeltaR(a) (around 120-250 nm), DeltaR(ms) (around 140-320 nm), and DeltaR(z) (around 770-1410 nm), i.e. increasing the surface roughness, was observed on the tested NiTi archwires. SIGNIFICANCE: The variation in the surface topography of the NiTi orthodontic archwires in the commercial fluoride-containing environments should be taken into consideration when the friction between the archwire and bracket is a clinical concern.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗