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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Asymmetrical electrically induced injury of rabbit ventricular myocytes.

Strong defibrillation-type electric field stimulation may injure myocytes when transmembrane potentials during the pulse exceed the threshold for membrane permeabilization. The location of injury may depend on intrinsic transmembrane potential or influx of calcium by "electro-osmosis" during the stimulation pulse in addition to the transmembrane potential changes induced by the pulse. We have studied injury by examining contracture and changes in transmembrane potential-sensitive dye fluorescence induced by electric field stimulation (St) with a duration of 20 ms and strength of 16-400 V/cm in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes. St of 100-150 V/cm produced injury in myocytes oriented parallel to the St field frequently without injuring myocytes oriented perpendicular to the field. Injury required calcium in the solution and was asymmetric, occurring first at the myocyte and facing the St anode in 100% of injured myocytes in normal Tyrode's solution. Injury depended significantly on whether the product of the electric field strength and myocyte length exceeded a threshold of 1.1 V (P < 0.05). Asymmetric injury at the end facing the anode was still present in 96% of injured myocytes for stimulation after depolarization by an action potential or 20 mM or 125 mM potassium, suggesting that intrinsic transmembrane potential is not responsible for asymmetry. In 125 mM potassium, eliminating calcium from the bathing solution during the St pulse and introducing calcium after the pulse decreased the fraction of injured myocytes in which injury occurred at the end facing the anode to 62%, suggesting that calcium influx by "electro-osmosis" at the myocyte end facing the anode contributes to asymmetry. Asymmetric injury at the end facing the anode was still present in 100% of injured myocytes after adding 1 mM tetraethylammonium chloride, indicating that asymmetry is not sensitive to the potassium channel blockade. For stimulation pulses stronger than 50 V/cm given after depolarization by an action potential, transmembrane potentials at both myocyte ends decayed after the initial deflection indicating that permeabilization occurred at both ends. In conclusion, injury depends on myocyte orientation and is asymmetric occurring first at the myocyte end facing the anode. Asymmetric injury is not explained by asymmetric permeabilization, is independent of the intrinsic transmembrane potential and may result from "electro-osmosis" during the stimulation pulse.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Inhibition of ADH-enhanced transepithelial urea and water movement by prostaglandins.

The effects of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 on transepithelial urea flux and osmotic water flow were evaluated in total bladders. Mucosal to serosal urea flux and osmotic water flow were not changed from basal values by the addition of either prostaglandin to the serosal bath. However, treatment with either PGF2 inhibited both urea flux and osmotic water flow in response to ADH stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. The hydrosmotic response to ADH was more sensitive to prostaglandin inhibition than was urea flux. The inhibitory effect of the prostaglandins on ADH-enhanced urea flux was not dependent upon inhibition of the hydrosmotic response, since both PGF2 alpha and PGE2 decreased urea flux in the absence of a transepithelial osmotic gradient. Prostaglandin E2 was a more potent inhibitor than PGF2 alpha of both ADH-enhanced urea flux and osmotic water flow. The PGF2 alpha antagonism of osmotic water flow was apparently competitive, while antagonism of urea flux was apparently noncompetitive. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the existence of a "spare" population of prostaglandin receptors that modulate water flow, but the absence of a "spare" prostaglandin receptor population with respect to the modulation of urea flux.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Thermoosmosis through charged membranes.

Thermoosmosis through oxidized collodion and collodion-sulfonated polystyrene interpolyrene interpolymer membranes has been observed in KCl solutions of various concentrations. The effective temperature difference acting for thermoosmosis was determined by measuring the thermal membrane potential appearing on both sides of membrane. It was found that the velocity of thermoosmosis is proportional to the effective temperature difference and the proprtionality constant (themoosmotic coefficient) is a function of electrolyte concentration. The dependence of the thermoosmotic coefficient of charged membranes on the electrolyte concentration is found to have a characteristic feature.

Collodion↗
PubMed1979

Statistical-mechanical theory of passive transport through semipermeable membranes.

The first general multicomponent equations for transport through semipermeable membranes are derived from basic statistical-mechanical principles. The procedure follows that used earlier for open membranes, but semipermeability is modelled mathematically by the introduction of external forces on the impermeant species. Gases are treated first in order to clarify the problems involved, but the final results apply to general nonideal solutions of any concentration. The mixed-solvent effect is treated rigorously, and a mixed-solvent osmotic pressure is defined. A useful specific identification of so-called osmotic flow is given, along with a demonstration that such an identification cannot be unique. Results are obtained both for discontinuous membrane models, and for a continuous model.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2004

Osmotically regulated asymmetric capsular systems for simultaneous sustained delivery of anti-tubercular drugs.

Sustained release asymmetric membrane capsular systems were developed for simultaneous oral delivery of rifampicin and isoniazid sodium in order to reduce the problems associated with the multi drug therapy of tuberculosis. Dense semipermeable membrane coating capsules were also prepared for the delivery of these drugs by adopting two different filling approaches. In vitro release studies were carried out for both types of systems and the results were compared. Asymmetric membrane capsules provided sustained release of rifampicin associated with initial burst release, where isoniazid release rates were comparatively high due to higher aqueous solubility. Dense semipermeable membrane systems provided controlled release of both drugs but were devoid of initial burst release of isoniazid. To overcome these drawbacks, a modified asymmetric system was developed by adding appropriate amount of hydrophilic polymer mixture with isoniazid. The system provided satisfactory sustained release of rifampicin and isoniazid with initial burst release may be sufficient to achieve minimum effective concentration in blood. In vitro dissolution kinetics of the systems followed first order kinetics and statistical analysis of release rate data proved that modified asymmetric system was better amongst the developed systems.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2005

Reverse osmosis membrane rejection for ersatz space mission wastewaters.

Adequate rejection of a variety of inorganic and organic compounds is necessary if reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes are to be used for space mission wastewater reuse. Three ersatz space mission wastewaters defined by NASA having different pH (2.6-8.9), conductivities (3980-12,640 microS/cm), and amounts of organic compounds (50-2400 mg/L as carbon) were tested to determine the membrane flux and the solute rejection for five RO and two NF membranes that are commercially available. The results show that the rejection of ions depends upon the solution pH which influences electrostatic repulsion. However, the rejection of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) depends upon the composition of the wastewater. The DOC rejection (80-95%) was the highest for the wastewater containing dextran (molecular weight 15-20 k) compared with the other ersatz wastewaters having detergent and urea as the major carbon sources (31-83%). The wastewater having the greatest conductivity (12,640 microS/cm) and DOC (2400 mg/L) showed a greater flux decline (71-96%) than the other ersatz wastewaters (37-82%) having lower conductivities (3980-6980 microS/cm) and DOC (50-660 mg/L) for the RO and NF membranes. The ratio of solute radius (r(i,s)) to effective membrane pore radius (r(p)) was employed to compare ion rejection. For ionic compounds, the rejection is higher than 70% when the r(i,s)/r(p) ratio is greater than 0.5 for both the RO and NF membranes with all wastewaters.

Carbon↗
PubMed1971

Studies with composite membranes. II. Measurement of asymmetric properties.

Electrical potentials arising across composite membranes when they separate the same concentration of a (1:1) electrolyte or electrolytes have been measured. These potentials have been shown to arise from differences in the transport number of counterions contacting the two faces of the membrane which contained in its body a high concentration of electrolyte and polyelectrolyte. When the concentration of this trapped electrolyte or polyelectrolyte is low, the asymmetry potentials are small. Although measurements of current-voltage relations provided evidence for the existence of asymmetry between the two faces of the membrane, osmotic flow of water in either direction across the membrane and the salt flow in the two directions were symmetrical. These solvent and solute flux measurements lasted more than 30 hr. Short-term (about 4 hr) flux measurements, however, using tritiated water (THO), gave flows which were different in the two directions. Similarly, the salt flows measured using (22)Na isotope were different in the two directions. The usefulness of the present system as a model to use for studies concerned with carrier transport problems in biology has been pointed out.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1974

Mechanism of osmotic flow in porous membranes.

A model for osmotic flow in porous membranes is developed from classical transport and thermodynamic relations. Mathematical expressions for the reflection coefficient as a function of solute dimension and shape, and more generally pore/bulk distribution coefficient, are derived for long cylindrical pores of circular cross section. For a rigid, spherical macromolecule the osmotic reflection coefficient equals (1 - Phi)(2), where Phi is the solute distribution coefficient; this result differs significantly from expressions found in the literature. The effect of weak solute adsorption to (or repulsion from) the pore wall can also be accounted for in the derivation. The driving force for osmotic flow arises from solute-pore wall interactions which cause radial variations in concentration and concomitant gradients in pressure normal to the wall. Implications of this three-dimensionality of osmotic phenomena are discussed with particular reference to the adequacy of one-dimensional treatments in relating reflection coefficient to membrane and solute properties.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2003

Wetting mechanisms of gel-based controlled-release fertilizers.

The release mechanism of gel-based controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) involves water penetration into dry mixtures of fertilizers and gel forming polymers. Water penetration provides an upper limit to the whole release process. Where wetting prediction is often based on models that describe the flow of the liquid phase, vapor motion may become significant when a sharp wetting front exists. In this study we examine the role of vapor and fluid flows in the wetting process of CRFs consisting of urea or KNO(3) mixed with polyacrylamide (PAM). Vapor adsorption isotherms were obtained for typical fertilizer-PAM mixtures. Wetting and release experiments were conducted by dividing the CRFs into regions alternately filled with a pure fertilizer and mixtures of PAM and fertilizer. The experiments were designed in such a way that when the wetting front reaches a mixtures interface, its motion depends on the gradient imposed by the difference in osmotic potential (OP). The coupled equations of vapor and liquid flow in initially dry conditions were solved numerically to demonstrate the conceptual understanding gained by the experiments. The results show that wetting front motion is affected by transport and adsorption of vapor. It was also shown that the release rate is different when wetting is governed by vapor flow or by liquid flow. The release pattern from a multi-regions device was consistent with the wetting pattern, demonstrating the possibility to tailor the release according to periods of peak demand.

Adsorption↗