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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Radioactive iodine waste treatment using electrodialysis with an anion exchange paper membrane.

In order to simply and safely treat radioactive iodine waste, a study of the removal of iodide ion from radioactive waste using electrodialysis with an anion exchange paper membrane, in which trimethylhydroxylpropylammonium groups were homogeneously dispersed with high density. In Na125I and Na36Cl concentration-cell system, electric ion and water conductances, phenomenological coefficients, have been experimentally determined on basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Prepared paper membrane had higher permselectivity of 125I ion than 36Cl ions by approximately 21%. On the other hand, water flux that was accompanied by an ionic transference in prepared paper membrane was greatly larger than that in typical synthesized membrane. It is suggested that a depression of water mobility is important to practice an ideal radioactive iodide waste electrodialysis system with a novel anion exchange paper membrane.

Anions↗

PubMed2004

Poliovirus sampling by using sodium dodecyl sulfate/EDTA-pretreated chromatography paper strips.

To achieve the goal of poliovirus eradication, surveillance of endemic areas is a crucial step in the poliovirus eradication program. Currently, six countries still have endemic poliovirus. We have tested a novel method which uses SDS/EDTA-treated chromatography paper strips to collect and transport poliovirus-containing stool samples. The SDS/EDTA-treated paper strips were soaked with different dilutions of poliovirus-containing feces and stored at different temperatures. After storing the SDS/EDTA paper strips for 5 months at 37 degrees C, poliovirus RNA could be successfully amplified using RT-PCR. Infectivity of wild-type poliovirus type 1, 2, and 3 was lost upon contact with the SDS/EDTA-treated strips. This easy, inexpensive, and biosafe chromatography paper strip method for the collection and transportation of poliovirus samples can be of use in poliovirus surveillance and polio vaccination programs.

Chromatography↗

PubMed2005

Anaerobic degradation of adsorbable organic halides (AOX) from pulp and paper industry wastewater.

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) are generated in the pulp and paper industry during the bleaching process. These compounds are formed as a result of reaction between residual lignin from wood fibres and chlorine/chlorine compounds used for bleaching. Many of these compounds are recalcitrant and have long half-life periods. Some of them show a tendency to bioaccumulate while some are proven carcinogens and mutagens. Hence, it is necessary to remove or degrade these compounds from wastewater. Physical, chemical and electrochemical methods reported to remove AOX compounds are not economically viable. Different types of aerobic, anaerobic and combined biological treatment processes have been developed for treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewater. Maximum dechlorination is found to occur under anaerobic conditions. However, as these processes are designed specifically for reducing COD and BOD of wastewater, they do not ensure complete removal of AOX. This paper reviews the anaerobic biological treatments developed for pulp and paper industry wastewater and also reviews the specific micro-organisms reported to degrade AOX compounds under anaerobic conditions, their nutritional and biochemical requirements. It is imperative to consider these specific micro-organisms while designing an anaerobic treatment for efficient removal of AOX.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Anaerobic co-digestion of algal sludge and waste paper to produce methane.

The unbalanced nutrients of algal sludge (low C/N ratio) were regarded as an important limitation factor to anaerobic digestion process. Adding high carbon content of waste paper in algal sludge feedstock to have a balanced C/N ratio was undertaken in this study. The results showed adding 50% (based on volatile solid) of waste paper in algal sludge feedstock increased the methane production rate to 1170+/-75 ml/l day, as compared to 573+/-28 ml/l day of algal sludge digestion alone, both operated at 4 g VS/l day, 35 degrees C and 10 days HRT. The maximum methane production rate of 1607+/-17 ml/l day was observed at a combined 5 g VS/l day loading rate with 60% (VS based) of paper adding in algal sludge feedstock. Results suggested an optimum C/N ratio for co-digestion of algal sludge and waste paper was in the range of 20-25/1.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2006

Enzymatic deinking of laser printed office waste papers: some governing parameters on deinking efficiency.

The protocol for the enzymatic deinking of laser printed waste papers on a laboratory scale using cellulase (C) and hemicellulase (H) of Aspergillus niger (Amano) was developed as an effective method for paper recycling. A maximum deinking efficiency of almost 73% by the enzyme combination of C:H was obtained using the deinking conditions of pulping consistency of 1.0% (w/v) with the pulping time of 1.0min, temperature of 50 degrees C, pH=3.5, agitation rate of 60rpm, pulp concentration of 4% (w/v), concentration of each enzyme of 2.5U/g air dried pulp and the enzyme ratio of 1:1. The deinking efficiency was further enhanced to 95% using the optimized flotation system consisting of pH=6.0, Tween 80 of concentration 0.5% (w/w), working air flow rate of 10.0L/min and temperature of 45 degrees C. The deinked papers were found to exhibit properties comparable to the commercial papers suggesting the effectiveness of the enzymatic process developed.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed2005

Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for direct determination of pentachlorophenol in paper and board samples: Comparison with conventional extraction method.

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method has been developed for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in paper and board samples. The analytical procedure involves direct extraction of PCP from paper and board samples and determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Two kinds of commercially available fibres; 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), apolar, and 85 microm polyacrylate (PA), quite polar, were evaluated to determine the extraction efficiency of pentachlorophenol. Parameters affecting the extraction process, such as temperature and time, were studied. Moreover, time of desorption and the effect of addition of salt were also investigated. The optimized procedure was applied to the analysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in five samples of virgin and recycled paper and board. The PCP content was determined by GC-ECD. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, it was compared with conventional extraction method with liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization. Detection limit of 0.015 microg/g for PCP in paper was achieved with a RSD of 14%.

Chemical Fractionation↗

PubMed2006

A method for the low-level (ng g(-1)) determination of perfluorooctanoate in paper and textile by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

The determination of perfluorooctanoate (PFO) in articles of commerce has become increasingly important to understand if treated products are a possible source of PFO. An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of PFO in paper and textile using a dual labeled 13C-PFOA internal standard was successfully developed and validated. Residues of PFO were determined using an isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with an ammonium acetate/methanol buffer. Ions monitored were 413 (parent) and 369 (daughter) for PFO and 415 (parent) and 370 (daughter) for dual labeled 13C-PFOA internal standard. As a precaution against ubiquitous PFO that occasionally occurs in mobile phase or instrument components, two Hypercarb cartridges (4 mm) were placed before the HPLC injector. Any PFO that was captured by the cartridges was removed before each injection by flushing the system with 100% methanol prior to equilibration with the isocratic mobile phase. Overall recovery and standard deviation over a 3 day validation regimen for samples (n=54-55) fortified with PFOA at 5, 50, and 200 ng g(-1) were 114+/-4.9% for textile and 110+/-7.6% for paper. The results also established a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ng g(-1) in textile and 2 ng g(-1) in paper based upon S/N of the 5.0 ng g(-1) fortification versus the untreated paper and textile.

Caprylates↗

PubMed2006

Effect of grinding and heating on Ni2+ uptake properties of waste paper sludge.

Uptake properties of Ni2+ were examined for unmilled and milled paper sludge calcined at various temperatures to develop a new usage of waste paper sludge. Since paper sludge mainly consists of cellulose ([C6H(10)O5]n) fibers, calcite (CaCO3), kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and talc (Mg3Si(4)O(10)(OH)2), amorphous and crystalline CaO(MgO)-Al(2)O(3)-SiO(2) compounds are formed by calcining paper sludge. Wet and dry milling treatments were performed to accelerate solid-state reaction to form the above mentioned target compounds. The crystalline phases originally present decompose at increasing calcining temperature (up to 800 degrees C) in the order cellulose <kaolinite <calcite <talc. An amorphous phase was formed in the samples below 800 degrees C and the temperatures changed depending on the milling conditions in the order dry milled <wet milled <unmilled. Gehlenite (Ca(2)Al(2)SiO(7)) and anorthite (CaAl(2)Si(2)O(8)) crystallized by calcining at 900 degrees C in all the samples, formed by solid-state reaction of kaolinite with calcite. The (29)Si and (27)Al MAS NMR spectra of the amorphous samples were similar to those of crystalline phases, suggesting that the local structure of the amorphous phase resembles the crystalline structures. Maximum Ni2+ uptake occurred in the dry-milled samples calcined at 600 degrees C, and wet-milled and unmilled samples calcined at 700 degrees C, respectively. The dry-milled and calcined at 600 degrees C sample showed the highest Ni2+ uptake (4.54 mmol/g) and an uptake rate of 3.5 micromol/(gmin).

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Use of filter paper (FTA) technology for sampling, recovery and molecular characterisation of rabies viruses.

This study evaluates the feasibility of the use of the FTA Gene Guard System (a commercial product consisting of filter paper impregnated with patented chemicals supplied by the Whatman company) for the shipment, storage and detection of RNA rabies viruses by a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. HnRT-PCR of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene with specific primers showed that viral RNA extracted from crude infected tissues remained stable after fixation on the filter paper under diverse environmental conditions for at least 35 days. The sequence analysis of the products amplified from five out of the seven known genotypes of Lyssaviruses showed the stability of viral RNA viruses after fixation on the filter paper. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the hnRT-PCR following RNA fixation on the filter paper was equivalent to that of standard hnRT-PCR. In conclusion, the stability of viral RNA and the inactivation of infectivity make the FTA technology useful for the storage, transport, collection and subsequent molecular analysis of viral rabies RNA, facilitating epidemiological investigations in the field.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Carbon dioxide and ammonia emissions during composting of mixed paper, yard waste and food waste.

The objective of the work was to provide a method to predict CO2 and NH3 yields during composting of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The compostable portion of MSW was simulated using three principal biodegradable components, namely mixed paper wastes, yard wastes and food wastes. Twelve laboratory runs were carried out at thermophilic temperatures based on the principles of mixture experimental and full factorial designs. Seeded mixed paper (MXP), seeded yard waste (YW) and seeded food waste (FW), each composted individually, produced 150, 220 and 370 g CO2-C, and 2.0, 4.4 and 34 g NH3-N per dry kg of initial substrate, respectively. Several experimental runs were also carried out with different mixtures of these three substrates. The effect of seeding was insignificant during composting of food wastes and yard wastes, while seeding was necessary for composting of mixed paper. Polynomial equations were developed to predict CO2 and NH3 (in amounts of mass per dry kg of MSW) from mixtures of MSW. No interactions among components were found to be significant when predicting CO2 yields, while the interaction of food wastes and mixed paper was found to be significant when predicting NH3 yields.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2006

A case study of waste management at the Northern Finnish pulp and paper mill complex of Stora Enso Veitsiluoto Mills.

This work presents the current waste management system at the pulp and paper mill complex of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mills at Kemi, Northern Finland. This paper covers examples of case studies carried out at the mill and describes how the wastes and by-products are utilized as a neutralizing agent for acidic wastewaters (i.e., green liquor dregs from the causticizing process), as a hardener in filling mine cavities (i.e., ash from the fluidized bed boiler), as a landscaping agent (i.e., ash as well as the fibre clay from chemical wastewater treatment plant), as a hydraulic barrier material for landfills (i.e., fibre clay), and as a soil enrichment agent (i.e., calcium carbonate from the precipitated calcium carbonate plant). In addition, the wood waste from the wood-handling plant, sawmill, packaging pallet plant and from the groundwood mill, as well as the biosludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant, are all incinerated in the fluidized bed boiler for energy production. Due to effective utilization of the solid wastes generated at the mills, the annual amount of waste to be disposed of in the landfill has decreased between 1994 and 2004 from 42,990 to 6083 tonn (expressed as wet weight). The paper also gives an overview of the relevant European Union legislation on the forest industry and on waste management, as well as of the pulping process and of the generation of major solid wastes in the pulp and paper mills.

Finland↗

PubMed2002

Examination of environmental quality of raw and composting de-inking paper sludge.

Paper sludges were traditionally landfilled or burned. Over the years, the use of paper sludges on soils has increased, as well as the concerns about their environmental effects. Therefore, the chemical characterization of paper sludges and their young (immature) compost needed to be investigated, and over 150 inorganic and organic chemicals were analyzed in de-inking paper sludge (DPS). In general, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were low but variable in raw DPS and its young compost. The contents of arsenic, boron, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc were also low and showed low variability. However, the copper contents were above the Canadian compost regulation for unrestricted use and required a follow-up. The fatty- and resin acids, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the organic chemicals measured at the highest concentrations. For resinic acids, care should be taken to avoid that leachates reach aquatic life. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene should be followed until soil content reaches 0.1 microg g(-1), the maximum allowed for soil use for agricultural purposes according to Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. In young compost, the concentration of these chemical families decreased over time and most compounds were below the detection limits after 24 weeks of composting. In raw DPS, among the phenol, halogenated and monoaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxin and furan, and polychlorinated biphenyl families, most compounds were below the detection limits. The raw DPS and its young compost do not represent a major threat for the environment but can require an environmental follow-up.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2002

Comparative study of electronic vs. paper VAS ratings: a randomized, crossover trial using healthy volunteers.

The visual analogue scale (VAS) is an established, validated, self-report measure usually consisting of a 10 cm line on paper with verbal anchors labeling the ends. Palmtop computers (PTCs also known as personal digital appliances) have incorporated VAS entry by use of a touch screen. However, the validity and psychophysical properties of the electronic VAS have never been formally compared with the conventional paper VAS. The aim of this study is to determine the agreement between the electronic (eVAS) and paper (pVAS) modes. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Each study participant provided input using both measurement methods by marking the eVAS and pVAS in response to two kinds of stimuli, cognitive and sensory. A verbal rating scale of seven descriptors of intensity represented the cognitive stimuli. Participants were asked to mark the location that best corresponded to the pain intensity described by each word on scales from 'no pain' to 'worst possible pain'. The sensory stimuli used were a set of test weights consisting of plastic containers ranging from 7 to 129 g. The VAS for sensory stimuli ranged from 0 (no weight) to 'reference weight' (the heaviest weight outside the range of test weights). There were two types of input stimuli and two modes for recording responses for a total of four experimental conditions. Two evaluators independently measured and recorded all the pVAS forms to the nearest millimeter. A total of 2016 stimuli were rated. The overall correlation for ratings of both sensory and cognitive stimuli on eVAS and pVAS was r = 0.91. For paired verbal stimuli the correlation was r = 0.97. For paired sensory stimuli the correlation was r = 0.86. The correlation between group eVAS and pVAS ratings to common verbal stimuli was r = 0.99. For common sensory stimuli the group correlation was r = 0.99. The median of correlations comparing eVAS and pVAS ratings was 0.99 for verbal stimuli and 0.98 for sensory stimuli. Multivariate analyses showed equivalent stimuli to be rated much the same whether entered on paper VAS or PTC touch screen VAS (P < 0.0001). Support was found for the validity of the computer version of the VAS scale.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Towards maximising output from vermireactors fed with cowdung spiked paper waste.

Paper waste, spiked with varying proportions of cowdung, was vermicomposted in 'low-rate' and 'high-rate' reactors. The former type of reactors had earthworm populations and feed loading rates similar to ones recommended by previous workers. The 'high-rate' reactors were operated with 12.5 times higher earthworm densities and feed loading rates. All the reactors were studied for six months to assess the vermicast output, survivability, growth and reproduction of the earthworms hence the sustainability of the reactors--for long-term, continuous operation. The studies revealed the viability of the high-rate vermireactor concept. The high-rate reactors consistently produced over 6.5 times more castings per unit digester volume with no adverse effect on the earthworm population, as reflected by (a) absence of mortality, (b) consistent growth in worm zoomass, and (c) normal rate of reproduction. The studies also revealed that an increase in the cowdung fraction in the feed from 14.3% to 20% (4:1 paper:cowdung blends to 6:1 blends) had little positive impact on the vermicast output or earthworm health. This indicated that spiking of paper feed with approximately 14% cowdung, or perhaps an even smaller fraction, might be adequate to support earthworms in the paper-fed vermireactors.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Preparation of (188) Re-labeled paper for treating skin cancer.

For homogeneous delivery of beta radiation to skin cancer, we developed a simple method for preparing (188) Re-labeled nitrocellulose paper. The homogeneity and stability of the labeled paper were investigated. Absorbed dose estimates were calculated using the Monte-Carlo method. A 74-MBq (188) Re-labeled paper with 1-cm diameter delivered 147.2 Gy up to 1-mm depth after 2-h irradiation. Animal experiments on tumor-bearing mice showed that 50 Gy is an adequate dose for treating skin cancer. Tumors disappeared 7 days after irradiation in all the groups irradiated by 50 or 100 Gy. The (188) Re-labeled paper provided a convenient, economical, effective, and non-invasive method of treating skin cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from aged blood stains: quantitative evaluation of the "suitability for purpose" of four filter papers as archival media.

In collaboration with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology's Department of Defense DNA Registry, the National Institute of Standards and Technology recently evaluated the performance of a short tandem repeat multiplex with dried whole blood stains on four different commercially available identification card matrixes. DNA from 70 stains that had been stored for 19 months at ambient temperature was extracted or directly amplified and then processed using routine methods. All four storage media provided fully typeable (qualitatively identical) samples. After standardization, the average among-locus fluorescence intensity (electropherographic peak height or area) provided a suitable metric for quantitative analysis of the relative amounts of amplifiable DNA in an archived sample. The amounts of DNA in Chelex extracts from stains on two untreated high-purity cotton linter pulp papers and a paper treated with a DNA-binding coating were essentially identical. Average intensities for the aqueous extracts from a paper treated with a DNA-releasing coating were somewhat lower but also somewhat less variable than for the Chelex extracts. Average intensities of directly amplified punches of the DNA-binding paper were much larger but somewhat more variable than the Chelex extracts. Approximately 25% of the observed variation among the intensity measurements is shared among the four media and thus can be attributed to intrinsic variation in white blood count among the donors. All of the evaluated media adequately "bank" forensically useful DNA in well-dried whole blood stains for at least 19 months at ambient temperature.

Blood Stains↗

PubMed2001

Mechanisms of biofilm formation in paper machine by Bacillus species: the role of Deinococcus geothermalis.

Mechanisms for the undesired persistence of Bacillus species in paper machine slimes were investigated. Biofilm formation was measured for industrial Bacillus isolates under paper machine wet-end-simulating conditions (white water, pH 7, agitated at 45 degrees C for 1-2 days). None of the 40 tested strains of seven Bacillus species formed biofilm on polished stainless steel or on polystyrene surfaces as a monoculture. Under the same conditions, Deinococcus geothermalis E50051 covered all test surfaces as a patchy thick biofilm. The paper machine bacilli, however, formed mixed biofilms with D. geothermalis E50051 as revealed by confocal microscopy. Biofilm interactions between the bacilli and the deinococci varied from synergism to antagonism. Synergism in biofilm formation of D. geothermalis E50051 was strongest with Bacillus coagulans D50192, and with the type strains of B. coagulans, B. amyloliquefaciens or B. pumilus. Two B. licheniformis, one B. amyloliquefaciens, one B. pumilus and four B. cereus strains antagonized biofilm production by D. geothermalis. B. licheniformis D50141 and the type strain of B. licheniformis were the strongest antagonists. These bacteria inhibited deinococcal growth by emitting heat-stable, methanol-soluble metabolite(s). We conclude that the persistence of Bacillus species in paper machine slimes relates to their ability to conquer biofilms formed by primary colonizers, such as D. geothermalis.

Bacillus↗

PubMed1997

Sorption-catalytic determination of manganese directly on a paper-based chelating sorbent.

A hybrid technique based on a catalytic reaction carried out on the surface of a paper-based sorbent is proposed. It is shown that MnII exhibits its catalytic action in the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine with periodate in aqueous solution as well as on filter-paper with or without attached diethylenetriaminetetraacetate (DETATA) groups. Optimum conditions differ for the reaction in solution and on filter-paper. For equal catalyst concentrations, higher initial reaction rates are attainable on the filter-papers. Preconcentration of manganese on the DETATA sorbent combined with the subsequent catalytic reaction improves the selectivity, reduces the limit of determination down to 5 x 10(-6) mg l-1 (as compared with 6 x 10(-5) mg l-1 in solution) and expands the linear range by an order of magnitude (to 5 x 10(-6)-2.5 x 10(-3) mg l-1). The precision of manganese determination on the sorbent is high (the RSDs are < or = 5% for > or = 6 x 10(-4) micrograms Mn). Samples of tap and river water were analyzed by use of the proposed sorption-catalytic technique. A rapid procedure for the determination of manganese with visual detection was also developed.

Catalysis↗