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PubMed1989

Implications of malnutrition and diagnosis-related groups (DRGs).

The implications of malnutrition on the Medicare Prospective Payment System of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) were examined in 185 Medicare patients, aged 65 to 69 years, admitted to an acute-care tertiary hospital. Upon admission, patients were classified as malnourished if they were below the acceptable level in at least two of four parameters: serum albumin concentration, total lymphocyte count, percent ideal body weight, and percent weight loss. On the basis of that criterion, 8.6% (no. = 16) of the 185 patients were classified as malnourished. Although patients were classified as malnourished, malnutrition was among several comorbidity and complication (CC) factors, and, therefore, coding for malnutrition in any of these cases would not have increased hospital reimbursement. If malnutrition had been the only CC factor, hospital reimbursement would have been enhanced.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Acuity and staffing under prospective payment.

Nursing administrators are debating the desirable mix of professional (RN) and paraprofessional (LPN) nursing staff under the prospective payment system (DRGs). The staffing mix reflects the cost and quality of nursing care provided by an acute care hospital. Based on a reliable and valid acuity/care plan system, standards of care and nursing diagnoses, several DRGs were analyzed on an eight-bed medical/surgical intensive care unit with regard to intensity of care and staffing mix. This study showed nursing administrators that the staffing mix on an intensive care unit varies according to the acuity/care plan rather than DRGs or nursing diagnoses.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMed1999

Incontinence and PPS: a new era.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent and costly problem in nursing homes. Assessing residents with incontinence is necessary to determine the pathophysiologic causes and associated factors that can interfere with self-toileting. Nurses can perform this assessment at the bedside. Guideline tools have been developed to assist nursing home staff through the evaluation of UI and intervention. Treatment techniques, specifically behavioral interventions and toileting assistance programs, can be readily incorporated into nursing practice. Most nursing home staffs can easily implement interventions such as bowel and nighttime voiding management and dietary modifications. Nursing home research has demonstrated the effectiveness of toileting assistance programs; however, very little of this research and documented techniques has been used by nursing home staff. Scheduled toileting and bladder training programs can be successfully implemented in nursing home residents. The key to the success of these programs is identifying residents who should be targeted for each specific program. Staff education remains an ongoing issue, as caregivers must be aware of attitudes and beliefs about the aging process and its impact on the genitourinary system in order to provide effective care. Under the Prospective Payment System, nursing homes need to change business as usual and remain abreast of new innovations and research in different behavioral interventions and continence technology.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Critical appraisal of the DRG system. Problem areas for DRG reimbursement in the U.S.A.

This Prospective Payment System (PPS) utilising Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) which was introduced for the reimbursement of acute care hospitals for Medicare patients in the U.S., was adopted primarily to control the rapidly rising costs of health care and, as an initial effort to retain the solvency of the Nation's Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund. It is this factor, an overall decrease of health care dollars to health care providers and not the DRG system, which has generated the most criticism and concern. The DRG system, as a method to accomplish control of the expenditure of health care dollars and the method of implementation of this system in the United States, also generates criticism and concern from health care providers. One thing is certain, health care providers in the United States have seen just the beginning of what promises to be a rapidly changing environment driven by the need to control costs. The challenge will be to provide quality health care in a price competitive environment. This paper attempts to explore some of the criticisms and concerns of health care providers that result from the threat to reduce health care dollars and the methodology implemented to accomplish that objective.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Long-term care information systems: an overview of the selection process.

Under the current Medicare Prospective Payment System method and the ever-changing managed care environment, the long-term care information system is vital to providing quality care and to surviving in business. system selection process should be an interdisciplinary effort involving all necessary stakeholders for the proposed system. The system selection process can be modeled following the Systems Developmental Life Cycle: identifying problems, opportunities, and objectives; determining information requirements; analyzing system needs; designing the recommended system; and developing and documenting software.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

The impact of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 on home healthcare agencies and nurses.

"Medicare home health agencies are facing a regulatory purgatory as measures to reduce home health spending by about $16 billion over five years take effect with little government guidance. Home health providers are grappling with new surety bond requirements, the banning of venipuncture as a qualifying procedure for other home health services, and an interim payment system to scale back reimbursement levels before a prospective payment system takes effect in fiscal year 2000" (Cassil, 1998). The challenges of surviving and conquering all of the current issues facing home healthcare nurses and agencies seem overwhelming. All of these legislative and regulatory issues with the resulting financial and clinical implications are occurring as agency staff and administrators continue to provide quality home healthcare services to patients of all ages. Please share your strategies for meeting the challenges of 1998 with the editor.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1985

Critical appraisal of the DRG system: problem areas for DRG reimbursement in the USA.

One may conclude that the prospective payment system known as Diagnosis Related Groups is the initial thrust of the government to reduce the rate of expenditures for Medicare patients in the acute hospital setting. More will come and probably soon. Among the criticism and concern, one must not ignore the non-inclusion of the physician provider in this system. Cost shifting to the private payer will probably result in DRGs in that area also. Concern about the ability to provide the technology necessary to render quality care is utmost on the minds of providers. The shift of patients into the alternate health care field will leave hospitals with fewer patients who are overall much sicker and the hospital will have fewer dollars from which to provide that care. There is specific criticism of some of the DRG groupings and concern with the way in which physicians will be brought under the system. The issue of bad debts and care for the indigent must be addressed. A great deal of attention must be paid in the manner in which capital costs are reimbursed. Medical education costs must be satisfactorily addressed on a national basis. MEDPAR data used to provide data base for determining the DRG rates, must be upgraded to bring fairness to the system. Now medical technology must be examined quickly and the costs of those desirable technological advances incorporated into the DRG rate so as not to impede their use. Perhaps the greatest concern relates to the factors which will be incorporated into the rate basis and those which affect the allowable rate increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective payment and baccalaureate nursing education: projections for the future.

The implementation of a prospective payment system has had a profound effect on health care delivery in the United States. Providing realistic nursing experiences for baccalaureate students has become a challenge in the new arena of increased patient acuity, decreased length of patient stay in acute care settings, and increased use of home care services. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in the health care system and projected changes in baccalaureate nursing education associated with prospective payment. The descriptive survey design used a mail questionnaire to which deans or their designees from 186 National League for Nursing (NLN) accredited baccalaureate nursing programs responded. Outcomes of the study indicated specific health care delivery changes in all geographic areas and all types of institutions. Projected changes in nursing education included curriculum, teaching methods, and clinical learning experiences.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2001

Case management is critical in PPS.

The home care industry is undergoing tremendous changes in the reimbursement model presented in the Prospective Payment System (PPS). Case management is a model of care delivery that can provide the oversight required in this comprehensive prospective payment environment.

Case Management↗
PubMed1988

Cost control under the DRG system.

The change in the method of reimbursing hospitals from a retrospective to a prospective payment system known as diagnosis-related group (DRG) caused hospitals to increase control over their costs. This article details a system for cost control that gives timely feedback on the hospital's reimbursement position and allows the hospital to recognize areas that require their attention for proper control over costs. Three variances are discussed: controllable variance, standard variance, and total variance. The system was tested on a hospital found to have enough information for this purpose. The results of this application indicate that the system is as feasible in the hospital industry as it is in other industries.

Cost Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New ways of managing under prospective payment and their impact on the principles and practice of infectious diseases.

Medicare's Prospective Payment System (PPS) and its Diagnostic Related Groups (DRG) have celebrated a second anniversary. There is little doubt that the momentum of change started by the prospective payment concept will be around for some time. The formula for success contains a new approach to the management of health care organizations, instilling new life into health care management, creating challenges of new relationships and roles for medical staff, and serving to reshape the organizational structure of health care providers. Medicare will not be the only benefactor of this new scheme as prepayment spreads to other payors and providers of health care. Health care organizations have an opportunity to be innovative. Success will depend on whether health care executives and physicians can change, whether the results are satisfactory to users and payors, and whether the right incentives are preserved. The practice of infectious disease can play a unique and beneficial role in the prevention and control of infections through cost-effective surveillance programs and in the development and management of the antibiotics formulary. The costs of care can be appropriately controlled under the fixed payment systems, and survival in the new environment, more assured.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1997

Financing reforms in the German hospital sector: from full cost cover principle to prospective case fees.

OBJECTIVES: The authors provide an overview of the hospital sector in Germany with a focus on the impact of recent reform legislation on this sector. METHODS: Data from the Federal Statistics Office, the Ministry of Health, and the Federal Association of Physicians are synthesized with information obtained from a general review of the literature. RESULTS: Before the implementation of recent health-care reforms, the German health-care system has been sharply divided into inpatient and ambulatory care sectors, resulting in a fragmented system of care delivery. All hospital operating costs were fully covered through per diem charges. The 1992 Health Care Structure Act and subsequent pieces of legislation have introduced new mechanisms to improve cost efficiency in the hospital sector and increase coordination between the inpatient and outpatient care. These measures notably include implementing an inpatient prospective payment system and permitting ambulatory surgery and care services to be offered in inpatient settings. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas prospective payments have greatly reduced the length of stay, hospitals were reluctant to offer ambulatory surgery due to budgetary constraints and the high level of ambulatory surgery by office-based physicians. The reforms passed have not yielded substantial cost savings. These reforms offer a natural experiment that could benefit from national and international studies on the impact of hospital sector redesign on management, financing, and patient outcomes.

Financial Management, Hospital↗
PubMed1989

Use and cost of short-stay hospital inpatient services under Medicare, 1986.

This article is part of a continuing effort to monitor the operation of the Medicare program. A synopsis is given of the legislation that implemented the prospective payment system for short-stay hospitals, and the data show the program experience for 1986, the third full year of implementation under prospective payment.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Organizational and market factors associated with Medicare dependence in inpatient rehabilitation hospitals.

Rehabilitation hospitals in the USA have been excluded from the Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS) system since 1982, and have received cost-based reimbursement. However, the 1997 Balanced Budget Act mandated a PPS for inpatient rehabilitation, to be implemented by the end of 2002. This study assesses rehabilitation hospitals' dependency on Medicare. Findings show that not-for-profit hospitals, facilities with fewer services, facilities with lower staffing levels, and hospitals with lower operating expenses and profits, have a higher proportion of their inpatient revenue coming from Medicare. These facilities may be vulnerable to the new PPS payment system.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed1994

A case-mix classification system for medical rehabilitation.

Dissatisfaction with Medicare's current system of paying for rehabilitation care has led to proposals for a rehabilitation prospective payment system, but first a classification system for rehabilitation patients must be created. Data for 36,980 patients admitted to and discharged from 125 rehabilitation facilities between January 1, 1990, and April 19, 1991, were provided by the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation. Classification rules were formed using clinical judgment and a recursive partitioning algorithm. The Functional Independence Measure version of the Function Related Groups (FIM-FRGs) uses four predictor variables: diagnosis leading to disability, admission scores for motor and cognitive functional status subscales as measured by the Functional Independence Measure, and patient age. The system contains 53 FRGs and explains 31.3% of the variance in the natural logarithm length of stay for patients in a validation sample. The FIM-FRG classification system is conceptually simple and stable when tested on a validation sample. The classification system contains a manageable number of groups, and may represent a solution to the problem of classifying medical rehabilitation patients for payment, facility planning, and research on the outcomes, quality, and cost of rehabilitation.

Activities of Daily Living↗