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PubMed1997

[RNA editing].

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Animals↗
PubMed1995

Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing: an update.

Apolipoprotein (apo) B mRNA editing consists of a C-->U conversion of the first base of the codon CAA encoding glutamine 2153 in apoB mRNA to UAA, a stop codon. The cDNA for an apoB mRNA editing protein was recently cloned in rat and human. The human protein contains 236 amino acid residues and exists as a homodimer. The editing protein edits apoB mRNA in vitro only in the presence of tissue complementation factors. There is a leucine-rich motif spanning residues 173-210 of the protein which may be involved in homodimer formation and/or interaction with complementation factors. The requirements for these factors support the existence of an editosome involved in apoB mRNA editing.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed1994

The role of RNA editing in conservation of start codons in chloroplast genomes.

Open reading frames (ORFs), encoded by the plastid genomes of tobacco, liverwort, rice and maize were aligned with a view to studying the conservation of translational start and stop codons created by RNA editing of homologous genes. It became evident that most of the homologous ORFs have conserved translation start and stop signals at the gene level. However, some of the ORFs show differences with respect to extensions of their 3' and 5' terminal regions. For example, the proposed N-termini of the ndhD-encoded peptides from different plant species are very variable in length and amino-acid composition. Sequence analysis of ndhD and the corresponding cDNA shows that editing of an ACG triplet in tobacco, spinach and snapdragon leads to the creation of an AUG codon, corresponding to the start codon in other species. Conservation of translational start codons of plastome-encoded genes can, therefore, be achieved by editing of transcripts, and the definition of plastome-encoded ORFs must take potential editing events into consideration.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Increased apoB100 mRNA in inbred strains of mice by estrogen is caused by decreased RNA editing protein mRNA.

Estrogen administration to rats diminishes all apoproteins and lipoproteins from plasma. In contrast, some inbred strains of mice raise their plasma apoB and LDL levels by more than 2-fold (Srivastava et al, 1993, Eur. J. Biochem. 216, 527-538). Further studies with 13 inbred strains of mice given 3 micrograms beta-estradiol/g body weight/day for 5 consecutive days suggest that some mouse strains increased their apoB and LDL levels and some did not. To examine the mechanism of influence of genetic factors on apoB regulation, two strains, C57L and C57BL, that increased their VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol, and 2 strains, BALB and C3H, that did not, were chosen. Estrogen increased plasma apoB levels selectively in the strains C57L and C57BL, termed as 'responders,' but did not change in BALB and C3H, termed as 'non-responders.' One of the mechanisms for increased plasma apoB levels could be through increased production of apoB-containing particles. This possibility was investigated. ApoB and REPR mRNA were quantified by RNase protection assay, and apoB-100 mRNA by apoB mRNA editing assay. Hepatic apoB mRNA increased by 30% in 'non-responders,' but decreased by 20% in the 'responders.' However, apoB-100 mRNA increased relative to apoB-48 mRNA in all the 4 strains by 50%. The mRNA for RNA editing protein (REPR) decreased in all strains, suggesting that apoB-100 mRNA increased as a result of decreased apoB mRNA editing activity. These results suggest that:(a) modulation of apoB mRNA by estrogen was strain-specific;(b) increased apoB100 mRNA in inbred strains of mice were caused by decreased apoB mRNA editing activity; and (c) the differences in the plasma apoB levels among 'responder' and 'nonresponder' strains of mice occur through mechanisms other than the apoB mRNA editing.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed1999

RNA editing.

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APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed1998

Genetic characterization of the mRNAs encoding alpha-bungarotoxin: isoforms and RNA editing in Bungarus multicinctus gland cells.

The mRNA encoding alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Butx) was prepared from the venom glands of Bungarus multicinctus by Cap-finder cDNA synthesis. The sequences of the 3'- and 5'-flanking regions including a signal peptide of alpha-Butx were almost identical with those of Elapidae and Hydrophiidae toxins, suggesting that they may have the same origin. Sixteen polymorphic mRNA sequences of alpha-Butx were detected from B.multicinctus gland cells. Analysis of the genomic DNA of alpha-Butx indicated that the polymorphic mRNA originated from one DNA sequence. Most of the mutations in alpha-Butx mRNA were silent and the hot-spot variations occurred at 78, 107, 129, 198 and 201 nt in alpha-Butx mRNA. Ten distinct protein sequences of alpha-Butx could be deduced from the polymorphic mRNA and one of the isoforms has already been isolated. Since alpha-Butx DNA is a single copy in the genome, the RNA polymorphism might result from post-transcriptional editing. These results indicate that the authentic alpha-Butx is in fact derived from edited mRNAs. RNA editing may contribute a common mechanism toward the diversity of alpha-neurotoxins in snake glands.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Transfer RNA editing in land snail mitochondria.

Some mitochondrial tRNA genes of land snails show mismatches in the acceptor stems predicted from their gene sequences. The majority of these mismatches fall in regions where the tRNA genes overlap with adjacent downstream genes. We have synthesized cDNA from four circularized tRNAs and determined the sequences of the 5' and 3' parts of their acceptor stems. Three of the four tRNAs differ from their corresponding genes at a total of 13 positions, which all fall in the 3' part of the acceptor stems as well as the discriminator bases. The editing events detected involve changes from cytidine, thymidine, and guanosine to adenosine residues, which generally restore base-pairing in the stems. However, in one case an A-A mismatch is created from an A-C mismatch. It is suggested that this form of RNA editing may involve polyadenylylation of the maturing tRNAs as an intermediate.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

RNA editing of apocytochrome b (cob) transcripts in mitochondria from two genera of plants.

Editing of the complete coding region of cob transcripts from two genera of plants has been studied by cDNA sequence analysis. Eighteen and nine C residues are edited into U in the mitochondrial transcripts from wheat and potato respectively. Both systems share eight common editing sites; ten codons edited in wheat are "pre-edited" at the genomic level in potato, and one codon edited in potato is "pre-edited" in wheat. Most amino-acid modifications lead to hydrophobic residues and increase the homology between the COB polypeptides and the corresponding protein of other species. In two out of the nine potato cDNA clones, an additional C-to-T modification, which also leads to a change in the encoded amino acid, was identified. Heterogeneity observed at the carboxy-terminus of the COB open reading frame in Triticum aestivum and Triticum timopheevi is not corrected by editing.

Apoproteins↗
PubMed2000

Genomic organization, proposed alternative splicing mechanisms, and RNA editing structure of GRIK1.

In the present study, we report the genomic reconstruction of the glutamate receptor GluR5 gene (GRIK1, alias GLUR5; 402 kb) by the use of the data available in public databases. This analysis allowed characterization of the exon-intron boundaries, identification of the gene promoter region, presentation of the putative complete sequences of two GluR5 mRNA isoforms, and definition of the structure of GluR5 pre-mRNA surrounding the Q/R editing site.

Alternative Splicing↗