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[Foci of the rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti (Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae) and rat-mite dermatitis in Moscow].

High density of the rat population in Moscow in 1990-1991 resulted in the appearance of Ornithonyssus bacoti foci and of cases of the rat-mite dermatitis in humans. A total of 36 foci of the disease were examined and eradicated. A method for the detection of such foci has been developed. Two types of foci are distinguished, communal and industrial, and their specific features as regards the rodent and mite populations and clinical features of dermatitis in humans are described. A system of measures for liquidation of foci of rat mites is suggested, including rat and mite eradication and treatment of the patients. Specific features of these measures for various types of foci and in case of a focus reappearance are enumerated.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Surveillance of commensal rat and shrew populations in the Bangkok area with references to flea index as the risk indicator of plague.

Commensal rats and shrews were trapped from 47 fresh food markets in Bangkok during the two study periods in the same markets: 21st June to 28th December 1999 and 1st March to 31st May 2000. Trapping was performed using wire live traps on three consecutive nights in each period. The trapped animals were identified for taxonomic species and flea infestation. Fleas were collected, identified and counted. Four species of rodents: Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Rattus exulans and Mus musculus, and one species of shrew: Suncus murinus were trapped in comparable numbers during the two study periods. Among the 1177 animals trapped, 84.3 per cent were R. norvegicus. Regarding sex prevalence, a higher number of female animals were trapped compared to males. Almost all the fleas collected were Xenopsylla cheopis, and there were very few Ctenocephalidesfelis-felis. Flea index based on the number of X. cheopis was 0.65 for all over Bangkok. Based on the geographical area of Bangkok, the inner area had the highest rodent population and the highest flea index of 0.86. Therefore, the inner region should be the priority for sanitation improvement.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Safeguarding herds from the animal hygiene point of view].

One of the most important concepts for the protection of herd health is the implementation of structural and organisational measures to prevent infective agents and other adverse compounds from entering the farm. Safeguarding health, well-being and production efficiency is part of the overall management concept of hygiene in animal production systems. This paper presents an overview of the most important rules and recommendations to protect livestock production facilities from the intrusion of infectious pathogens, beginning with the right choice of the site for the farm and the animal housing ("safe distances" to neighbouring farm animal houses), solid fencing and control and disinfecting places at the entrance gate. The traffic of vehicles and people transporting animals, feedstuff, equipment and slurry or manure to and from the facility should be reduced to a minimum. Fallen animals should be stored in separate and safe containers until removed by specialised companies. Regular control of rodents, insects and wild birds is crucial to avoid the transfer of infectious agents from farm to farm and between herds within a farm. Equally important factors are the health status of personnel to avoid transmission of zoonotic diseases, the application of the all-in-all-out system and a strict cleaning and disinfecting regime. The internal and external organisational measures for preventing the spread of infections in animal production will gain increasing importance in the future because the farm animal producer bears the responsibility for the production of safe and healthy food at the primary segment of the food chain. Increasing restrictions on the use of veterinary drugs for food delivering animals will increase the importance of prophylaxis, prevention and protection of production units as the keys for safeguarding health, well-being and efficiency of farm animals. Only the application of strict hygiene principles in animal production will make it possible to meet the consumer demand for safe and high quality food of animal origin.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Effects of learned flavor avoidance on grooming behavior in rats.

In Experiment 1, rats were conditioned to avoid saccharin in tapwater by pairing it with LiCl in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) applied to the fur. Conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA) of saccharin was then assessed in drinking and grooming tests. In Experiment 2, rats were given saccharin CMC on their fur and NaCl in water (or vice-versa) as conditioned stimuli in a CFA paradigm. Two-choice tests (saccharin vs. NaCl) followed in drinking and grooming contexts. In Experiment 3, rats were given saccharin CMC on one flank and vehicle (CMC only) on the other. After grooming, animals were injected with LiCl and then given 2-choice tests, first between saccharin and water, then between saccharin-CMC and plain-CMC, and finally, between saccharin and water. Strong CFA was exhibited in drinking tests in all 3 experiments. This was not the case in grooming tests. Rats continued to groom when tastant was applied to only one flank (Experiment 1), and exhibited only weak CFA when a different tastant was applied to each flank (Experiments 2 and 3). We conclude that grooming can be directed to minimize the ingestion of noxious substances, but that such ingestion is not sufficiently reduced to affect the efficacy of grooming as a delivery method for unpalatable substances (e.g., rodenticides, chemosterilants). We speculate that grooming represents a weakness in rodents' defenses against dietary poisoning, and that it might be used to deliver toxicants as part of crop protection schemes that make use of CFA.

Animals↗