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PubMed1991

Oxytocin inhibits male sexual behavior in prairie voles.

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of oxytocin (300 ng) produced an immediate cessation in sexual behavior in sexually active male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Other social behaviors including social contact, aggression, and autogrooming were not significantly affected by oxytocin, but males that received oxytocin ICV, versus injections that missed the ventricles, showed more sleep postures. Sexual behavior remained inhibited for at least 24 hours and was not activated in tests with a novel receptive female. Sexual and social behavior were not significantly altered in animals in which the oxytocin injection missed the ventricles or in saline-treated males. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that oxytocin plays a role in sexual satiety.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Effects of testosterone replacement on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men.

Fifteen patients with hypogonadism due to testicular, pituitary, or hypothalamic failure were studied. After a pretreatment period without substitution, patients received intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate, equivalent to 25, 50, 100, and 250 mg testosterone, or placebo. Each dose was given for 4 weeks, with injections given every 2 weeks. All patients with plasma testosterone values below 2 ng/ml during the pretreatment period reported impaired sexual function. They responded to testosterone injections (50, 100, and 250 mg) with improvement of sexual behavior, as rated by sexual desire and frequency of erections and ejaculations. In the range between 2.0 and 4.5 ng testosterone per ml, four patients reported high frequencies of erections and ejaculations that did not change after testosterone treatment. Four other patients with testosterone values in the same range reported impaired sexual behavior and were successfully treated with testosterone enanthate. These data indicate that male sexual behavior is testosterone dependent and that the individual limit of plasma testosterone below which sexual behavior is impaired lies between 2.0 and 4.5 ng/ml.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in sexual behavior. Analyse des Comportements Sexuels en France Investigators.

The definition of strategies for preventing STD and AIDS requires a better knowledge of sexual behavior in the general population and in specific subgroups of the population. Surveys have been undertaken in different countries to provide such information, and they allow to draw some general conclusions. Even if there exist a very important variability of sexual behaviors between individuals and within individuals in different situations, the primary characteristics of sexual behavior in different developed countries appear to be quite similar. All prevention efforts need to be directed toward everybody in the population, but they must in the same time be made age specific, gender specific, and culture specific. The repertoire of available methods must be expanded to offer different choices, taking into account important psychological and sociologic determinants of sexual behavior. The development of methods under women's control would permit to combine the goals of contraception and of STD prevention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Sexual behavior of male New Zealand white rabbits in an intensive production unit.

Sexual behavior in the male white New Zealand rabbit in intensive production units is not fully documented. Therefore, the objective of this work was to provide further information about the sexual behavior of this species in intensive production systems. Fourteen 6- to 12-month-old rabbits were studied for 6 months (July/December) when housed individually under natural photoperiod (19 degrees latitude north). They were mated once a week. When mated they were exposed at 6-min intervals to five oestrous females. The number of mounts, time between mounts, time and number of ejaculations, time between ejaculations, and also enuresis, grasping and kicking were recorded. Mounts (n=222) were observed and recorded. Males mated one to five times during each evaluative session. Enuresis was present only in one observation. Sexual aggressiveness such as grasping and kicking was present during 142 and 133 matings. Time for mounting and ejaculation in accumulated means (minutes, seconds, tenths) from the first to the fifth mount were noted and an accumulative average of 4.20 min for the fifth mounting was noted. Minimum times for ejaculation and next mating was 00:17:00 min and maximum was 05:33:03 min. It was concluded that sexual behavior in white New Zealand male rabbits remained unchanged through the duration of the period of study.

Aggression↗

PubMed2000

Influence of castration and estrogen replacement on sexual behavior of female-oriented, male-oriented, and asexual rams.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether exogenous estradiol-17beta (E2) could restore sexual behavior in castrated rams. The protocol consisted of three sequential 6-wk periods during which rams were studied while 1) intact, 2) bilaterally castrated, or 3) implanted s.c. with two 7.6-cm silastic implants each containing 309+/-16 mg of E2. Rams (classified as female-oriented [FOR, n = 7], male-oriented [MOR, n = 7], or asexual [n = 7]) were subjected to 30-min sexual behavior tests every 2 wk during the ensuing 18 wk. Rams were observed for mounts and ejaculations using two ovariectomized, estrous ewes and two intact males secured in stanchions. Behavioral data were analyzed using the signed rank test, but asexual rams showed no sexual behavior and therefore were not evaluated statistically. Jugular blood was collected prior to castration and at the end of the 18-wk period, and testicular venous (n = 21) and arterial (n = 8) bloods were collected immediately prior to castration. Radioimmunoassay was used to quantify systemic levels of estrone (E1), E2, and testosterone (T) and testicular serum concentrations of oxytocin (OT). Mounting behavior of MOR and FOR declined after castration (P < .05 and P < .10, respectively). Castration reduced the number of ejaculations by FOR (P < .05), but not by MOR (P > .10). Mounting behavior of castrated MOR and FOR was not affected by E2 treatment relative to that observed if castrated only (P > .10). Treatment of asexual rams with E2 did not stimulate sexual behavior in these rams. There were no marked differences (P > .10) among ram groups with regard to serum concentrations of E1, E2, or T prior to castration (overall mean +/- SE, 12.8+/-.7, 7.6+/-.5, and 2,670+/-780 pg/mL, respectively) or any difference (P > .10) in systemic concentration of E1 or E2 among ram groups after rams were implanted with E2 (overall mean +/- SE, 9.7+/-.7 and 9.0 +/-.7 pg/mL, respectively). Serum concentrations of E2 after implantation of the steroid did not differ from those present while rams were intact (P > .10). Testicular venous and arterial serum concentrations of OT were low and did not differ within or between rams. These results suggest that restoration of E2 concentrations to physiological levels in castrated adult rams (regardless of sexual orientation) cannot stimulate or reestablish sexual behaviors to levels observed prior to castration.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Weight-related issues and high-risk sexual behaviors among college students.

Individuals with high body mass index (BMI), negative body image, and unhealthy weight control behaviors may be more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors than others. Researchers have not fully investigated these relationships in a sample of college students. The authors collected data regarding several weight-related issues and high-risk sexual behaviors (response rate = 39%) from 1,168 college students. Over half reported at least 1 high-risk sexual behavior. After the authors controlled for several demographic characteristics, they found that higher BMIs were associated with increased odds of having a casual sexual partner (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70) and being intoxicated at last intercourse (OR = 2.25). Among women, unhealthy weight control behaviors were associated with having a casual partner (OR = 2.12), using no or unreliable contraception (OR = 1.98), and being intoxicated at last intercourse (OR = 2.31). Weight-related issues were not associated with sexual behaviors among college men. The authors describe their findings within two health behavior frameworks, and they discuss implications for research and health education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Evidence for the modulation of sexual behavior by alpha-adrenoceptors in male rats.

Clonidine, a commonly used antihypertensive agent believed to act by stimulation of central alpha-adrenoceptors, produced a dose-related suppression of ejaculatory behavior in sexually vigorous male rats throughout the range of treatment (0.0125-0.5 mg/kg). Treatment with 0.25 mg/kg virtually eliminated ejaculatory behavior, without altering the number of animals mounting and intromitting. These effects were maintained for at least 4 h after treatment. Prazosin, another antihypertensive (but acting by blockade of alpha 1-adrenoceptors), increased latencies to initiation of copulation, to ejaculation, and to reinstatement of copulation following ejaculation. Additionally, prazosin (1 mg/kg) pretreatment failed to attenuate or prevent the clonidine-induced suppression of ejaculation. In contrast, yohimbine, a drug which preferentially blocks alpha 2-adrenoceptors (2 mg/kg, 20 min prior to mating tests), caused a facilitation of copulatory behavior as evidenced by drastic decreases in ejaculation latency and intercopulatory and postejaculatory intervals. Pretreatment with yohimbine completely prevented the clonidine-induced suppression of ejaculation, while clonidine attenuated the facilitatory effects of yohimbine, suggesting a competitive interaction. These data lead to the suggestion that increased excitatory adrenergic activity results in increased sexual arousal either by blockade of alpha 2-or stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Alternatively, stimulation of alpha 2-or blockade of alpha 1-adrenoceptors results in diminished sexual motivation. While the precise implications of this animal research for the clinic are as yet unclear, further research could lead to important developments in the pharmacological treatment of sexual dysfunctions.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Knowledge about STD/AIDS and sexual behavior among high school students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The incidence of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is increasing among adolescents. In order to better understand high-risk sexual behavior among students, a cross-sectional study based on a self-answered anonymous questionnaire was conducted in 10 public and private high schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were obtained on sociodemographics, knowledge of STD/AIDS, and sexual behavior. Among 945 students aged 13-21, 59% were sexually initiated, and the median age at first sexual intercourse was 15 years (range: 7-19). Although 94% reported being aware of the need for condom use for protection, only 34% informed always using condoms during sex. Low family income was associated with unsatisfactory knowledge (OR = 9.40; 95% CI = 6.05-14.60) and inconsistent condom use (OR = 11.60; 95% CI = 5.54-24.30). However, unsatisfactory knowledge was not associated with inconsistent condom use. School-based educational programs should focus on sexual behavior more than on transmission of knowledge, as well as targeting low-income students.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1984

Telencephalic and preoptic areas integrate sexual behavior in hime salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka): results of electrical brain stimulation experiments.

Various patterns of sexual behavior were evoked in freely swimming hime salmon by electrical stimulation of specific loci in the telencephalon and the preoptic area (POA) using chronically implanted electrodes. Furthermore, co-ordinated sexual behavior corresponding to stages of the natural spawning sequence was elicited from some of these brain regions. These results suggest that (1) sexual behavior is integrated in specific parts of the telencephalon and POA, and (2) within these regions there is a hierarchy of neural systems which mediate progressively more complete components of normal sexual behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Contributions to the history of psychology: XCIX. Experimental study of infrahuman primate sexual behaviors: James Harlan Elder.

Prior to the 1930s, designs of research into sexual behavior of infrahuman primates were not comparable; conclusions about physiological and nonphysiological factors in receptivity and mating were confounded by species studied, living and testing conditions, and precaptivity history. Clearly there was need for comprehensive and controlled studies of infrahuman primate sexual behavior. In response to the controversy about biological bases of receptivity and mating, James Harlan Elder, in collaboration with Robert M. Yerkes, designed the first truly comprehensive study of factors influencing sexual behavior of chimpanzees. At that time, other persons interested in this problem were employing experimental methods, but Elder's and Yerkes' program most directly addressed the problems confounding prior study and their work served as a model of experimental research into factors affecting receptivity and mating of infrahuman primates.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

HIV among pregnant women in Moshi Tanzania: the role of sexual behavior, male partner characteristics and sexually transmitted infections.

BACKGROUND: Women continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV in Tanzania, and factors contributing to this situation need to be identified. The objective of this study was to determine social, behavioral and biological risk factors of HIV infection among pregnant women in Moshi urban, Tanzania. In 2002-2004, consenting women (N = 2654), attending primary health clinics for routine antenatal care were interviewed, examined and biological samples collected for diagnosis of HIV and other sexually transmitted/reproductive tract infections. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV was 6.9%. The risk for HIV was greater among women whose male partner; had other sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 15.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.39-27.20), traveled frequently (AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.22-2.65) or consumed alcohol daily (AOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.06-2.67). Other independent predictors of HIV were age, number of sex partners, recent migration, and presence of bacterial vaginosis, genital ulcer, active syphilis and herpes simplex virus type 2. CONCLUSION: Development of programs that actively involve men in HIV prevention is important in reducing transmission of HIV in this population. Further, interventions that focus on STI control, the mobile population, sexual risk behavior and responsible alcohol use are required.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Inhibition of male sexual behavior by intracranial implants of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the medial preoptic area of the rat.

Castrated male rats received testosterone (T) via silastic capsules and bilateral implants of either anisomycin (ANI) in a cocoa butter/beeswax mixture or cocoa butter/beeswax alone as a control. Cannulae were placed directly into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) to determine if protein synthesis in this brain region is required for the expression of male sexual behavior. In the first experiment, using a restoration paradigm, it was found that a 25% mixture of ANI prevented restoration of male sexual behavior, whereas 4% ANI was only partially effective. In a second experiment, the ability of 25% ANI to suppress male sexual behavior in a maintenance paradigm was tested and found to be completely ineffective. In a third experiment, a 50% ANI dose was used and this dose significantly suppressed male sexual behavior by the fourth week. Sexual behavior returned following ANI discontinuation. Males receiving 50% ANI were also tested for sexual motivation (measured in a place preference test), as well as for scent marking and vocalizations. ANI implanted into the MPOA did not affect sexual motivation, as males in both ANI and control groups spent more time with a sexually receptive female than with a nonreceptive female. ANI in the MPOA did not affect scent marking, but significantly decreased ultrasonic vocalizations. These results suggest that, in rats, protein synthesis in the MPOA is required for the expression of male sexual behavior and vocalizations, but not for sexual preference or scent marking.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The impact of a history of sexual abuse on high-risk sexual behaviors among females attending alternative schools.

The goal of this study was to explore whether a history of sexual abuse is associated with high-risk sexual behaviors among female adolescents attending alternative schools in a large urban city in the southwestern United States, and to examine the role of depression and substance abuse in explaining this association. One hundred eighty-four sexually active female adolescents constituted the sample for this analysis. Forty-nine (26.6%) reported that they were forced to have sex. Having a history of sexual abuse substantially increased sexual risk behaviors. Adolescents reporting a history of sexual abuse, compared to those who did not report such a history, were significantly more likely to have initiated sexual activity (intercourse) before age 14, to have had three or more sexual partners in the last 3 months, and to have had a history of sexually transmitted diseases. These associations remained significant after controlling for age, ethnicity, and family income. Depression and substance abuse did not explain the association between sexual abuse and high-risk sexual behaviors. It seems reasonable to conclude that adolescents with a history of sexual abuse have greater difficulty practicing safe sexual behaviors than do those who have not been sexually abused. Given the prevalence of child sexual abuse and the extent of its impact, it is critical that intervention strategies for adolescent females address the issue of abuse and help them adopt self-protective sexual behaviors. The findings also highlight the importance of targeting adolescents who attend alternative schools.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Sexual behavior in castrated male rats treated with monoamine synthesis inhibitors and testosterone.

Castrated male rats treated daily with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 20 mg/kg) started to display mounts, intromissions and ejaculations more rapidly in response to daily treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 0.15 mg/kg) than NaCl-treated rats. Daily treatment with the catecholamine (CA) synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT, 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the behavioral response to subsequent TP treatment. The acceleration of TP-induced sexual behavior by PCPA pretreatment was inhibited by pretreatment with DL-5-HTP (20 mg/kg) but not with L-DOPA (12.5 mg/kg). Analyses of brain monoamines showed that the PCPA treatment reduced brain 5-HT levels and produced a marked inhibition of the 5-HT synthesis. The 5-HTP treatment restored brain 5-HT levels to normal. Daily treatment with PCPA also reduced brain CA levels and inhibited the CA synthesis but these biochemical effects were not related to the effects of PCPA on sexual behavior. Daily treatment with PCPA (40 mg/kg for 12 days) or treatment with 126 mg/kg PCPA for 3 days induced the complete pattern of sexual behavior in 5 of 9 and 19 of 30 castrated rats respectively without concurrent TP treatment. It is suggested that 5-HT exerts a modulating influence on sexual behavior in male rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

What is the significance of black-white differences in risky sexual behavior?

A sample of African-American and white young adults were classified as having multiple sex partners or one sexual partner. Subjects with multiple sexual partners were more likely to use drugs and practice risky sexual behaviors such as having anal intercourse, having sexual experiences with a prostitute, and having a history of gonorrhea (P < .001) and genital warts (P < .01). Additional analyses were conducted to determine African-American versus white differences in risky sexual behaviors. Results indicated that whites in the multiple partners and single partner groups were more likely to engage in anal and oral sex, while African Americans were more likely to have sex with prostitutes. Attitudes about the use of condoms differed significantly by multiple partner status (P < .004) and gender (P < .007), but not ethnicity. However, angry reactions about the use of condoms occurred more with African Americans (P < .003) and males (P < .05) than with whites or females. While whites reported a greater use of drugs and a significantly higher level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, African Americans reported a significantly greater perception of risk for being exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (P < .01) and significantly more gonorrhea (P < .10), syphilis (P < .05), and HIV/AIDS (P < .05). No whites in our sample were treated for syphilis nor had they tested positive for HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, 4.5% of the total sample of African Americans reported testing positive for HIV/AIDS. Finally, the results from discriminant analysis indicate that a large number of variables significantly discriminate between subjects who engage in risky sexual behaviors and those who do not. Although there is some similarity in the variables for African Americans and whites, there was tremendous variability between the ethnic groups in the factors that predict risky behaviors. These findings are discussed with reference to the need to develop HIV/AIDS prevention programs for African Americans that are based on data derived from African-American populations rather than from black versus white comparison studies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Alcohol before puberty produces an advance in the onset of sexual behavior in male rats.

The effect of alcohol consumption before puberty on the development of genital-grooming (GG) and on the onset of sexual behavior was assessed. Wistar male rats were continuously exposed in a one-bottle access situation to either 6% ethanol (alcohol group, AG), an isocaloric sweetened solution (vehicle group, VG) or were maintained in standard laboratory conditions (control group, CG). Each solution was the only available liquid in each group from weaning (22 days) to 40 days of age. GG behavior was recorded from 25 to 47 days of age and sexual behavior was recorded from 42 to 74 days of age. The age at the maximum peak of both frequency and duration of GG showed an advance in the AG (33-35 days of age) compared with the CG (45 days) and the VG (47 days). An advance in the onset of sexual behavior was observed in the AG: at 46 days of age, seven of the nine males of this group showed ejaculatory behavior. In contrast, in the CG and VG, ejaculation occurred in at least 50% of subjects after 58 days of age. Regardless of the advance in the onset of sexual behavior, the characteristics of the different parameters of the copulatory sequence were not impaired by alcohol. The apparent advance in the onset of puberty is discussed in terms of the opioid hypothalamic activity as a mechanism that affects the LH secretion.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

[Predictors of sexual behavior in a group of heterosexual university students at risk for AIDS in Montreal].

In order to evaluate the predictors of risky sexual behavior and AIDS, 573 male and female college students enrolled in French speaking universities in Montreal answered a questionnaire dealing with their sexual behaviors, from which an index of risks was computed (CASH). The analyses show that the best predictors of the CASH for men are associated to their sexual partner taking the pill, peer attitudes toward sexuality and individual sensation-seeking index. For women the best predictors of risky sexual behaviors are the perception of chances to catch AIDS, use of drugs or alcohol during coital behavior, peer group attitudes, personal sexual attitudes and using the pill as a contraceptive. These results suggest that risky sexual behaviors depend on complex processes associated to lifestyle and personality structures.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2005

The health belief model, sexual behaviors, and HIV risk among Taiwanese immigrants.

In this first investigation of Taiwanese sexual behaviors in the United States, 144 Taiwanese students completed an online anonymous survey. Demographics, health belief model (HBM) constructs, and acculturation were examined as predictors of sexual behaviors over the last year. Analyses indicated that participants who reported a higher number of sexual partners and more frequent sexual intercourse tended to be more educated and more likely to be nonheterosexual. The HBM constructs, as a set, reliably predicted participants' sexual behaviors. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor within the HBM. Furthermore, acculturation moderated the predictive power of the HBM with respect to intercourse frequency. The main limitation of the study is that the measure of HBM, which was not designed to target Asian immigrants, was psychometrically poor. The results suggest self-efficacy is a target for behavioral change, acculturation may need to be incorporated into the HBM, and more culturally sensitive measures need to be developed.

Acculturation↗