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PubMed1999

Highlights of the sexual activity of the heterosexual population in the province of Quebec.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and quantify the level of sexual activity of the heterosexually active population of Quebec. METHODS: The data analysed included 2889 heterosexually active individuals aged 15-60 (agemed = 32) from a 1996-7 survey on the sexual lifestyles of the general population of Quebec. Various probability distributions were studied to assess their capacity to describe and quantify the lifetime and yearly numbers of sexual partners of the sampled population. To estimate the annual rates of new partner acquisition, a generalised linear model was fitted to the number of lifetime sexual partners as a function of age, years of sexual activity, and sex. RESULTS: The mean and variance of the number of lifetime sexual partners for men (mean = 11, s2 = 163) is higher than for women (mean = 6, s2 = 72). The negative binomial and lognormal probability distributions give the most adequate fit to the lifetime number of partners for both agglomerated and stratified (by sex and age) data. The estimated annual rates of new partner acquisition provide two important results for prevention: (1) the first year of sexual activity represents the highest annual rate of new partner acquisition independent of age, (2) annual rates of new partner acquisitions increase through mid-life (ages 40-50) combined with a decrease in condom use. CONCLUSION: Problems caused by the use of large categories in the estimation of mean and variance cannot totally be overcome by fitting probability distributions to the empirical data despite good fits. Furthermore, we believe that adequate estimates of the annual rate of new partner acquisition should be a better measure of the risk of HIV infection than the number of partners since the first is a measure of incidence while the second is a measure of prevalence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

The invested partner in sexual disorders: a profile.

To determine the relevant psychosexual characteristics of invested partners of patients with sexual disorders, the authors administered the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) to 51 invested partners and 200 normal volunteers. Female invested partners (N = 18) participated in a significantly more constricted range of specific sexual activities and revealed significantly lower sexual drive than the normal women. Tbey also had significantly lower scores on the femininity component of the gender role definition subtest. Male invested partners (N = 33) also showed significantly lower femininity scores and had somewhat lower scores on endorsement of specific sexual experiences. Degree of sexual satisfaction in the invested partners was comparable to that of their sexually dysfunctional partners.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Sexual behaviour among adolescents aged 16- and 18-years in Poland in 2005].

OBJECTIVES: Presentation of: frequency of sexual debut and its age among 16- and 18-year-olds; number of sexual partners and use contraception methods among sexually active adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Representative sample of adolescents aged 16 and 18 years in Poland, students of different type of high schools (N=2893; 1490 boys, 1403 girls) was used. Four questions concerning sexual behaviour were included in anonymous questionnaire and were derived from U.S. the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). RESULTS: Among 18-year-olds 49.9% of boys and 47.3% of girls reported sexual debut with mean age 16.5 and 16.8 years respectively. 26.4% of students have had sexual intercourse at age 15 years or earlier. The frequency of sexual initiation increased with age, was higher among adolescents living in towns than in villages and was the highest among vocational school students. 26.3% of adolescents had three or more and 8,8% had six or more sexual partners. 11.1% of sexually active adolescents reported that either they or their partners had use any method of contraception during their last sexual intercourse. The most common contraception methods used was condom (it was reported by 82.9% of boys and 75.2% of girls). 41.1% of adolescents used ineffective methods: withdrawal and "natural methods". CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of 18-year-olds started their sexual life. There is not gender differences in sexual debut frequency. The risk of unwanted pregnancy, STDs infections and other sexual and reproductive health problems is the highest among girls living in towns and students of vocational schools. The development of family planning and sexual and reproductive health services for young people in Poland is necessary.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Risk factors for cervical dysplasia: implications for prevention.

This study assessed the aetiologic and public health importance of various risk factors for cervical dysplasia. A case-control design was used in which all cases had a histologically confirmed mild, moderate or severe cervical dysplasia. Controls were sampled from the general population. A total of 257 cases and 705 controls returned a postal questionnaire about marital status, sexual behaviour and contraceptive use, smoking behaviour and dietary intake of some nutrients. An increased risk was observed for women who were smokers and women who reported more than one sexual partner. For women who reported more than six sexual partners, the adjusted odds ratio was 11.5 (95% CI: 6.6-20.2); for women who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day, an adjusted odds ratio of 2.5 (95% CI: 1.6-3.9) was found. Use of oral contraceptives for more than 10 years increased the risk: the adjusted odds ratio was 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2-4.5). The population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) of these three risk factors together was 72%, while number of sexual partners, number of cigarettes smoked and oral contraceptive use alone amounted to a PAR% of 57%, 29% and 8% respectively. Considering the preventive potential against the background of causality of the relationships and the social acceptability of the proposed changes, it is concluded that cervical cancer and its precursors might for the greater part be prevented by behavioural changes, such as reducing smoking and using contraceptive barrier methods.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Intrafamilial spread of hepatitis C virus infection.

We assessed the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) among 401 household contacts of 161 persons with chronic hepatitis C (index patients). None of the index patients had antibodies against HIV. The overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 3.2% (2.5% in the absence of previous parenteral exposure). Sexual partners had a seroprevalence of 4.7% and non-sexual contacts, 2.5%. Among non-sexual contacts, parents showed the highest rate (4.2%). The mean duration of exposure in the anti-HCV-positive sexual partners was 17.3 +/- 8.5 years, vis-à-vis 9.2 +/- 7.4 years in the anti-HCV-negative sexual partners. We conclude that there is little risk of HCV infection through household contact. Although the form of transmission is not well identified, the duration of sexual activity suggests that the time needed to become infected is long.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of sex behavior of men in Mexico City].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the major features of sexual behavior in men from Mexico City, such as the number of sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and beliefs on AIDS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal epidemiologic study was conducted in 1995 based on multistage sampling with conglomerates. A total of 1,377 males from 15 to 49 years of age was interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire. Statistics such as Student's test and chi 2 were applied to determine significance. RESULTS: Subject mean age was 17.7 years (SD = 2.8 years) Overall proportion of condom use in the last intercourse was 24.6% depending on the type of partner: 18.8% used it with regular partners and 62.5% with multiple partners. Symptoms suggesting gonococcal uretritis were found in 2%. Finally, 97.5% understood the meaning of AIDS and knew some protective measures against infection. CONCLUSIONS: Some risky characteristics of sexual behavior were identified concerning the transmission of STD such as multiple sexual partners, not using condom and STD antecedents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2006

HIV incidence increasing in MSM in Germany: factors influencing infection dynamics.

After an initial peak in the mid-1980s, HIV incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) declined in most western industrialised countries and then levelled off during the 1990s. Since the late 1990s, increasing numbers of newly diagnosed HIV infections in MSM have been observed in the majority of countries with large and visible MSM communities. Based on a review of national and international behavioural surveillance studies of MSM and national HIV surveillance data, we propose a model for the HIV epidemic in MSM in Germany. The model includes aspects such as individuals' increasing numbers of sexual partners and increasing frequency of unprotected anal intercourse, conditional condom use based on real or perceived HIV status of sexual partners (HIV "serosorting") and sexual role assignments (insertive versus receptive based on HIV status (HIV "seropositioning"), selection of partners and formation of sexual networks through seeking sexual partners on the internet, the introduction of HAART and changing HAART treatment strategies. All these aspects have been shown or are suspected to increase or decrease HIV transmission risk in MSM. We conclude that increasing HIV incidence in MSM in recent years has been fuelled by a spread of HIV in high-risk sexual networks with an increasing proportion of infections transmitted during highly infective early HIV infection, acquired mostly from casual sexual partners.

Germany↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent sexual behavior: estimates and trends from four nationally representative surveys.

CONTEXT: Accurate information about trends over time in adolescent sexual behavior is essential to understand changes in adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases and to monitor the progress of health promotion activities in the United States METHODS: Estimates from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were compared. While methodologies and populations varied by survey, adolescents aged 15-17 who attend high school were a common subpopulation among all four. For each survey, the prevalence of sexual intercourse, contraceptive use and multiple sexual partners was measured in this population. RESULTS: Trend comparisons fell into four categories. First, some similar significant trends were found across surveys. The proportion of all males and of white males who reported ever having had sexual intercourse decreased significantly, while condom use rose significantly among males in both the NSAM and the YRBS. For such behaviors as ever having had sexual intercourse (among Hispanic males and black females), using the pill and using the condom (among all females) and having four or more lifetime sexual partners (among white males), a significant trend was found in one survey while a similar but nonsignificant trend was found in another. Several trend comparisons were not significant in any survey. Finally, having had intercourse in the past three months (among all males and all females), having had two or more partners in the past three months (for males) and having had four or more lifetime sexual partners (among white females and all males) showed a significant trend in one survey but lacked a parallel nonsignificant trend in another. Prevalence estimates in 1995 differed significantly in at least one comparison of surveys for all behaviors except having four or more lifetime sexual partners (both genders) and having two or more recent sexual partners (females). Gender differences within the YRBS and between the NSFG and the NSAM generally were consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Trends over time and gender differences were similar across surveys, underscoring their value for tracking adolescent sexual behaviors. Differences in prevalence estimates across surveys probably result from differences in question wording, diverse interview settings and modes of data collection, and varying statistical power. These findings suggest a need to increase our understanding of how methodologies influence survey response in research on adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

History of genital warts in 10,838 women 20 to 29 years of age from the general population. Risk factors and association with Papanicolaou smear history.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The most important risk factor for cervical neoplasia is genital infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Genital warts (GW) are an easily recognizable condition caused by HPV. Although only a fraction of HPV infections are clinical, a history of ever having had GW could serve as a marker for exposure to HPV. GOALS: To study the risk factors for ever having had GW. The association of GW with abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and relation to cervical neoplasia is also discussed. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study among 10,838 women aged 20 to 29 years and reporting at least one lifetime sexual partner. The women were participants in a prospective cohort study on the relationship between HPV and cervical neoplasia in Copenhagen, Denmark. Data were obtained by means of personal interviews using structured questionnaires. RESULTS: In all, 1,820 women (17%) reported ever having had GW. The most important risk factor was the number of lifetime of sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio 5.2; 95% confidence interval: 3.4-8.0) for at least 40 partners vs. 1 to 2 partners). The number of regular partners, sexually active years, a history of chlamydial infection, and smoking were also associated with the risk of ever having had GW. Women who had had GW were 1.9 times more likely than other women to report an abnormal Pap smear. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the sexual transmission of the infection. There is also good concordance between risk factors for ever having had GW and cervical neoplasia. A close relationship between having had GW and an abnormal Pap smear was observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Teenage obstetric and gynaecological problems in an African city.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervical cancer, pregnancy and use of contraception in teenagers, and to determine socioeconomic factors associated with these conditions to aid planners of medical services and promotion of sexual health. SUBJECTS: 181 Ethiopian teenagers and 1,845 women aged 20 to 45 years for comparison. SETTING: Gynaecological outpatient department, antenatal, postnatal and family planning clinics, in two teaching hospitals and a mother and child heath centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: Results of serologic tests for STD, clinical evidence of PID, and cervical cytology were analysed against socio-economic factors. RESULTS: In teenagers early age at first marriage/coitus, more common in those of rural origin, was associated with poverty, a greater number of lifetime sexual partners, and prostitution: 40 pc were first sexually active before the menarche. Prevalence of seropositivity to specific STD pathogens was; Treponema pallidum (TPHA) 21 pc, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal antibody test: GAT) 40 pc, genital chlamydiae 51 pc, hepatitis B virus 36 pc, herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) 32 pc, and Haemophilus ducreyi 16 pc: 92 pc of teenagers were seropositive to one or more STD's. STD seroprevalence was higher in those with more than one sexual partner, those sexually active by age 15 (very high in those sexually active by age 12), those involved in prostitution and those attending the family planning clinic. Forty three pc had clinical evidence of PID; one married at age 10 had invasive cervical cancer by age 18; 40 pc of teenagers were pregnant compared with 25 pc of those aged 20 to 45; 21 pc attended for family planning; of regular FPC attenders 81 pc were GAT seropositive. CONCLUSION: Despite legislation early age of sexual debut is common, STD and PID are widely prevalent, the pregnancy rate in adolescents is high and contributes to the national population growth rate. Action is required at family, medical and governmental level to encourage cultural acceptance that marriage and sexual activity should not occur before the age of 16 years, with education appropriate to culture to prevent STD. Similar studies are recommended in other countries to establish a baseline for informed strategy regarding prevention of STD and health education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Voluntarily informing others of positive HIV test results: patterns of notification by infected gay men.

Forty gay men who had recently learned that they were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were interviewed to determine the frequency with which they voluntarily informed physicians, dentists, friends, family members, and current and past sexual partners of their positive test results. Ninety percent of the subjects informed a personal physician, and 48 percent of the subjects who sought dental care informed the dentist. Sixty-six percent of subjects with at least one current sexual partner notified every current sexual partner, although notification was not associated with a greater likelihood of safer sex practices. Ninety percent of the subjects who had past sexual partners made no attempt to inform them. Sixty-eight percent confided in at least one friend, but only 35 percent told a family member.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1995

Modelling the impact of alternative HIV intervention strategies in rural Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the likely impact on HIV incidence of increased condom use, a reduction in casual sexual partners, treatment programmes for other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and combinations of these in rural Uganda. METHODS: A simulation model for the transmission dynamics of HIV infection and STD was employed, drawing on data from a rural population cohort in South-West Uganda with an HIV prevalence of 9% among adults in 1990. RESULTS: For the scenario most consistent with data from the study population, 39% of all adult HIV infections were averted, in the 10 years from 1990, when condoms were used consistently and effectively by 50% of men in their contacts with one-off sexual partners (such as bar girls and commercial sex workers). Reducing by 50% the frequency of men's sexual contacts with one-off partners averted 68% of infections. Reducing by 50% the duration of all STD episodes averted 43% of infections. Combining these three interventions averted 82% of all adult infections in the 10 years from 1990. CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of HIV infections may be averted in general populations through interventions targeted only on less regular sexual partnerships.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Measures of sexual behavior and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.

A women's sexual behavior affects her risk of acquiring pelvic inflammatory disease, but the risks have not been well characterized. To study the association between pelvic inflammatory disease and sexual behavior, we analyzed data from a multicenter, case-control study involving 712 women hospitalized with an initial episode of pelvic inflammatory disease and 2719 hospitalized control women without a history of pelvic inflammatory disease. Study participants provided information on their frequency of intercourse, number of recent sexual partners, and previous history of gonorrhea. Logistic regression methods were used to adjust for confounding factors. Women who reported having four or more sexual partners were over three times more likely to be hospitalized for pelvic inflammatory disease (relative risk 3.4; 95% confidence interval 2.2-5.3) than were women who reported only one recent sexual partner. To a lesser extent, frequent sexual intercourse and history of gonorrhea also increased a woman's risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Frequent intercourse was a strong risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease among a subgroup of women who were at low risk for acquiring a sexually transmitted disease: Married women with one recent sexual partner with intercourse six or more times per week had a risk of pelvic inflammatory disease of 3.2 (1.4-7.2) compared with similar women having intercourse less than once per week. Frequent intercourse, which does not by itself increase the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease, may increase a woman's risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Young victims and their later partners.

Sexual abuse can seriously traumatize the victim, especially if she is a young girl Ambivalent feelings regarding herself and others make it difficult and often impossible for her to find a partner later. Most relationships are brief. If the victim is able to form a lasting relationship both she and her partner will be confronted with the effects of her trauma. They face relational and sexual problems. It is difficult for the partner to accept her trauma emotionally. Therapy, usually carried out individually or in groups and without the partner, often fails to prevent the breakdown of their relationship or marriage. The partner's presence in or involvement with the treatment has proved very helpful provided the relationship has possibilities for change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Heterosexual activity of male prisoners in England and Wales.

A random sample of 1009 adult male prison inmates from 13 prisons covering short-, medium- and long-term establishments across England and Wales was interviewed about sexual behaviour, drug use and tattooing, inside and outside of prison. We report here on their heterosexual behaviour. Inmates had had a high number of sexual partners compared to population samples. The majority of sexual partners were casual and there were high levels of sexual involvement with injecting drug users and with prostitutes. Prisoners engaged in more risky sexual practices than did the general population and used condoms infrequently. A high number of prisoners had also injected drugs. Inmates reported a high frequency of past sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Heterosexual transmission of HIV in China: a systematic review of behavioral studies in the past two decades.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to address the role of heterosexual transmission of HIV in China. GOAL: The goal of this study was to explore the prevalence of unsafe sex and the likelihood of HIV spread heterosexually from core populations to others. STUDY: The authors conducted a review of behavioral studies. RESULTS: Drug users were more likely to be involved in higher-risk sexual behaviors than were those who abstained from using drugs. Most female drug users (52-98%) reported having engaged in commercial sex. Most female sex workers (FSWs) and individuals with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) had concurrent sexual partners. Many continued to have unprotected sex after noticing STD symptoms in themselves or their sexual partners. From 5% to 26% of rural-to-urban migrants had multiple sexual partners and 10% of males patronized FSWs during migration. CONCLUSIONS: Factors such as high rates of FSW patronage, low rates of condom use during commercial sex, having sex with both commercial and noncommercial sexual partners, and high rates of STD infection may promote a heterosexual epidemic in China.

Behavioral Research↗

PubMed1996

Sexual risk behavior in women with cervical human papillomavirus infection.

In a study of 972 women, sexual characteristics of 66 women with a cervical human papillomavirus infection (CHPI) were compared to the remaining study population. Among a number of sexual variables that were significantly correlated with CHPI were number of lifetime sexual partners, short partnerships, many recent partners, infidelity, casual travel sex, sexual début abroad, oral and anal sex, and sexual abuse. In multifactorial analyses four variables remained significantly correlated with CHPI, i.e., number of lifetime sexual partners, casual travel sex, sexual début abroad, and infidelity. It is concluded that CHPI shows most of the epidemiological characteristics of a sexually transmitted disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Influence of circumcision and sexual behaviour on PSA levels in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic.

Early age at first intercourse, increased number of sexual partners, lack of circumcision and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are associated with prostate cancer. There has been no investigation of the effect of these factors on prostate health at an early age. Previously collected serum samples from STD clinic attendees were tested retrospectively for anti-chlamydial antibodies, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration. Patients at an STD clinic were interviewed regarding age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners and circumcision status. This was compared to clinical diagnosis, anti-chlamydial antibody titre and PSA concentration. The results showed: (1) that of patients with an anti-chlamydial antibody titre equal or greater than 1 in 64 (n=27) 37% had a PSA concentration greater than 0.8 ng/ml while those with a titre less than 1/64 (n=201) only 17% had a PSA >0.8 (P<0.05). (2) No association was found with circumcision status. (3) Early age of first intercourse and more than 20 sexual partners were associated with a synergistic increase in mean anti-chlamydial antibody titre and a mean PSA concentration of 1.2 ng/ml (95% CI 0.56-1.76). It is concluded that these results provide the first evidence that sexual behaviour related risk factors for prostate cancer do damage the prostate at an early age. Though they do not prove that infection is a cause of prostate cancer they do justify further research into the specificity of agents involved and impact of antibiotic treatment.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2001) 4, 228-231

Journal Article↗