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PubMed1981

Nitrate reductase activity (in vivo and in vitro) of ditelosomic stocks of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The nitrate reductase activities (NRA) of 31 ditelosomic stocks were compared with that of the control plant [Chinese Spring (CS) euploid], using in vivo and in vitro assay procedures that had been optimized with respect to the euploid. Fourteen stock exhibited significant differences in in vivo NRA from that of the euploid; the effect of removal of a chromosome arm was always to increase NRA. Eight of these stocks showed similar effects in vitro, although in three, a casein-sensitive factor had to be eliminated before the difference was expressed. Homoeologous group effects were evident among ditelosomics of groups 2, 4, and 7, while for three chromosomes (2D, 7A, and 7B), removal of either are resulted in a similar increase in NRA in vivo and probable in vitro.

Genes↗

PubMed2026

Genomic introgressions from wild relatives in the wheat genome alter meiotic dynamics in inter-varietal hybrids.

The use of wild relatives to introduce original diversity in the genome of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an interesting approach to face the challenges of sustainable agriculture and the impact of climate change on wheat production. However, the influence of these wild-species introgressions on meiosis in inter-varietal wheat hybrids remains poorly understood. We analyzed the French wheat variety Renan (Re) carrying Aegilops ventricosa (Aev)-derived 2AS/2NS and 7DL/7DvL introgressions, the reference cultivar Chinese Spring (CS), which lacks these introgressions, and their inter-varietal hybrid Chinese Spring × Renan (CSRe). This analysis combined cytogenetic approaches with the assessment of reproductive performance. Furthermore, we generated a cytological atlas of meiosis in wild tetraploid Aev, quantifying bivalent configurations and chiasma frequency. We observed a reduced pollen viability and a slight decrease in floret fertility in the hybrid CSRe. Exploration of the meiotic behavior showed that CSRe exhibited increased numbers of rod bivalents and univalents, leading to a reduced average chiasma number and frequent chromosome bridges and fragmentations, whereas the parental lines maintained stable chromosome pairing. These rearrangements indicate that homologous chromosome pairing and recombination are affected in CSRe. We applied introgression-specific oligo-Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization to localize alien segments in CSRe, providing a novel strategy to investigate the meiotic behavior of introgressed regions. The 2AS/2NS introgressed segments in CSRe were frequently located on rod bivalents or univalents, while 7DL/7DvL segments consistently formed ring bivalents. Our results provide a foundation for guiding alien gene introgression and for understanding the behavior of chromosomes with introgressions in the wheat genome.

Meiosis↗

PubMed2004

Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf virus in autumn-sown cereal crops in the United Kingdom in relation to field characteristics.

The incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus and of its aphid vectors was surveyed in untreated parts of autumn-sown cereal crops, mainly wheat and barley, in the United Kingdom in 1995-8. The incidence of virus in the spring was related to the incidence of aphids in the preceding autumn. Both virus and aphid incidences could also be related to a range of crop and field characteristics, in particular sowing date, regions as defined by their geographical position, topography and climate, the proximity of the field to the sea, the extent of arable land in the vicinity of the field, and the aspect and size of the field. Proximity of cropped fields to setaside areas had no significant effect on either aphid or virus incidence.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Meiotic metaphase I pairing behavior of a 5BL recombinant isochromosome in wheat.

A recombinant isochromosome i5BLrec of wheat was developed with one arm and the proximal 36% of the other arm of Chinese Spring (CS) origin and the distal 64% of the recombined arm of Triticum turgiduM subsp. dicoccoides origin. The i5BLrec provides an unusual opportunity to analyze the role of the centromere or arm heterozygosity in chromosome prealignment and synapsis during meiosis. In monosomic condition, the i5BLrec formed a ring univalent in 86.8% of the pollen mother cells (PMCs) at meiotic metaphase I. In the disomic condition, the two i5BLrec preferentially paired as a normal bivalent in 74.8% of the PMCs, which differed significantly (p <0.01) from the normal bivalent pairing of 51% observed in diisosomic 5BL chromosomes of the CS (Di5BL(CS)) control plants. In plants with one i5BLrec and a normal 5B(CS), the long arm of 5B(CS) paired with the homologous arm of i5BLrec in 54.4% of the PMCs, and 40.4% of the PMCs had a 5B(CS) univalent and a i5BLrec ring univalent. The implications of the i5BLrec pairing data on the mechanism of Ph1 gene action are discussed.

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed1978

Influence of homoeologous chromosomes on gene-dosage effects in allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Gene-dosage responses for a group of six wheat endosperm proteins have been investigated by using compensated nulli-tetrasomic lines of cv. Chinese Spring. Practically linear dosage responses have been observed for all the proteins. However, for two of the proteins (and probably for a third one), the net output of protein, at each dosage of its structural gene, was 30-80% higher when the chromosome carrying an active homoeogene was absent. The possible significance of this effect in connection with the loss of gene redundancy undergone by polyploids is discussed.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Identification and mapping of a tiller inhibition gene (tin3) in wheat.

Tillering is one of the most important agronomic traits in cereal crops because tiller number per plant determines the number of spikes or panicles per plant, a key component of grain yield and/or biomass. In order to characterize the underlying genetic variation for tillering, we have isolated mutants that are compromised in tillering ability using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)-based mutagenesis in diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum). The tillering mutant, tiller inhibition (tin3) produces only one main culm compared to the wild type with many tillers. The monoculm phenotype of tin3 is due to a single recessive mutation. Genetic and molecular mapping in an F(2) population of diploid wheat located the tin3 gene on the long arm of chromosome 3A(m). One codominant RFLP marker Xpsr1205 cosegregated with tin3 in the F(2) population. Physical mapping of PSR1205 in a set of Chinese Spring deletion lines of group-3 chromosomes placed the tin3 gene in the distal 10% of the long arm of chromosome 3A, which is a recombination-rich region in wheat. The implications of the mapping of tin3 on chromosome arm 3A(m)L are discussed with respect to putative orthologs of tin3 in the 3L colinear regions across various cereal genomes and other tillering traits in grasses.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2026

Dissecting the genetics of forage quality traits in soft red winter wheat in the U.S. southeast region.

Winter wheat plays a viable role in agriculture, not only as a primary grain crop but also as a valuable forage source that bridges fall-spring forage gaps in many regions, including the southeastern (SE) U.S. Despite its nutritive potential, genetic basis of forage-quality traits remains insufficiently understood, limiting breeding efforts for dual-purpose cultivars. This study aimed to dissect the genetic architecture of forage quality in 182 soft red winter wheat (SRWW) genotypes adapted to the SE U.S. using genome-wide association study (GWAS). Field experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design across three Georgia locations over two growing seasons (2023-2025), with forage sampled at the end of tillering and evaluated using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF, NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), total digestible nutrients (TDN), sugars (SUG), and relative forage quality (RFQ). Heritability estimates ranged from low-to-moderate in combined environments and from low-to-high within individual locations. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among fiber-related traits and negative associations with TDN, RFQ, and SUG, while CP declined with increasing fiber. Genome-wide association analysis identified 282 significant marker-trait associations (P < 1×10-4) across 19 chromosomes, which were consolidated into 121 QTLs, including 27 major-effect QTLs. Three QTLs QRfq.uga-3B.1, QRfq.uga-3B.2 (RFQ) and QDm/Sug.uga-7A (DM, SUG) were stable across locations while QAdf/Adl.uga-2A (ADF, ADL) and QDm/Sug.uga-7A (DM, SUG) indicated multi-trait control. Notably, 25 of the 27 major QTLs were putatively novel, highlighting substantial untapped allelic diversity for forage-quality improvement in SE SRWW. Favorable allele accumulation resulted in an overall improvement in forage quality, increasing desirable nutritive traits (DM, RFQ, SUG, CP) while reducing undesirable traits (ADF, ADL). Candidate gene analysis linked six major QTLs with genes implicated in abiotic stress response, plant development, and metabolic regulation, supporting their functional relevance in forage-quality determination. Incorporating these loci into breeding programs provides a robust genetic framework for marker-assisted selection, enabling the development of dual-purpose wheat cultivars with enhanced forage quality, thereby strengthening wheat's utility as a reliable forage resource during periods of seasonal feed scarcity in SE production systems.

GWAS↗

PubMed1987

Genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 in hexaploid wheat.

The genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 (NDH-1) and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (AADH-2) was investigated in Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Evidence was obtained that NDH-1 is active as a monomer and is encoded by genes located in the p arms of the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes. The NDH-1 gene loci located in 4Ap, 4Bp, and 4Dp were designated Ndh-A1, Ndh-B1, and Ndh-D1, respectively. Aadh-A2 was previously reported to be located in 6Aq; in this study, Aadh-B2 and Aadh-D2 were localized in 6Bq and 6Dq, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 is expressed on AADH-2 zymograms; the presence of a contaminating aliphatic alcohol in one or more reagents is suggested as the probable cause of this phenomenon.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed2006

[Cloning and analysis of gene encoding wheat translation initiation factor, eIF5A].

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is involved in cell proliferation, senescence, development and environmental response. In this paper, DNA and cDNA of Chinese Spring was amplified by PCR with special primers, two special fragments of 1 679 bp and 1 910 bp were obtained with DNA as template and one special fragment of 636 bp was yielded with cDNA as template. Which were named eIF5a1 (GenBank number: DQ167202), eIF5a2 (Genbank number: DQ167201) and eIF5a3, respectively. The complete sequence (768 bp) of eIF5a3 (Genbank number: DQ167203) was obtained using GeneRacer kit. Nucleotide sequence analysis shows that eIF5a1 and eIF5a2 share identical transcriptions of 636bp which have only 6 nucleotides difference. Putative amino acid sequences analysis revealed that there was only one or two amino acid difference in eIF5a1, eIF5a2 and eIF5a3. Phylogenic analysis indicated that the eIF5A of wheat were relation to corn, rice, tomato and potato closely. In additional, eIF5a2 is located on chromosome 2B using Langdon D-genomic disomic substitution lines and the expression of eIF5A was also investigated by Semi-quantitative PCR.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Molecular cytogenetic characterization and disease resistance observation of wheat-Dasypyrum breviaristatum partial amphiploid and its derivatives.

A wheat-Dasypyrum breviaristatum partial amphiploid and its derivatives were analyzed by molecular cytological observation and tested for disease resistance in order to evaluate the potential use of the D. breviaristatum for wheat improvement. A fertility-improved partial amphiploid, TDH-2, was produced from the selfing population of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese spring (CS)-D. breviaristatum amphiploid. Based on the results obtained from genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and seed protein electrophoresis, we found the presence of fourteen D. breviaristatum chromosomes and the absence of D genome in TDH-2, indicating that the genomic composition of TDH-2 was AABBV(b)V(b). GISH analysis on BC(1)F(4) progenies of TDH-2xwheat demonstrated that alien D. breviaristatum chromosomes or segments were frequently transmitted. A survey of diseases resistance revealed that powdery mildew resistance from D. breviaristatum was totally expressed, however, the expression of stripe rust resistance from D. breviaristatum was dependent on the wheat background. The comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was carried out using molecular marker SCAR(1400) linked to Pm21 D. villosum-derived powdery mildew resistance gene, suggested that D. breviaristatum possessed new resistance gene(s) different from that in D. villosum. The present study showed that the partial amphiploid TDH-2 and its derivatives could serve as novel sources for transfer of disease resistance genes to wheat.

Chromosomes, Plant↗

PubMed2002

Genes responding to vernalization in hexaploid wheat.

Genotype-specific gene expression in response to vernalization in common wheat was examined by the differential display method. Two near-isogenic lines of Vrn-A1 ( Vrn-A1 for the spring type and vrn-A1 for the winter type) were treated by vernalization of developing embryos in detached-ear cultures. This treatment was effective to promote vrn-A1 genotypes to head at a time equivalent to that of Vrn-A1. Differential cDNA fragments were isolated by the RT-PCR method from embryos subjected to vernalization treatments for 2- and 4-weeks at DAP10 and DAP20 stages, respectively. Among 110 differential cDNA fragments isolated, 48 were examined for their chromosomal locations and designated as wec ( wheat- embryo cold treatment) genes. Seven wec genes showed genotype-specific expression in response to vernalization. The statistical analysis utilizing two recombinant inbred lines showed that four wec genes were significantly associated with heading factors.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

[Soil respiration characteristics in winter wheat field in North China Plain].

Experiments were conducted at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during 2002-2003 to investigate the respiration of a pulverous sandstone soil under cultivation of winter wheat over a growth season. The effluent CO2 was collected and analyzed by the static-chamber/gas chromatography (GC) method at a frequency of once a week in spring and autumn, once two weeks in winter, twice a week for straw manure treatment, once a week for no straw manure treatment and nitrogen fertilization treatment in summer. The results indicated that diurnal variation of soil respiration rate showed a single peak in typical winter wheat farmlands in the North China Plain, and reached the highest at about 13 o'clock, and the lowest at about 4 o'clock in the early morning. In winter wheat growth season, the soil respiration rate was 31.23-606.85 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) under straw manure, 28.99-549.66 x m(-2) x h(-1) under no straw manure, 10.46-590.86 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) in N0, 16.11-349.88 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) in N100, 12.25-415.00 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) in N200, and 23.01-410.58 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) in N300, showing a similar seasonal variation tendency with soil temperature. Among all treatments, the straw manure had the most distinct soil respiration, though the soil respiration also increased slightly with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Soil respiration increased exponentially with increasing soil temperature, and the correlation of soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm was the best. This relationship was usually described with the Q10 model, which represented the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature. Q10 was not a fixed value, which varied with the depth at which the temperature was measured and the depth of the active soil layer and soil temperature. At same time, the Q10 value decreased with increasing soil temperature. Soil water content was another important factor affecting soil respiration rate, but in this region, the relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture was poor, and no distinct rules were shown. The average net photosynthesis rate of winter wheat had a close relation with soil respiration rate. The differences between them showed that the photosynthetic uptake of CO2 was beyond emission of soil respiration during the period from return green to mature, and the winter wheat farmland was a sink of CO2.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed2005

Structural characterization, expression analysis and evolution of the red/far-red sensing photoreceptor gene, phytochrome C (PHYC), localized on the 'B' genome of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Phytochromes are a family of red/far-red light perceiving photoreceptors. The monocot phytochrome family is represented by three members, PHYA, PHYB and PHYC. We have isolated and characterized the first PHY gene member (TaPHYC) from common wheat, Triticum aestivum var. CPAN1676. It codes for a species of the photoreceptor, phyC, which is known to be light-stable in all plants analyzed so far. A sequence of 7.2 kb has been determined, which includes 3.42 kb of coding region. This is the second full-length PHYC gene sequenced from a monocot (first was from rice). TaPHYC gene shares structural similarities with the rice PHYC containing four exons and three introns in the coding region. The 5' UTR is 1.0-kb-long and harbors an upstream open reading frame (URF) encoding 28 aa. Southern blot analysis of TaPHYC indicates that it represents single locus in the wheat genome, although the possibility of additional loci cannot be completely ruled out. Chromosomal localization using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring places TaPHYC on chromosome 4B. PHYC represents a constitutively expressed gene in all the organs tested and under light/dark conditions. However, PHYC was found to be developmentally regulated showing maximal expression in 3-day-old dark-grown seedlings, which declined thereafter. In silico analysis has also been done to compare TaPHYC gene with the partial sequences known from other wheat species and cultivars. The presence of a topoisomerase gene immediately downstream of the PHYC gene, both in rice and wheat genomes, presents yet another example of synteny in cereals and its possible significance has been discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Development and QTL assessment of Triticum aestivum-Aegilops tauschii introgression lines.

A set of 84 bread wheat lines, each containing a single homozygous introgression of the Aegilops tauschii genome was produced in the 'Chinese Spring' background via backcrossing of the D-genome chromosome substitution lines 'Chinese Spring'/Sears's 'Synthetic 6x' with the recurrent parent and subsequent selfing. The development of the lines was accompanied by microsatellite marker assisted selection. With the exception of three telomeric regions at chromosomes 1DL, 4DL and 7DS, and a region of less than 24 cM on the chromosome arm 3DL, the genome of Ae. tauschii is fully represented in these lines. The newly developed lines were used for the discovery of morphological and agronomical quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from the wild species. Fifty-two introgression lines were grown in the field and evaluated for six traits including flowering time, plant height, ear length, spikelet number, fertility and grain weight per ear. Seventeen significant QTLs were detected, Ae. tauschii contributed favourable alleles at nine loci influencing five traits. The whole set of 84 homozygous lines provides a tool for further testing the effects and stability of the detected QTLs and for the evaluation of new traits.

Alleles↗

PubMed1993

Cow weights and reproduction on native rangeland and native rangeland-complementary forage systems.

Replicated cow herds of 15 Angus x Hereford (AH) and 15 Brahman x Hereford (BH) F1 cows each were placed on native rangeland (NR) or native rangeland-complementary forage (NRCF) systems. The NR was 8.1 ha of sagebrush-mixed prairie per cow-calf unit and the NRCF used the same mixed prairie complemented by .4 ha of double-cropped winter wheat and summer annual forage replacing about 30% of the mixed prairie for each cow unit. Calving seasons, spring for NR and fall for NRCF, were selected to complement the respective forage systems. Cow weights, reproductive performance, and population demographics were measured through seven calf crops to investigate their relationship to forage systems and cow breed types. Seasonal average cow weights increased from 484 +/- 7 (SE) kg during calf crop 1 to a peak weight of 568 +/- 8 kg at calf crop 5. Average weight of AH cows was 514 +/- 3 kg, compared with 539 +/- 3 kg for the BH cows (P < .01). Angus x Hereford and BH cows were 38 and 44 kg heavier, respectively, on the NRCF system than on the NR system. The average percentage of reproduction for AH cows was 90 +/- 2%, compared with 87 +/- 2% for the BH cows (P < .13). Both breeds had approximately 87 (AH) to 89% (BH) reproductive rate on the NR system. In contrast, AH cows had 94 +/- 2% reproduction on the NRCF system, compared with 84 +/- 2% for the BH cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2000

[Two-phase linear models of leaf emergence at different tillering positions in wheat and effects of different varieties and sowing dates].

Dynamics of leaf emergence shows the development progress and its relationship with growth in wheat. It was found that two-phase linear model equations (phase I faster than phase II) divided by glum differentiation stage could describe leaf emergence progress in relation to growing degree days (GDD) after sowing in wheat. This pattern was consistent in main stems and tillers of normal development with both winter-and-spring type varieties. The beginning of phase II shifted to an earlier development stage on main stems of winter type varieties of early planting (EP, September 30) and late planting (LP, March 2), and on T3 of both varieties of EP, MP (middle planting, on October 30) and LP due to their abnormal development. The thermal rate of leaf emergence on main stem was relatively high and steady during development for winter type variety of MP, and quickened with the postponing of sowing for spring type variety. The above results illustrated the difference of leaf emergence at different tillering positions, and the biological characteristics affected by different varieties and sowing dates.

Germination↗

PubMed2005

Regulation of VRN-1 vernalization genes in normal and transgenic polyploid wheat.

Vernalization, the requirement of a long exposure to low temperatures to accelerate flowering, is an essential adaptation of plants to cold winters. The vernalization gene VRN-1 plays an important role in this process in diploid (Triticum monococcum) and polyploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). We have recently shown that the diploid wheat VRN-A(m)1 gene was similar to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh.) APETALA1 meristem identity gene. We also showed that dominant Vrn-A(m)1 alleles were the result of loss-of-function mutations in regulatory regions recognized by a VRN-1 repressor, likely VRN-2. This model predicts that only the dominant Vrn-1 allele will be transcribed in lines carrying both recessive and dominant alleles. Here, we confirm this prediction in young isogenic lines of hexaploid wheat carrying different dominant Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1 alleles, and also in heterozygous VRN-1 diploid wheat plants. However, a few weeks later, transcripts from the recessive alleles were also detected in both the polyploid and heterozygous diploid spring plants. Transcription of the recessive alleles was preceded by a reduction of the transcript levels of VRN-2. These results suggest that the dominant Vrn-1 allele or a gene regulated by VRN-1 down-regulates the VRN-2 repressor facilitating the transcription of the recessive alleles in unvernalized plants. We also show here that the level of VRN-1 transcripts in early developmental stages is critical for flowering initiation. A reduction of VRN-1 transcript levels by RNA interference delayed apex transition to the reproductive stage, increased the number of leaves, and delayed heading time by 2 to 3 weeks. We hypothesize that the coordinated transcription of dominant and recessive alleles may contribute to an earlier attainment of the VRN-1 transcript level threshold required to trigger flowering initiation in polyploid wheat.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

Aeration management for stored hard red winter wheat: simulated impact on rusty grain beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) populations.

Simulation studies were conducted to determine temperature accumulations below defined thresholds and to show the impact of controlled aeration on populations of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrigineus (Stephens), a major secondary pest of stored wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.). Recorded data from weather stations in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, eastern New Mexico, and eastern Colorado (356 total) were used to determine hours of temperature accumulation below 23.9 degrees C in June and July, 15.6 degrees C in September and October, and 7.2 degrees C in December. At an airflow rate of 0.0013 m3/s/m3 (0.1 cubic ft3/min/bu), which requires 120 h of temperatures below the specified threshold to complete an aeration cycle, summer cooling at 23.9 degrees C in bulk-stored wheat could be completed throughout the hard red winter wheat zone except for extreme southern Texas. An early-autumn cooling cycle at 15.6 degrees C could not be completed throughout most of Texas and Oklahoma before the end of September. The late-autumn cooling cycle could be completed in all states except Texas by the end of November. Five geographic regions were delineated and the times required for completion of the summer, early-autumn, and late-autumn cooling cycles within each region were estimated. Population growth of the rusty grain beetle was modeled for San Antonio, TX; Abilene, TX; Tulsa, OK; Topeka KS; and Goodland, KS, by predicting the numbers of adults in the top, outer middle, outer periphery, and the center of the bin during a 1-yr storage season. Populations of C. ferrugineus in San Antonio and Austin were predicted to exceed the Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) threshold of two beetles per kilogram of wheat in all four levels of the bin during late autumn, decline during the winter, and increase the following spring. In Midland, TX, and Oklahoma City, OK, populations were predicted to exceed the threshold only in the top and outer middle of the bin, whereas populations in the Kansas locations were not predicted to exceed the threshold at any time.

Air↗