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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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PubMed1995

Blink rate as an index of dopamine function in adults with mental retardation and repetitive behavior disorders.

Direct observation of blink rate was used as a noninvasive, in vivo estimate of dopamine function in adults with mental retardation and repetitive behavior disorders. Blink rate as measured in groups of stereotypy, compulsion, and control subjects was highly stable. Subjects with stereotypies had significantly lower blink rates than did control subjects. Although blink rates for compulsive subjects were not significantly different from those of control subjects, a subgroup of compulsive subjects with comorbid stereotypic behaviors displayed significantly lower blink rates. Significant inverse correlations were found for blink rate and severity of repetitive behavior disorder and for blink rate and ratings of motor slowness. These findings support the hypothesis that stereotyped behavior among adults with mental retardation is mediated by hypodopaminergic function.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Alterations in D1/D2 synergism may account for enhanced stereotypy and reduced climbing in mice lacking dopamine D2L receptor.

Concurrent activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors (D1 and D2) is required for the expression of certain dopamine (DA)-mediated responses, such as climbing and stereotyped behaviors. Such interactions between D1 and D2 (i.e. D1/D2 synergism) represent an important aspect of dopaminergic function and plasticity. The D2 receptor exists in two isoforms: D2L and D2S. We have generated mice that selectively lack D2L (D2L-/-). Here we showed that treatment with the indirect DA agonist amphetamine, the direct DA agonist apomorphine, or combination of D1 and D2 agonists elicited intense climbing in wild type mice (which express predominantly D2L in the striatum), but this behavior was absent or reduced in D2L-/- mice. On the other hand, apomorphine, the D2 agonist quinpirole, or combination of quinpirole and the D1 agonist SKF 81297 induced more stereotyped behavior such as biting or head movements in D2L-/- mice (which express only D2S) than in wild type mice. The D1 receptor functioned normally in D2L-/- mice. Taken together, these results suggest that D2L and D1 interactions may play a greater role in DA agonist-induced climbing, whereas D2S and D1 interactions may have a larger impact on DA agonist-induced stereotypy (and possibly psychosis). DA agonists, which are clinically used to treat Parkinson's disease and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are known to induce psychotic side effects. Thus, our findings may provide novel insights for designing anti-parkinsonian, anti-ADHD and antipsychotic drugs with greater therapeutic efficacy and fewer side effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia.

In rodent models of tardive dyskinesia, dopamine-agonist-induced stereotyped behaviors after neuroleptic administration are used to assess presumed striatal postsynaptic receptor hypersensitivity. Early studies provided evidence that neuroleptic pretreatment did alter dopaminergic receptor sensitivity and hence the threshold for amine-induced stereotyped behavior. Later studies showed a dose effect for several neuroleptics. However, no hypersensitivity was seen with thioridazine, which prevented or reversed haloperidol-induced hypersensitivity. Duration appeared to be a risk factor early in but not throughout neuroleptic administration. These findings may have implications for the understanding and prevention of tardive dyskinesia in man.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice.

Catnip or catmint (Nepeta cataria) is a plant used extensively to treat human diseases and in toys for pets. We investigated the effects of acute and long-term administration of the plant on some behaviors of mice. The plant was fed as 10% of the normal diet for 2 h/d for 1 or 7 d. Acute and long-term dosing increased both rearing and locomotion frequencies observed in an open field. Acute exposure to catnip increased stereotyped behavior and susceptibility to seizures, did not interfere with haloperidol-induced catalepsy, and decreased sleeping time after sodium pentobarbital administration. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures induced by picrotoxin and strychnine. An amphetamine-like effect of catnip was suggested to explain the acute effects, while dispositional and functional adaptative changes were considered involved with the long-term effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Reproductive experience modulates dopamine-related behavioral responses.

Reproductive experience (RE), i.e., mating, pregnancy, parturition and lactation, has long-term physiological effects. It reduces the basal levels of circulating prolactin in parous women, decreases the intensity of nocturnal and diurnal prolactin surges in multigravid rats during early pregnancy, as well as the hormonal and neurochemical responses to the dopamine receptor antagonists metoclopramide and haloperidol. In the present study, we evaluated the possible influences of RE on some dopaminergic-related behaviors: (1) acute responses to a new environment represented by an open-field arena plus injection stress; (2) modulation of behavior after a short-term withdrawal subsequent to 7 days amphetamine (AMPH) pretreatment; (3) stereotypy elicited by AMPH and apomorphine (APO); and (4) APO-induced hypothermia. In the 3-min open-field test, there was a decrease in locomotor activity as a function of RE. Behavioral depression was mild and AMPH pretreatment revealed RE alterations. APO-induced stereotyped behavior was slightly more intense in primiparous animals, although no significant differences were found in AMPH-induced stereotyped behavior. No differences were observed between intact and ovariectomized primiparous and nulliparous animals in APO-induced hypothermia. Our data suggest that RE modifies some DA-related behavioral responses. The physiological relevance of the phenomenon is discussed.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed2001

Participation of a preschooler with visual impairments on the playground: effects of musical adaptations and staff development.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptations of a playground, and subsequently staff development, on the participation of a 3-year-old boy with congenital blindness. A single-subject design with three conditions (baseline, adaptations of the playground, and staff development) was used. The playground adaptation involved adding musical stations in strategic locations on the playground and connecting them with a "path" that provided auditory feedback. The staff training involved the music therapist providing individualized instruction to the staff who supervised the child. The child's participation was measured in terms of social interaction with peers or adults, play and engagement with materials, movement on the playground, and stereotypic behaviors. The playground adaptation resulted in no changes in the child's social interactions with peers or adults, increases in engagement, no change in movement on the playground, and a decrease in stereotypic responses. Staff training resulted in increased but variable interactions with adults and peers, in additional increases in engagement, less movement, and similar levels of stereotypic behavior. The findings suggest that musical adaptations of physical environments may he helpful but not sufficient for promoting desired outcomes.

Blindness↗

PubMed1992

Lithium effects on estrogen-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity in rats.

The effect of lithium (2.0 mEq/kg, IP) on dopaminergic supersensitivity induced by long-term estrogen treatment (0.25 mg/day, SC) was investigated. Ovariectomized rats were treated for 28 days with estrogen and/or lithium and 6 days after the last administration all animals were observed for apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior (1.0 mg/kg, SC). The abrupt withdrawal from long-term estrogen treatment increased rats' sensitivity to apomorphine but lithium administration was able to prevent this increase. Lithium alone produced no effect on stereotyped behavior. It was suggested that lithium may antagonize the estrogen effect on the nigrostriatal dopamine system.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Aging and the regulation of striatal dopaminergic mechanisms in mice.

Compensatory responses of striatal dopaminergic mechanisms to chronic drug treatment were tested in C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NNia male mice during the adult lifespan (5, 12, and 24 to 26 months). Chronic treatment with haloperidol (dopamine antagonist) (1.2 or 2 mg/kg/day for 21 days) induced supersensitivity in younger mice (5 and 12 months) as monitored by increased striatal spiroperidol binding sites and increased intensity of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior; in contrast, old mice were unaffected. However, chronic treatment with bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) (15 mg/kg/day for 7 days) induced desensitization at all ages, as monitored by reduced spiroperidol binding sites and reduced intensity of stereotyped behavior.

Aging↗

PubMed2003

Altered cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult mice exposed to cocaine in utero.

Behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulants is characterized by increased locomotion and stereotypy and may reflect aspects of neuronal adaptations underlying drug addiction in humans. To study the developmental contributions to addictive behaviors, we measured behavioral responses in adult offspring to a cocaine sensitization paradigm following prenatal cocaine exposure. Pregnant Swiss-Webster (SW) mice were injected twice daily from embryonic days 8 to 17 (E8-E17, inclusive) with cocaine (20 or 40 mg/kg/day; COC20 and COC40, respectively), or saline vehicle (SAL and SPF40) subcutaneously (s.c.). A nutritional control group of dams were 'pair-fed' with COC40 dams (SPF40). P120 male offspring from each prenatal treatment group were assigned to a behavioral sensitization group and injected with cocaine (15 mg/kg) or saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) every other day for seven doses. Locomotor activity and stereotypy were measured during habituation, cocaine initiation, and following a cocaine challenge 21 days after the last initiation injection. As expected, animals demonstrated significantly more locomotion and stereotypic behavior following acute and recurrent injection of cocaine compared to saline-injected animals. However, for each prenatal treatment group, cocaine-sensitized animals showed unique temporal profiles for the increase in locomotor sensitization and stereotypy over the course of the sensitization protocol. Two features that distinguished the altered behavioral progression of prenatally cocaine-exposed animals (COC40) from control (SAL) animals included blunted augmentation of locomotion and enhanced patterns of stereotypic behavior. These findings provide evidence that the behavioral activating effects of cocaine in adult animals are altered following exposure to cocaine in utero.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Ontogeny of the enhanced behavioral response to amphetamine in amphetamine-pretreated rats.

Repeated administration of amphetamine to adult rats results in enhanced behavioral responses to subsequent amphetamine exposure. These experiments were designed to determine the earliest age at which behavioral sensitization to amphetamine could be detected. Rats from both sexes (n = 6-8/group) at ages of 1, 7, 21 or 49 postnatal days (PNDs) were injected with either d-amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/kg) or saline, SC, twice daily for 5 consecutive days. Stereotyped behavior and locomotor activity responses to a challenge dose of d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg), or saline, IP, were assessed for a total of 90 min, 15 days after the last dose of pretreatment. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior was significantly enhanced only when amphetamine pretreatment was initiated at PND 49, but not at the earlier ages of PND 1, 7 or 21. There was no apparent sex difference in this effect. Correspondingly, amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was reduced in both sexes of the same age group (PND 49), but not in groups pretreated earlier, when compared to the saline-pretreated rats. These results suggest that amphetamine sensitization may be a late-developing effect, one which occurs sometime after the 3rd week of postnatal life.

Aging↗

PubMed1988

[Age-related modification of dopaminergic-cholinergic neuronal interaction in rats].

A behavioral study was performed in an attempt to understand the effect of age (rats aged 2, 6, 12, 18, or 24 months) on the dopaminergic-cholinergic neuronal mechanism involved in yawning and stereotyped behaviors induced by dopaminergic and cholinergic drugs. Intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a low dose of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg), which preferentially activates presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors, produced a lower frequency of yawning responses in 12- and 24-month-old rats than in 2-month-old rats. A high dose of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) which stimulates both pre- and post-synaptic dopamine receptors produced the most pronounced stereotyped behavior in 12-month-old rats. The peak times for apomorphine-induced stereotypy shifted to the right between 2- and 12- and 24-month-old rats, and the duration of the stereotypy also increased in 12- and 24-month-old rats as compared with 2-month-old rats. It is suggested that decreased function of the presynaptic dopamine receptors might contribute to the increased stereotypy induced by apomorphine with increasing age in the rat. Yawning responses induced by pilocarpine (4 mg/kg) were reduced in 6- to 24-month-old rats whereas those by physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg) were not affected in rats of any age. These results suggest that differential pathways are involved in dopaminergic-cholinergic neuronal interaction, and that with increasing age, cholinergic neurons activated by cholinesterase inhibition (endogenous acetylcholine) were not affected but those by a direct acetylcholine agonist (muscarinic M-1 receptor agonist) were diminished.

Aging↗

PubMed1981

[An ethological interpretation of stereotypy induced by environmental stimulus (author's transl)].

Stereotyped behavior in the schizophrenic patient is described, provoked by yawning or fragments of this act in the environment. It consists of elements that, in an ethological sense are reminiscent of activities which increase vigilance and cleanse the body. It is suggested that yawning brings about a certain 'mood transfer' which induces this kind of specific stereotyped behavior. The adequacy of an ethological interpretation of these symptoms of disease is briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of thioridazine and visual screening on stereotypy and social behavior in individuals with mental retardation.

Thioridazine and visual screening procedures are effective in reducing the stereotypic behaviors of individuals with mental retardation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, using alternating treatments within a multiple-baseline across subjects design, was conducted to assess the effects of two doses of thioridazine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg/day) and visual screening, alone and combined, on stereotypy and social behavior of three individuals with profound mental retardation. Functional analyses did not show demand, alone, social attention, or differential reinforcement conditions to maintain the subjects' stereotypy. Thioridazine was effective in producing modest reductions in stereotypy and minor increases in social behavior across subjects. The higher dose of thioridazine (2.5 mg/kg/day) was slightly more effective than the lower dose (1.25 mg/kg/day), and thioridazine plus visual screening was more effective than thioridazine alone. The most effective treatment was visual screening when used in the absence of thioridazine. This study demonstrates a method for assessing the impact of psychopharmacological and behavioral interventions in individuals for whom a behavioral treatment cannot be easily derived from a functional analysis of the maintaining conditions of the target behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

In vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of 5-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-indole-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid amide (NRA0562), a novel and putative atypical antipsychotic.

In vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of 5-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-indole-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid amide (NRA0562), a novel atypical antipsychotic, were investigated. NRA0562 showed high affinities for human cloned dopamine D(1), D(2), D(3) and D(4) receptors with Ki values of 7.09, 2.49, 3.48 and 1.79 nM. In addition, NRA0562 had high affinities for the 5-HT(2A) receptor and the alpha(1) adrenoceptor with Ki values of 1.5 and 0.56 nM, and moderate affinity for the histamine H(1) receptor. Using in vivo and ex vivo receptor binding studies in rats, we showed NRA0562 occupied frontal cortical 5-HT(2A) receptors and alpha(1) adrenoceptor potently, while occupancy of striatal dopamine D(2) receptor was moderate as were other atypical antipsychotics. NRA0562 dose-dependently inhibited methamphetamine (MAP)-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. At higher dosage, NRA0562 dose-dependently antagonized MAP-induced stereotyped behavior and induced catalepsy dose-dependently and significantly in rats. But, the ED(50) value in inhibiting MAP-induced locomotion hyperactivity was 10 times lower than that in inhibiting MAP-induced stereotyped behavior, and 30 times lower than that in inducing catalepsy. In addition, the potency of NRA0562 in antagonizing MAP-induced hyperactivity in rats was higher than that of other antipsychotics, clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine. NRA0562 had favorable properties in view of prediction of extrapyramidal side effects. As this antipsychotic has a unique profile with affinity and occupancy for receptors, we propose that NRA0652 may have unique atypical antipsychotic activities, and a moderate liability of extrapyramidal motor side effects seen in the treatment with classical antipsychotics.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Haloperidol treatment with chronically medicated residents: dose effects on clinical behavior and reinforcement contingencies.

Twenty residents, most of whom had previously received neuroleptic maintenance therapy, were assessed in a double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of haloperidol. Haloperidol was administered in standardized doses of .025 and .05 mg/kg/day, for 3 weeks each. Clinical changes were confined to a slight reduction in ratings of stereotypic behavior and an increase in gross-motor activity under the high dose. Under reinforcement conditions, there was a marked tendency for instruction following performance to improve under the high dose condition. Subjects were divided according to degree of stereotypic behavior. Those with initially high levels of stereotypy tended to show a significantly more favorable response to haloperidol than did those with low levels of stereotypy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Reciprocal information flow between prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area in an animal model of schizophrenia.

The medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) is anatomically and functionally connected with the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the neuronal source of mesocorticolimbic system that is pathophysiologically related to schizophrenia-like symptoms. Methamphetamine (MAP) was applied to examine the functional relationship between PFC and VTA in an animal model of schizophrenia. Hyperactivity and stereotyped behavior were observed accompanied by a distinctive direction of information flow. In hyperactivity, information flow in the direction from PFC to VTA was dominant. Contrarily, dominant information flow from VTA to PFC was found in stereotyped behavior. These results indicate that dysfunctional interaction between PFC and VTA is the neuronal basis of MAP-induced schizophrenia-like psychosis. The information flow and its direction can be useful tool to explain the neurogenesis of these abnormal behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Gonadectomy does not prevent novelty or drug-induced motor hyperresponsiveness in rats with neonatal hippocampal damage.

To explore the possibility that gonadal hormones are required for triggering the postpubertal emergence of enhanced dopamine-related behaviors in rats with neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus (VH), we assessed behavioral changes in castrated VH lesioned rats. The VH of rat pups was lesioned with ibotenic acid on day 7 after birth (PD7). Rats were castrated on PD21. Novelty- and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity were tested on PD56, and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors and locomotion were evaluated on PD98. As demonstrated previously, the VH lesioned rats expressed enhanced novelty-, amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced hyperlocomotion (PD56) as well as potentiated apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors (PD98) in young adulthood as compared with sham-lesioned counterparts. Castration had no significant effect on novelty-induced locomotion or apomorphine-induced stereotypies but potentiated amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced hyperactivity in lesioned rats. These results indicate that the absence of gonadal hormones not only does not prevent the appearance in adulthood of behavioral disturbances linked to increased DA transmission in rats with neonatal lesions of the VH but even exaggerates those linked primarily to the mesolimbic DA system.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1994

The effects of combined prefrontal cortical and hippocampal damage on dopamine-related behaviors in rats.

The effects of excitotoxic damage to both the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the ventral hippocampus (VH) on behaviors related to mesolimbic/nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) transmission were investigated in the rat. Locomotor activity in a novel environment, after injection of saline, and after d-amphetamine was assessed 2 and 4 weeks after ibotenic acid lesion of both MPFC and VH in adult rats. In addition, stereotypic behaviors and locomotion after apomorphine were evaluated 8 weeks after the lesion. Locomotor activity was significantly enhanced in all testing conditions in lesioned rats as compared with sham-operated animals, while oral stereotypic behaviors elicited by apomorphine were attenuated possibly because they were eclipsed by excessive locomotion. These data indicate that coexisting lesions of the MPFC and VH in adult rats produce potent and long-lasting effects on behaviors believed to be dependent primarily on the mesolimbic DA system. The profile of changes resembles more closely that observed after excitotoxic lesions of the VH alone rather than that after separate MPFC lesion.

Animals↗