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PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of the coupling of titanium implants and dissimilar metal abutments on osteoblast differentiation in vitro.

This study evaluated the effect of titanium endosseous dental implants coupled to dissimilar materials on the capacity of preosteoblasts in bone marrow culture to differentiate, to form alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies, and to mineralize. Ten UCLA abutments were cast in each of 4 alloys: Type III gold, ceramometal gold, commercially pure grade I titanium, and titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V); 10 ceramic abutments and 30 sterile Brånemark System implants were also used. Five abutments of each material and 5 implants were incubated individually in rat bone marrow culture, as were 5 of each abutment attached to an implant; bone marrow cultures not containing test samples were used as controls. Following 17 days of culture, the solution potentials of individual abutments (except ceramic), the implant, and the implant-abutment couples were measured in the test medium. One dish of each group of 5 was then stained for bone nodule mineralization; the remainder were quantified by area for alkaline phosphatase staining. Statistical analysis of measured in vitro potentials showed that the uncoupled samples formed 2 groups, and coupled samples formed 3 groups. Analysis of variance for alkaline phosphatase-positive area values showed no significant differences between coupled or uncoupled groups and the control. Normal cell differentiation and morphology as well as a lack of zones of inhibition, were observed. Bone nodule mineralization was evident in all groups. It was concluded that the presence of these commonly used implant abutment biomaterials coupled to titanium endosseous dental implants had no adverse effects on the in vitro capacity of preosteoblasts in marrow to differentiate and to form mineralized bone nodules, despite measured differences in solution potentials.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1986

The effect of post-sintering heat treatments on the tensile properties of Ti-6A1-4V alloy.

Previous studies have shown that the application of a porous coating to a solid substrate offers several advantages over current methods of implant fixation. However, the heat treatments required to sinter porous metal coatings have also been shown to cause significant decreases in the mechanical properties of the substrate. With Ti-6A1-4V alloy, sintering above the material beta transus results in a transformation from the as-received, equiaxed microstructure, recommended for surgical implants, to a lamellar alpha-beta microstructure. This lamellar structure has been shown to have inferior mechanical properties. In the present study, microstructural analysis and mechanical testing were performed on Ti-6A1-4V alloy subjected to various post-sintering heat treatments in an attempt to improve the mechanical properties. The microstructures examined were a fine and a coarse acicular alpha in a retained beta matrix. Tensile tests were performed on specimens containing these structures and results were compared with the lamellar and equiaxed microstructures. The fine acicular alpha structure was shown to exhibit the best tensile properties for the post-sintering Ti-6A1-4V alloy microstructures examined, displaying a 9.8% elongation value, as compared to the as-received, equiaxed microstructure value of 13.5%. This represents a significant improvement over the 5.1% value obtained with the lamellar microstructure.

Alloys↗

PubMed1988

Hydroxyapatite-coated titanium for orthopedic implant applications.

The interface mechanical characteristics and histology of commercially pure (CP) titanium- and hydroxyapatite- (HA) coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated. Interface shear strength was determined using a transcortical push-out model in dogs after periods of three, five, six, ten, and 32 weeks. Undecalcified histologic techniques with implants in situ were used to interpret differences in mechanical response. The HA-coated titanium alloy implants developed five to seven times the mean interface strength of the uncoated, beadblasted CP titanium implants. The mean values for interface shear strength increased up to 7.27 megaPascals (MPa) for the HA-coated implants after ten weeks of implantation, and the maximum mean value of interface shear strength for the uncoated CP titanium implants was 1.54 MPa. For both implant types there was a slight decrease in mean shear strength from the maximum value to that obtained after the longest implantation period (32 weeks). Histologic evaluations in all cases revealed mineralization of interface bone directly onto the HA-coated implant surface, with no fibrous tissue layer interposed between the bone and HA visible at the light microscopic level. The uncoated titanium implants had projections of bone to the implant surface with apparent direct bone-implant apposition observed in some locations. Measurements of the HA coating material made from histologic sections showed no evidence of significant HA resorption in vivo after periods of up to 32 weeks.

Alloys↗

PubMed1992

Mechanical failure of hydroxyapatite- and polysulfone-coated titanium rods in a weight-bearing canine model.

Three types of material that have shown potential as coatings for orthopaedic implants were studied. Using a weight-bearing canine model, Ti-6A1-4V femoral intramedullary rods coated with (1) sintered titanium beads, (2) plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite, and (3) silyl coupled polysulfone beads were evaluated for mechanical strength and bone ingrowth. The model was designed to secure optimal prosthetic stability by obtaining maximal bony ingrowth during an initial non-weight-bearing phase, then stressing the implant during a full-weight-bearing phase. None of the rods coated with titanium beads failed. All 17 polysulfone-coated rods failed, 13 of them at the interface between the polysulfone coating and the titanium core. Of 18 rods coated with hydroxyapatite, 15 suffered implant breakdown at the interface between the hydroxyapatite coating and the titanium core. This may be due to dissolution of the plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite in vivo. Testing of retrieved specimens from both hydroxyapatite- and polysulfone-coated implants showed that the shear strength at the coating-rod interface had decreased to less than 40% of the shear strength at manufacture. Despite mechanical failure, histologic study showed extensive bone ingrowth or apposition onto both the polysulfone and hydroxyapatite coatings.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorations: an in vitro study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: High-strength ceramic materials can be used to fabricate esthetic and stable implant-supported single-tooth restorations. No study was identified that compared the fracture resistance of individual components of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorative systems after artificial aging. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorations consisting of alumina all-ceramic restorations on different implant abutments and to identify the weakest component of the restorative system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight standardized maxillary central incisor alumina crowns (Procera) were fabricated for each of the 3 test groups (n = 16) (Control group Ti, titanium abutments; Group Al, alumina abutments; Group Zr, zirconia abutments) for the Replace implant system. The crowns were adhesively luted using a resin luting agent (Panavia 21) and artificially aged through dynamic loading and thermal cycling. Afterwards, all specimens were tested for fracture resistance using compressive load on the palatal surfaces of the crowns. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and post hoc Wilcoxon rank sum tests were performed to test for differences in fracture resistance values (alpha = .05). RESULTS: All test specimens survived the artificial aging process using simulated oral conditions. No screw loosening was recorded. The median fracture resistance was 1454 N, 422.5 N, and 443.6 N for groups Ti, Al, and Zr, respectively. Significant differences were found for the fracture resistance comparisons of group Ti with groups Al and Zr (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < .001). The test results for the comparison of groups Al and Zr were not significant. CONCLUSION: All 3 implant-supported restorations have the potential to withstand physiologic occlusal forces applied in the anterior region.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed1995

Protein release kinetics of a biodegradable implant for fracture non-unions.

Non-union of long bone fractures is often a serious complication of fracture healing. It is estimated that 100 000 non-unions occur in the united States annually and result in the loss of function of the involved limb. The present study was performed to develop a microporous polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid (PLA-PGA) implant for the delivery of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to sites of fracture non-unions, and to characterize the protein release kinetics of such an implant in vitro. A 50:50 copolymer of PLA-PGA was used to fabricate the implants using a gel formation technique. The implants were subjected to hydrolytic degradation in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C for up to 72 d. The protein release and the polymer degradation were monitored during this time period. The release kinetics of these implants were studied using a model protein, soybean trypsin inhibitor (TI), as well as BMP. The results indicate that there is a burst release of the proteins in the initial 48 h followed by a lower elution rate. The release of both the proteins followed similar trends. The molecular weight of the polymer decreased at a faster rate compared to its mass.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A comparative study of the in vitro corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of a superferritic stainless steel, a Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy, and an austenitic stainless steel in Hank's solution.

In this study, the in vitro corrosion resistance of a superferritic stainless steel in naturally aerated Hank's solution at 37 degrees C has been determined to evaluate the steel for use as a biomaterial. The potentiodynamic polarization method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to determine the corrosion resistance. The polarization results showed very low current densities at the corrosion potential and electrochemical behavior typical of passive metals. At potentials above 0.75 V (SCE), and up to that of the oxygen evolution reaction, the superferritic steel exhibited transpassive behavior followed by secondary passivation. The superferritic stainless steel exhibited high pitting resistance in Hank's solution. This steel did not reveal pits even after polarization to 3000 mV (SCE). The EIS results indicated high impedance values at low frequencies, supporting the results obtained from the polarization measurements. The results obtained for the superferritic steel have been compared with those of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy and an austenitic stainless steel, as Ti alloys are well known for their high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and the austenitic stainless steel is widely used as an implant material. The cytotoxicity tests indicated that the superferritic steel, the austenitic steel, and the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy were not toxic. Based on corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity results, the superferritic stainless steel can be considered as a potential biomaterial.

Alloys↗

PubMed2002

[Continuous free-flap monitoring with tissue-oxygen measurements: experiences of the last years].

Early recognition of flap failure is the prerequisite for flap salvage. Many methods are used to monitor free-flaps. The time interval for re-establishing vascular patency is the deciding factor for a successful revision. Prompt revision surgery and a quick and sufficient correction of the microvascular anastomosis are necessary to reestablish flap viability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the real impact of this probe as a continuous, precise and clinically relevant monitoring system in free-flap surgery. One of our main objectives was to create guidelines and "normal" ranges of p ti O 2 -values for the uncomplicated use of the Licox Probe in free-flap surgery for the first time. The Licox Catheter pO 2 Mikro-Probe instrument is used for continuous determination of oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ) in body fluids and tissue (p ti O 2 ). Over a period of more than three years, 70 free tissue-transplantations to the head and neck, trunk, and upper and lower extremities were monitored by use of the implantable Licox Catheter Probe System. In all patients, a decrease of the p ti O 2 -levels was noted during the first minutes, until a more or less stable level was reached. At the time of weaning off, the p ti O 2 values decreased once again. After approximately 30 minutes, an almost stable but reduced p ti O 2 -level was reestablished (34,6 +/- 10,9 mm Hg). During the next days, we observed a more or less constant but reduced level. These values from the second day on were lower than the mean values of the first day. The mean value for all flaps was 23,1 +/- 6,5 mm Hg. Nevertheless, in all cases (10 of 70 flaps) where the p ti O 2 -level decreased more than 10 mm Hg within a half hour period, the flap showed vascular problems on re-exploration. Another clinically relevant value that was observed in all flaps with vascular problems was a drop of the p ti O 2 -value, below 10 mm Hg. In the cases of arterial thrombosis (2 of 10 flaps), a rapid decrease was noted. In the cases of venous complications (8 of 10 flaps), a more or less slow decrease of the p ti O 2 -value was observed. These observations may serve as precise indicators for vascular complications and flap failure. Based on our observations and data, it seems that the Licox-Probe is a sensitive and accurate monitoring system for a variety of free flaps.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Biochemical markers evaluation of RAW transformed cells during treatment with various biomaterials.

Upon introduction into the human body, biomaterials initially trigger a foreign-body inflammatory response. Furthermore, the wear debris associated with such materials as those used for orthopedic implants, artificial heart valves, and dental implants can cause the body to mount an inflammatory response. This involves the production of phagocytic macrophages that ingest the foreign material while simultaneously producing cytokines that serve as chemotactic agents for an amplified immune response. Currently titanium (Ti), polyethylene (PE), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are widely used as biomaterials in medical implants, and particle size is an important factor in the development of orthopedic, dental, and medical implants. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various biomaterials (Ti, mixed particle size polyethylene (MPE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), mixed particle size TCP (MTCP), < 0.38 micron TCP (S-TCP), and hydroxyapatite (HA)) on the inflammatory reactions expressed by transformed RAW macrophages. RAW transformed monocytes were obtained from the American Cell Culture Line, (Rockville, MD). The cells were allowed to incubate in contact with the materials for intervals of 24, 48, and 72 hours. Biochemical tests and morphological evaluations were performed after each time point, including screening for cell number, cell protein levels, supernatant protein levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Maliondialdehyde (MDA), catalase by following standard lab protocols.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed1999

Effect of ion modification of commonly used orthopedic materials on the attachment of human bone-derived cells.

Biomaterials which combine optimum properties of strength and biocompatibility are desirable in improving the long-term performance of implantable medical devices. Our study is aimed at developing technology designed to alter the outer atomic layers of a material to give the desired compatibility with the tissue while retaining the properties of the bulk substratum. Materials used in this study were titanium vanadium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and cobalt chromium molybdenum alloy (Co-Cr). Soda lime glass discs and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) acted as controls. A cathode of either Ti-6Al-4V or Co-Cr was used to simultaneously deposit and implant identified substrata. The attachment of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) to various materials was determined using radiolabeling or colorimetric assays. Results show that HBDC adhere preferentially to the unmodified surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4V on glass compared to the unmodified Co-Cr surfaces and to that of the Co-Cr on glass. Depositing Ti-6Al-4V on Co-Cr gives significantly better attachment of HBDC than when depositing Co-Cr onto Ti-6Al-4V. While cellular attachment to the created surfaces reflects that of the cathodic materials, it is not identical to these materials. Ion deposition/implantation is capable of creating permanent surfaces which reflect the adhesion of source materials not bulk substrata.

Alloys↗

PubMed1996

Ti-6Al-4V ion solution inhibition of osteogenic cell phenotype as a function of differentiation timecourse in vitro.

Metal ions released from the implant surface are suspected of playing some contributing role in loosening of hip and knee prostheses. previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that sublethal doses of the ionic constituents of Ti-6Al-4V alloy suppressed expression of the osteoblastic phenotype and deposition of a mineralized matrix. The purpose of this work was to further explore this suppression as a function of the normal time-course of phenotype expression. Bone marrow stromal cells were harvested from juvenile rats and exposed to time-staggered doses of a solution of ions representing Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Cells were cultured for four weeks and assayed for total protein, alkaline phosphatase, intra-and extracellular osteocalcin, and calcium. Ti-6Al-4V solutions were found to produce little difference from control solutions for total protein or alkaline phosphatase levels, but strongly inhibited osteocalcin synthesis. Calcium levels were reduced when ions were added before a critical point of osteoblastic differentiation (between 2 and 3 weeks after seeding). These results indicate that ions associated with Ti-6Al-4V alloy inhibited the normal differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells to mature osteoblasts in vitro, suggesting that ions released from implants in vivo may contribute to implant failure by impairing normal bone deposition.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1997

Effects of cyclical mechanical stress on the controlled release of proteins from a biodegradable polymer implant.

The availability of osteogenic proteins for orthopedic applications has led to great interest in developing delivery systems for these substances. Standard release rate models are applicable in most biological settings, but orthopedic implants usually bear mechanical loads. To determine whether a release rate model for load bearing applications must consider mechanical stress, the effects of dynamic mechanical stress on the in vitro release kinetics of two model proteins, bovine albumin (BA) and trypsin inhibitor (TI), from a biodegradable film were evaluated. Biodegradable poly(lacticco-glycolic acid) cylindrical implants with embedded proteins were subjected to cyclic three point bending loading of 720 cycles/day at 0.4 Hz for 2 weeks. Protein release into solution, swelling and mass loss changes, molecular weight degradation, and the presence of microstructural stress cracks and pores in the polymer carrier were evaluated. Cumulative BA and TI releases with time were significantly higher when a cyclic bending load was applied and increased with the magnitude of the load. Mass loss was not significantly greater, nor was swelling or molecular weight change of the polymer carrier in this 2-week interval. Pores on the surface of the polymer in the highest stress region were elongated into cracks, compared with pores in the low-stress region of the same implant, which were roughly circular. This implies that the pores probably act as stress risers to initiate cracks, which then expose more surface area, increasing protein release.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Concentration of metal elements in the blood and urine in the patients with cementless total knee arthroplasty.

Titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) element concentrations in the whole blood and urine specimen in 40 patients with cementless total knee arthroplasty were determined by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Their ages ranged from 55 to 78 years (mean, 65 years). Twenty of them had loosening of prosthesis and underwent revision surgery, including 4 subjects with Ti-6Al-4V alloy prosthesis and 16 subjects with Co-Cr-Mo alloy prosthesis. The other 20 patients had well-functioning stable prosthesis, including 5 subjects with Ti-6Al-4V alloy prosthesis and 15 subjects with Co-Cr-Mo alloy prosthesis. The mean duration of prostheses implantation in patients with loosened or well-functioning prostheses were 6.5 and 4.0 years, respectively. The control group consisted of 20 age-matched normal subjects who did not undergo any metal implant surgery. Analysis of variance showed that the metal element concentrations in the whole blood, either Co, Cr or Ti, was statistically higher in the patients with loosened prosthesis than the other two groups. However, the metal element concentrations in the urine did not show any difference. The linear regression analysis showed a moderate positive relationship between the metal element concentrations, either Co or Cr elements, in whole blood and urine only in the patients with loosened prostheses. In conclusion, elevated concentration of metal elements may indicate a loosening of prosthesis while the clinical significance of the metal element concentration in the urine needs further investigation.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Antitumor activity of S 16020-2 in two orthotopic models of lung cancer.

S 16020-2, a new olivacine derivative selected on the basis of its cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo, was evaluated against the human A549 and the murine Lewis lung tumor models implanted s.c. and i.v. Against Lewis lung carcinoma implanted s.c., S 16020-2 was found to be curative, with an activity and therapeutic index (Ti = 4) similar to that of cyclophosphamide. S 16020-2 administered weekly demonstrated a high therapeutic efficacy against A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma implanted s.c. in nude mice and induced tumor regression at 80 mg/kg. When A549 tumor cells were injected i.v. in SCID mice, experimental metastases rapidly developed and the progressive invasion of the lung tissue by tumor preceded the death of animals. In this model, S 16020-2 administered at 40 mg/kg i.v. following an early (days 8, 18 and 28) or delayed (days 20, 30 and 40) treatment schedule prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice with T/C values of 150 and 145%, respectively. Against the i.v. Lewis lung carcinoma, S 16020-2 was also highly active since when administered at 60 mg/kg on days 5, 9 and 13 it totally inhibited tumor growth and cured up to 89% of mice. When administered on days 11, 15 and 19 to animals with established tumors, S 16020-2 was still active but not curative. In the presented studies, S 16020-2 antitumor activity was superior to that of adriamycin and comparable or superior to cyclophosphamide (used as reference compounds). Our results demonstrate the efficacy of S 16020-2 against these highly aggressive and chemoresistant tumor models.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Ni-Ti memory alloy clamp plate for fracture of short tubular bone.

The clamp shape implant has a special memorial function. It consists of one main rod and 3 or 4 pairs of curved short arms located at both sides of the rod. Each pair of arms rolls into a circle, which can embrace 2/3 of the circumference of the fractured bone shaft, thus fixing fragmental bones at multiple points more securely without any limitation to the motion of adjacent joints. Therefore, clamp implant is especially useful for comminuted fracture of the short tubular bone, which is difficult to fix by other methods.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Different pattern of interleukin-1 beta-(IL-1 beta), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist- (IL-1ra) and interleukin-1 receptor type I- (IL-1R tI) mRNA-expression in single preimplantation mouse embryos at various developmental stages.

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) system has been shown to play an important role in human and murine embryo implantation. Recent studies have documented immunohistochemical evidence of interleukin-1 beta (IL--1 beta), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1R tI) in human preimplantation embryos and protein levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta and IL1ra in human preimplantation embryo culture fluid have been correlated with successful implantation and pregnancy. Our aim in this study was to detect IL-1 beta, Il-1ra and Il-1R tI mRNA in single preimplantation mouse embryos and to describe the frequency of positive mRNA-expression at different developmental stages. B6C3F1-mice, 12 weeks old were pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated and mated. Animals were sacrificed at day 0.5, and zygotes were flushed from the tubes and cultured in HAMs-F10 medium. 2-cell- (2C-), 8-cell- (8C-), morula- (M-), early blastocyst- (EB-) and hatching blastocyst- (HB-) stage embryos were examined by one round of reverse transcriptase (RT) followed by two rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) carried out on individual mouse embryos for beta-actin (internal standard), IL-1 beta, IL-1ra and IL-1R tI-mRNAs. The frequencies of positive mRNA-expressions were as follows (2C/8C/M/EB/HB); beta-actin: 91/96/100/100/98%; IL-1b: 0/0/2.5/6.25/19; IL-1ra; 0/5/30/41/74% and IL-1R tI: 0/0/10/20/25%. The incidence of IL-1ra mRNA expression increased with developmental stage. IL-1ra mRNA seems to be expressed in a very high percentage (74%) of embryos near the time of implantation, whereas the percentage of IL-1 beta-mRNA positive embryos is surprisingly low (19%).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of hydroxyapatite films obtained by pulsed-laser deposition on Ti and Ti-6AL-4v substrates.

OBJECTIVES: Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) is a development process to obtain hydroxyapatite (HA) thin film. It is an alternative to hydroxyapatite deposition techniques usually employed to cover orthopaedic or dental titanium implant surfaces. The aim of this study is to find out the characteristic ratio for Ca/P (1.66) deposit on titanium implant with the PLD process. METHODS: In a preliminary study, the coating parameters of pure and highly crystalline HA on Ti or Ti-6Al-4V substrates were verified by analysing the deposit by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Ablation parameters to reach a stoichiometric hydroxyapatite composition (ideal Ca/P atomic ratio) and to control the growth of crystalline phases were: 575 degrees C for the substrate temperature, 0.4 mbar H2O vapour pressure in the ablation chamber, the target substrate distance was 40 mm and the deposition time was 120 min. In a second part, the film properties were analysed by means of XRD, SEM, AFM. The coating adhesion of the HA to the substrate was determined with a micro scratch tester. RESULTS: The analysed HA thin films showed a perfect crystallized and textured deposit. Sample observation and surface quality analysis demonstrated a surface roughness and adhesion of the films to the substrates compatible with biological applications. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that pulsed-laser deposition is a suitable technique to obtain crystalline and adherent hydroxyapatite films on Ti or Ti-6Al-4V substrates. The quality of the HA deposit with the PLD process could be an interesting option for coating dental implant.

Alloys↗

PubMed2007

Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanograined Ti modified with KRSR.

Peptide sequences such as lysine-arginine-serine-arginine (KRSR) selectively bind transmembrane proteoglycans (e.g. heparin sulfate) of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and are, therefore, actively being investigated for orthopedic applications. Further, nanophase materials (or materials with grain or particle sizes less than 100 nm) are promising new materials that promote new bone growth more than compared to conventional (that is, micron grain or particle size) materials. To combine the above two promising approaches for improving orthopedic implants, the objective of this in vitro study was to functionalize titanium (Ti) surfaces (both nanophase and conventional) with KRSR peptides and study their osteoblast cell adhesive properties. Materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Results of this in vitro study provided evidence of increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase compared to conventional Ti whether functionalized with KRSR or not. Results further showed that the immobilization of KRSR onto Ti (both nanophase and conventional) increased osteoblast adhesion compared to respective nonfunctionalized Ti and those functionalized with the negative control peptide KSRR. Most importantly, osteoblast adhesion on nonfunctionalized nanophase Ti increased compared to conventional Ti functionalized with KRSR. Further, select initial osteoblast adhesion was observed to occur at particle boundaries for any type of nanophase and conventional Ti formulated in this study. In summary, results provided evidence that not only should nonfunctionalized nanophase Ti be further studied for improved orthopedic applications but so should nanophase Ti functionalized with KRSR.

Biocompatible Materials↗