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PubMedDate not supplied

Ideas for training teachers and search analysts using on-line services, arising from the training working group of the MEDLINE Workshop, 1979.

The types of organization offering training courses in on-line information retrieval techniques are grouped into four broad classes: system suppliers and data-base owners, library schools, independent organizations and individuals within organizations. The form of courses offered by the suppliers of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) data-bases in Europe and Australia, discussed at the MEDLINE Workshop held in Paris in June 1979, are described. NLM already has a large programme of continuing education for search analysts, but not very much has been attempted in Europe as yet, because the services are still comparatively new. The training needed for teachers of on-line services was briefly discussed at the MEDLINE Workshop. This training includes a knowledge of computerized techniques, details of the actual system and software, public speaking, the design of courses and lectures, and the design of documentation and aids. After being trained initially, a teacher also has to keep up-to-date with changes made by the suppliers as well as developments in teaching. Seminars are proposed as a means of achieving this.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

When more is less: extending training of the blocking association following compound training attenuates the blocking effect.

Three conditioned lick suppression experiments with rats were performed to assess the influence, following compound training of two stimuli (A and X) with the same outcome (AX-O trials), of extending training of the blocking association (i.e., A-O) on responding to the target stimulus (X) at test. In Experiment 1, backward blocking was attenuated when the blocking association was extensively trained. Experiment 2 showed that forward blocking was also attenuated by extensive further training of the blocking association following the AX-O trials. Experiment 3 contrasted candidate explanations of the results of Experiments 1 and 2 and demonstrated that these results are consistent with the framework of the extended comparator hypothesis (Denniston, Savastano, & Miller, 2001).

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[A factor analytic study of the acceptance of relaxation through Dohsa training (psychological rehabilitation training)].

This study was designed to identify factors which contribute to the acceptance of relaxation. Using the Dohsa Training technique, each of 58 female undergraduate students was given a relaxation procedure applied to the trunk and back. Following this relaxation procedure, subjects were asked to complete a 20 item questionnaire in which a five point rating scale served as an index of the degree of acceptance of relaxation. Factor analysis of the results led to identification of the following three factors: (I) psychological acceptance of the experimental situation; (II) differentiated and integrated bodily awareness; and, (III) feeling of generalized relaxation. A comparison of the factor scores of training and non-training experienced subjects revealed higher scores for the former on Factors I and II. On the other hand, non-training experienced subjects scored higher on Factor III. In addition, the difference in factor scores between concentrated and non-concentrated subjects indicated that volitional concentration on the relaxation process is indispensable for reorganizing self body-image.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Effect of the Training Program at Occupational Health Training Center (OHTC) on the attitude of occupational health residents].

University of Occupational and Environmental Health (UOEH) conducts three courses in postgraduate education of occupational health (OH). Graduates of UOEH who have already received a basic education in OH can participate in any course and are trained to play an appropriate role as an occupational physician (OP). We operate the training program to provide practical knowledge and skills as well as to encourage interest in occupational health and to promote a further understanding of the role of the OP. In this study we evaluated changes in attitude of participants and the effectiveness of our program by an anonymous questionnaire. The subjects were all 19 participants of the 3-month program conducted between September 2003 and February 2004 as a part of the postgraduate education following several years of clinical experience. They were expected to be occupational physicians with a clinical specialty. The data were collected from questionnaires handed out at the beginning and the end of the program. The questionnaire included 8 items on the attitude toward occupational health. The subjects answered the questions according to a scale of 1 to 7. Data analysis was performed using the unpaired t-test by SPSS. The results suggested that our training program had a positive effect on trainees. Interest in occupational practice (P < 0.05) and willingness to act as a full-time occupational physician in a large company (P < 0.05) increased significantly. When considering the positive correlation between willingness to act as an OP and interest in a field that has some overlap between the speciality and occupational health, it was thought that developing a vision as an OP with respect to their career was important for training. However, in some clinical fields it may be difficult to define a relationship between the clinical speciality and occupational health. Understanding the role of an OP (P < 0.05) and self-confidence in playing an appropriate role as an OP (P < 0.05) also showed significant improvement. On the other hand, fourteen of the trainees (74%) did not have enough confidence to play a role as an OP even after completion of the program. In this study, the questionnaire we used was anonymous and did not include items concerning various attributes of the subjects. Therefore it was not possible to analyze changes of attitude at the individual level. We recognize the need to improve the program and are preparing a new version of the educational program with emphasis on understanding company organization activities and practical skills for problem solving. Opportunities to consider association between clinical speciality and occupational health are also included in this new version. We hope that the new program will further encourage trainees.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1999

Decentralized didactic training for physician assistants: academic performances across training sites.

Decentralized training for the didactic portion of allied health programs has been assessed for its ability to increase the likelihood that graduates will practice in underserved areas. The question still remains whether these distant sites provide an education that is comparable to that offered at the main campuses. Exams and final grades for all classes over the course of five years at MEDEX Northwest in Seattle were compared to determine whether there was any major discrepancy between the main training location and the decentralized sites. With the exception of three individual cases, overall academic performances in all training sites were comparable. This suggests that programs employing some of the curricular and administrative controls in place at MEDEX Northwest can achieve a parity in education across their various training sites.

Alaska↗

PubMed1976

[Considerations on the selection of training programmes in vocational training centres for disabled adolescents (author's transl)].

Professional workers in vocational research are often asked what kinds of vocational training will be made available in the future for certain groups of people. An answer can be provided neither by demand prognoses nor by analyses carried out to determine the tendency of chance on the labour market. All the more so as today's scientific methods make it almost impossible to obtain reliable data on future vocational structures. When disabled adolescents chose their careers it becomes especially evident that permanent vocational resettlement is only possible when professionals from the various disciplines are closely co-operating in the selection and structuring of the different training programmes. On the other hand, the above considerations reveal the research gaps which have to be bridged if vocational training centres are to provide the disabled adolescents with an equilibrated selection of vocational training programmes. These considerations are presented here to a larger group of professionals from whom the author would appreciate incentives and critical comments.

Persons with Disabilities↗

PubMed2004

Training and assessment of psychomotor skills for performing laparoscopic surgery using BEST-IRIS virtual reality training simulator.

In this article, we present the results of a pilot study that examined the performance of people training on a Virtual Reality based BEST-IRIS Laparoscopic Surgery Training Simulator. The performance of experienced surgeons was examined and compared to the performance of residents. The purpose of this study is to validate the BEST-IRIS training simulator. It appeared to be a useful training and assessment tool.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed2005

Training of Canadian general surgeons: are they really prepared? CAGS questionnaire on surgical training.

BACKGROUND: General surgery in Canada varies from single system subspecialty practice in large centres to multisystem broad-based practice in smaller communities. We have attempted to determine whether Canadian training programs in general surgery are appropriate for these varied practices. METHODS: A questionnaire was circulated to members of the Canadian Association of General Surgeons to collect demographic data and information about community size and patterns of practice. We also sought the source of training for general surgical subspecialties and other surgical specialties if applicable. RESULTS: Surgeons in smaller communities performed significantly more subspecialty and other specialty surgical practice than do surgeons in larger communities. Much of the training for this practice comes not from the primary fellowship but from senior colleagues in the community. Surgeons in smaller communities feel less well prepared than their colleagues in larger communities and are less likely to take additional fellowship training. CONCLUSION: These results have important implications for surgical educators and manpower planners.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

[Intelligence training of handicapped patients. An experimental evaluation study of constructive training for the promotion of general intelligence in learning disabled students in a school for patients with speech disorders].

Starting out from a curricular analysis of Klauer's "G-V"-tree structure (1984), a training scheme for developing central intellectual performance is set out and evaluated. The training consists of operations to determine sameness (G = Gleichheit) or differentness (V = Verschiedenheit) of features or relationships. As suggested by the theory of the G-V algorithm, and after only four training units of 45 minutes each, significant gains in general intelligence were found in the two training groups of slow learning students from a special school for the speech disordered, gains that the two control groups did not demonstrate. Meichenbaum's cognitive modelling with subsequent verbal self-instruction served to facilitate task solution procedures. The findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of the G-V system, emphasizing in particular its relevance for modifying and enhancing information processing functions in learning disabled students.

Child↗

PubMed1982

[Subregional system of training as a means of satisfying institutional training needs].

The document traces the developments that led to the inception of the Committee of Managers and Directors of Water Supply and Sanitation Institutions of Central America and Panama, and furnishes data on its membership, responsibilities and operating procedures. It describes how needs and priorities in this field have been defined and the formulation of a system for the training of nonprofessional technical staff. It reviews the negotiations entered into with national and international agencies to obtain financial support for a project for such training, designed to set up training units and units for the detection of water losses in the seven countries of the Central American area, and the Dominican Republic, and to train 630 technicians in 19 months in courses to be conducted in those countries. Also, it supplies information on the strategic, managerial and operational planning of the project, including a functional scheme and the mechanism for evaluating the project's operations.

Central America↗

PubMed1996

Residents' experiences of abuse, discrimination and sexual harassment during residency training. McMaster University Residency Training Programs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of psychological abuse, physical assault, and discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual orientation, and to examine the prevalence and impact of sexual harassment in residency training programs. DESIGN: Self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. PARTICIPANTS: Residents in seven residency training programs during the academic year from July 1993 to June 1994. Of 225 residents 186 (82.7%) returned a completed questionnaire, and 50% of the respondents were women. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of psychological abuse, physical assault and discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual orientation experienced by residents during medical training, prevalence and residents' perceived frequency of sexual harassment. RESULTS: Psychological abuse was reported by 50% of the residents. Some of the respondents reported physical assault, mostly by patients and their family members (14.7% reported assaults by male patients and family members, 9.8% reported assaults by female patients and family members), 5.4% of the female respondents reported assault by male supervising physicians. Discrimination on the basis of gender was reported to be common and was experienced significantly more often by female residents than by male residents (p < 0.01). Ten respondents, all female, reported having experienced discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation. Most of the respondents experienced sexual harassment, especially in the form of sexist jokes, flirtation and unwanted compliments on their dress or figure. On average, 40% of the respondents, especially women (p < 0.01), reported experiencing offensive body language and receiving sexist teaching material and unwanted compliments on their dress. Significantly more female respondents than male respondents stated that they had reported events of sexual harassment to someone (p < 0.001). The most frequent emotional reactions to sexual harassment were embarassment (reported by 24.0%), anger (by 23.4%) and frustration (20.8%). CONCLUSION: Psychological abuse, discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual harassment are commonly experienced by residents in training programs. A direct, progressive, multidisciplinary approach is needed to label and address these problems.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive training and strategy behavior: comparative evaluation of 2 cognitive training programs].

Combining a non-comparative with a comparative evaluation, two modern programs for fostering inductive reasoning, namely the German version of the "Cognitive training for children" by Klauer and Phye (1994; Klauer 1989), and the "DenkMit" by Sydow and Meincke (1994), are compared to each other and to a control program which intends to enhance aspects of memory instead of inductive reasoning. The programs were performed with N = 49 children between six and eight years who had been postponed from regular school because of various reasons or who had been selected as especially in need for particular interventions from first classes. Besides the psychometric test often used for assessing inductive reasoning, i.e. three subtests of the German form of the Culture Fair Test by Cattell (Weiss a. Osterland 1980), tasks of concept formation were applied for assessing changes in strategic behavior of children--a type of task which has been used in connection with inductive reasoning since many years. Counter to expectations, the children whose memory was trained, showed changes in performance in the psychometric test in a similar size as the children whose inductive reasoning was trained. These effects are interpreted in terms of special attention directed to the children during the intervention situation. Moreover, it was found that despite the authors claim to the opposite the DenkMit did not cause any changes in visual perception. In contrast to the author's intentions, the "Cognitive Training for Children" did cause some substantive changes in the area of visual perception. The pattern of results with the concept formation tasks, however, overall indicates that the reasoning programs caused some changes in strategic behaviors of the children. Although these changes are not very impressive, they cannot be attributed to extraneous factors such as special attention.

Attention↗

PubMed1998

The electrocardiographic T wave changes in highly trained athletes during training. An old problem revisited.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the T-wave pattern alterations during vigorous training in elite athletes. SETTING: Institute of Sport Science in Rome and National Rowing Center in Piediluco, Italy. STUDY POPULATION: Nine male and 7 female rowers of the national team were examined prospectively at different times of their conditioning period. METHODS: All athletes underwent electrocardiography and echocardiography; the ecg was analyzed for QRS voltages and axis, T-wave pattern and QTc interval; from echocardiography the left ventricular (LV) cavity dimension, wall thickness and mass were calculated. From Doppler-echocardiography the transmitral diastolic LV filling pattern was evaluated. RESULTS: Variation of T-wave voltages was seen in all the athletes. Specifically, during the low-intensity training period the T-wave pattern was positive and increased in voltage (T-wave max amplitude in V6 increased to 130% in male and 100% in female than pretraining values). During the peak training a variety of patterns was observed, and a transient flattening was present in 50% of subjects. No concomitant alteration of heart rate, QRS and T-wave axis and QTc duration were observed. No significant changes of cavity dimension, wall thickness, LV mass index and Doppler-derived diastolic peak flow velocities were detected during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Transient changes of T-wave pattern may occur in athletes as an effect of athletic conditioning, without changes of cardiac dimension or alteration of indexes of LV function. This finding supports the role of ecg monitoring to follow-up the individual athletes response to training exercise load.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Saving on training expenses: IAHSS training accepted by New York State.

How the author and his hospital were granted a training waiver to use IAHSS's 40-Hour Basic Certification Course in lieu of the new York State-mandated 16-Hour On-The-Job Training Course. By obtaining the waiver, he says, he was able to save budget dollars and get more effective training for his security officers.

Budgets↗

PubMed1982

Square-wave endurance exercise test (SWEET) for training and assessment in trained and untrained subjects. I. Description and cardiorespiratory responses.

A new 45 min Square-Wave Endurance Exercise Test (SWEET) performed on a cycle ergometer and designed for endurance training was studied in 43 normal subjects: Untrained (U), twelve women and seven men and Trained (T), eight women and 16 men. Among them seven were elite sportsmen (E). Preliminary measurements were made of VO2 max by constant power and Maximal Tolerated Power (MTP) in a progressive test (+ 30 W/3 min). To the SWEET's base, established as a % of individual MTP, a peak of 1 min at MTP was added every 5 minutes. Maximum Intensity of Endurance during the SWEET (MIE45) is defined by both maximal heart rate (HR) at the end of the test and the impossibility of maintaining 5% above the percent MTP of the MIE45 for 45 min. Exhaustion was reached at the end of the MIE45, which could be expressed as % MTP, as total energy expenditure (TEE) in liters of O2, or as total mechanical work (TMW) in kiloJoules per kg of weight (kJ . kg-1). VE, VCO2, VO2 and HR were continuously measured. VO2 max, TMW and % MTP were significantly higher in T than in U subjects. The E subjects show the highest values of those parameters. TMW and TEE were well correlated (r = 0.992, p less than 0.001, n = 43) indicating good efficiency. TMW in T (r = 0.453) and in E men (r = 0.442) were however less well correlated to the VO2 max. MIE45 therefore gives different information in the evaluation of "endurance capacity" at the time of measurement than that provided by VO2 max. Because of the high TEE per session it could be useful for endurance training of T and U subjects.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1989

Exercise testing and training with beta-adrenergic blockade: role of the drug washout period in "unmasking" a training effect.

To determine whether or not a training effect can be achieved with beta-adrenergic blockade and whether there is a difference between selective and nonselective therapy, we recruited 40 healthy subjects (16 women, 24 men) to participate in a 9-week exercise training program. After a baseline exercise treadmill test, subjects were randomized to oral therapy groups of atenolol, 50 mg daily (AT 50), atenolol, 100 mg daily (AT 100), propranolol, 80 mg twice a day (Prop), or placebo. Repeat exercise tests were performed at week 1, week 8, and at week 9, with week 8 to 9 being a 1-week drug-free washout period. At week 8, maximal oxygen consumption (Max VO2), when compared with baseline levels, was increased slightly in AT 50 (4.2%) and Prop (2.4%), decreased in AT 100 (5.3%), and increased significantly in the placebo group (12.7%). After washout, Max VO2 increased significantly compared with baseline in AT 50, AT 100, and Prop (9.8%, 10.8%, and 9.8%, respectively). We conclude that there is no significant difference between selective and nonselective beta-blockade therapy in the development of a training effect. This effect, however, may not become apparent until the drug is withdrawn.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1987

Effects of respiratory muscle endurance training on ventilatory and endurance performance of moderately trained cyclists.

This study examined the effects of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) on ventilatory and endurance performance among moderately trained, male cyclists. Nine subjects initially completed two cycling VO2 max tests, two endurance cycling tests for time at 95% VO2 max, a 15-s MVV test, and an endurance breathing test for time at 100% MVV. Four subjects then underwent 3 weeks of strenuous RMET while five served as controls. Mean posttest 15-s MVV and endurance breathing time were significantly higher in the RMET group (243 +/- 14 l X min-1 and 804 +/- 94 s) than in the control group (205 +/- 6 l X min-1 and 48 +/- 8 s). No significant group differences in VO2 max or endurance cycling time at 95% VO2 max were observed following RMET. Results of this exploratory study indicated that RMET improved ventilatory power and endurance, but did not alter VO2 max or endurance cycling performance among moderately trained, male cyclists.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Can the value of training be measured? A simplified approach to evaluating training.

Measuring the value of any training intervention has long baffled trainers and managers alike. Complex models for calculating the return on investment offer little help in attempting to measure the results of these programs. Unfortunately, while the difficulty in measuring these programs has not lessened, the need to justify training costs in the health care field has increased dramatically. In this article, the authors offer a perspective of how 1 hospital dealt with this complex issue and offer a guide for a simpler approach to measuring the value of training programs that can be used by trainers and managers without resorting to complicated formulas.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗