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PubMed1989

Procoagulant activity of endocardial vegetations and blood monocytes in rabbits with Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis.

To investigate activation of the coagulation system in bacterial endocarditis, we determined the procoagulant activity of blood monocytes isolated from rabbits with Streptococcus sanguis-infected or sterile catheter-induced endocardial vegetations. This activity was determined directly after isolation from the peripheral blood and after stimulation in vitro by either endotoxin or by phagocytosis of S. sanguis. The procoagulant activity of the vegetations of these rabbits was also determined. The procoagulant activity of blood monocytes of rabbits with S. sanguis endocarditis was found to be similar to the activity of monocytes of rabbits with sterile vegetations, both at the time of isolation and after stimulation in vitro by exposure to endotoxin or phagocytosis of bacteria. The procoagulant activity of infected vegetations was significantly higher than that of sterile vegetations. We conclude that in bacterial endocarditis the coagulation system is activated locally at the site of the vegetation. Triggering probably occurs by thromboplastin generated by monocytes activated by phagocytosis of bacteria on the vegetational surface.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The vegetative network in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the guinea pig: a comparison of the distribution of AChE-enzyme activity and choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity.

Histochemically the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity and immunocytochemically the choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity (ChAT-LI) were located in the components of the vegetative network of the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the guinea pig. Both reaction products showed an identical distribution among the preganglionic sympathetic cells and the processes of the vegetative network, namely: cells of the nucleus intermediolateralis pars principalis (ILp), the nucleus intermediolateralis pars funicularis (ILf), the nucleus intercalatus spinalis (IC) and the nucleus intercalatus paraependymalis (ICpe; terminology according to Petras and Cummings 1972). In longitudinal horizontal sections through the intermediate zone of the thoracolumbar spinal cord both AChE-positive- and ChAT-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were organized into two longitudinal lateral fascicles (FLL), two longitudinal medial fascicles (FLM) as well as oblique and transverse bundles that interconnect repeatedly the autonomic cell groups of this zone along the spinal cord and contribute to the ladder-like shape of the vegetative network. The ChAT-like immunostaining of the vegetative network showed that the dendrites of the ILp cells are oriented mainly in a rostrocaudal, but also in a mediolateral direction. Similar orientation of the dendrites was observed for the ICpe cell groups of the thoracolumbar intermediate zone. Thus it is evident that ILp cell bodies and dendrites are involved in the formation of the FLL, whereas the ICpe cells and their dendrites--of the FLM. The IC cells send their dendrites towards both the ILp and ICpe cells and build up together with dendrites of the ILp and ICpe cells the transverse and oblique interconnecting bundles. The vegetative network is strongly developed within the intermediate zone of T1-T4 (mostly T3) and T7-T8 segments of the spinal cord. In these segments a greater variety of interconnections between the preganglionic sympathetic cell groups which are constituents of the network are also revealed. In the remaining segments the vegetative network is more poor developed. In the first two lumbar segments the distance between the interconnecting bundles in the rostrocaudal direction diminishes to 100 microns in contrast to 300-500 microns within the upper segments. The results obtained reveal that the cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic nuclei of the intermediate zone of the thoracolumbar spinal cord together with their dendrites represent the basis (frame) of the ladder-like vegetative network to which join in addition different peptidergic fibers of supraspinal, peripheral and propriospinal origin.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1989

[Effects and indications of spinal cord stimulation on the vegetative syndrome].

The effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on the vegetative syndrome were studied in six patients. Factors affecting the results were mentioned with a view to establishing indications as to whether or not the SCS should be performed. "Persistent vegetative states" were thought to be identical with Ohta's "vegetative syndrome" which consists of eleven signs. Six of these signs--polyphasic cycle of waking and sleeping, urinary incontinence, being bedridden and being tube fed etc--were important criteria of the vegetative syndrome. SCS was thought to be effective if one or more of the 6 signs disappeared after SCS. SCS was performed at level from C2 to C4 with a frequency of 25 to 120 Hz, an intensity of 2.5 to 6 volts, a pulse duration of 0.3 to 0.5 msec. and a duration of 3 to 11 hours per day. Neurological signs, ABR, CT/MRI, EEG and the grade of the vegetative syndrome were estimated before and after SCS. In the course of SCS, 2 of the 6 patients recovered from the vegetative syndrome. Both had a localized lesion in the brain stem without a cerebral lesion on CT/MRI, with bilateral appearance of the fifth peak with prolonged latency and decreased amplitude of main peaks on ABR. The other 4 patients showed little or no improvement. They all had diffuse cerebral atrophy or low density areas on CT and almost normal ABR. One of these patients, who suffered a cerebral contusion leading to transtentorial herniation with unilateral cerebral contusion on CT and unilateral disappearance of the fifth peak on ABR, showed no recovery from the vegetative syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk.

This paper gives an overview of the epidemiological data concerning the cancer-preventive effect of brassica vegetables, including cabbage, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. The protective effect of brassicas against cancer may be due to their relatively high content of glucosinolates. Certain hydrolysis products of glucosinolates have shown anticarcinogenic properties. The results of 7 cohort studies and 87 case-control studies on the association between brassica consumption and cancer risk are summarized. The cohort studies showed inverse associations between the consumption of cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli and risk of lung cancer; between the consumption of brassicas and risk of stomach cancer; between broccoli consumption and risk of all cancers taken together; and between brassica consumption and the occurrence of second primary cancers. Of the case-control studies, 67% showed an inverse association between consumption of total brassica vegetables and risk of cancer at various sites. For cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts, these percentages were 70, 56, 67, and 29%, respectively. Although the measured effects might have been distorted by various types of bias, it is concluded that a high consumption of brassica vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of cancer. This association appears to be most consistent for lung, stomach, colon, and rectal cancer and least consistent for prostatic, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. It is not yet possible to resolve whether associations are to be attributed to brassica vegetables per se or to vegetables in general. Further epidemiological research should separate the anticarcinogenic effect of brassica vegetables from the effect of vegetables in general.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗

PubMed1997

Persistent vegetative state in Alzheimer disease. Does it exist?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the published criteria for diagnosis of the persistent vegetative state could be applied to patients suffering from Alzheimer disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighty-eight institutionalized patients with a diagnosis of possible or probable Alzheimer disease were evaluated for the presence of persistent vegetative state. Initial screening excluded patients who were able to do any of the following: feed themselves, respond to command, walk, or maintain continence of bowel and bladder. A sample of 12 of 28 patients unable to perform any of these functions was examined independently by 3 of us. RESULTS: During the first examination, 2 patients were diagnosed as being in a vegetative state by 2 of us and 3 additional patients by 1 of us. One of us did not diagnose any patient as being in a vegetative state. A second evaluation of the same patients was performed 2 months later, after holding a consensus meeting to standardize the evaluation procedure. During the second evaluation, the vegetative state was diagnosed in 6 patients but only by 1 of us. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic disagreement between the neurologists indicate that Alzheimer disease may only rarely progress to the persistent vegetative state.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Glutathione peroxidase mimics as novel antioxidants from vegetables.

Vegetables are generally recognized as rich sources of dietary antioxidants for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Here we investigated lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH)-reducing activity of several vegetables to estimate their role on the prevention of lipid peroxidation in food and the digestive tract. By using HPLC analysis, we screened vegetables possessing the ability to convert 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) to its reduced derivative, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE). Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) was found to be highly active in the reduction of 13-HPODE among tested vegetables. There was no relationship between 13-HPODE reducing activity and GSH peroxidase (GPX) activity in the tested vegetables. 13-HPODE-reducing activity of welsh onion was enhanced by the addition of sulfhydryl compounds including glutathione (GSH). Neither GPX inhibitor nor heat treatment suppressed 13-HPODE-reducing activity effectively. These results suggest that welsh onion and other vegetables contain GPX mimics responsible for the reduction of LOOH. GPX mimics may be helpful in the attenuation of harmful effect of LOOH from food.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1997

Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: vegetables as potential hypoglycaemic agents.

Vegetables are among the numerous plant adjuncts tried for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. A few vegetables that are commonly consumed in India have been claimed to possess antidiabetic potency. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest to screen such plant food materials, for a possible beneficial use. Considerable amount of work has been carried out in this regard with bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and ivy gourd (Coccinia indica) both in experimental animals and human diabetic subjects. Majority of these studies have documented the beneficial effect of the fruit of bitter gourd and leaf of ivy gourd when administered orally as a single dose. The hypoglycaemic influence is claimed to be mediated through an insulin secretagogue effect or through an influence on enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. The limited number of studies on other vegetables such as cabbage (Brassica oleracia), green leafy vegetables, beans and tubers have shown the beneficial hypoglycaemic influence in both experimental animals and humans. There is scope for more extensive research in this area, especially to examine the long term beneficial effect of dietary vegetables, to identify the active principle, and to understand the mechanism of action, which is at present unclear. Since diet forms the mainstay in the management of diabetes mellitus, there is scope for exploiting the antidiabetic potency of vegetables to the maximum extent. Such plant food adjuncts possessing hypoglycaemic activity appear to hold promise as potential antidiabetic agents.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Intake of fruits, vegetables and selected micronutrients in relation to the risk of breast cancer.

High fruit and vegetable intake has been linked with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but evidence is not consistent. We investigated the associations of breast cancer risk with vegetables, fruits and related micronutrient intake in a population-based case-control study among Chinese women in Shanghai, where dietary patterns differ substantially from other study populations. Included in the study were 1,459 incident breast cancer cases and 1,556 frequency-matched controls. Usual dietary habits were assessed by in-person interviews. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to measure strength of the associations. There was no association between breast cancer risk and total vegetable intake. The risk of breast cancer declined, however, with increasing intake of dark yellow-orange vegetables (trend test, p = 0.02), Chinese white turnips (trend test, p </= 0.001), and certain dark green vegetables (trend test, p </= 0.001) with adjusted OR in the highest quintile being 0.79 (95% CI = 0.60-0.98), 0.67 (95% CI = 0.53-0.85) and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.51-0.83) respectively. Intake of fruits, except watermelons and apples, was inversely associated with breast cancer risk (p-values for trend tests </=0.05). Our study suggests that high intake of certain vegetables and fruits may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Fruits and vegetables and lung cancer: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

Intake of fruits and vegetables is thought to protect against the development of lung cancer. However, some recent cohort and case-control studies have shown no protective effect. We have assessed the relation between fruit and vegetable intake and lung cancer incidence in the large prospective investigation on diet and cancer, the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). We studied data from 478,021 individuals that took part in the EPIC study, who were recruited from 10 European countries and who completed a dietary questionnaire during 1992-1998. Follow-up was to December 1998 or 1999, but for some centres with active follow-up to June 2002. During follow-up, 1,074 participants were reported to have developed lung cancer, of whom 860 were eligible for our analysis. We used the Cox proportional hazard model to determine the effect of fruit and vegetable intake on the incidence of lung cancer. We paid particular attention to adjustment for smoking. Relative risk estimates were obtained using fruit and vegetable intake categorised by sex-specific, cohort-wide quintiles. After adjustment for age, smoking, height, weight and gender, there was a significant inverse association between fruit consumption and lung cancer risk: the hazard ratio for the highest quintile of consumption relative to the lowest being 0.60 (95% Confidence Interval 0.46-0.78), p for trend 0.0099. The association was strongest in the Northern Europe centres, and among current smokers at baseline, and was strengthened when the 293 lung cancers diagnosed in the first 2 years of follow-up were excluded from the analysis. There was no association between vegetable consumption or vegetable subtypes and lung cancer risk. The findings from this analysis can be regarded as re-enforcing recommendations with regard to enhanced fruit consumption for populations. However, the effect is likely to be small compared to smoking cessation.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Psychosocial determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption.

Psychosocial correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption were studied in an adult Dutch population (n = 367) based on the ASE model of attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy. Attitudes were a summation of beliefs about taste, different health consequences, and costs in time and money. Social influences were measured through the social stimulation respondents expected to get from important others to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables and by asking the subjects about the behaviour of important others. Self-efficacy reflected the respondents' ability to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables in various situations. Self-efficacy and attitudes were consistently and significantly associated with consumption of boiled or otherwise heated vegetables, of salads, and of fruit. Furthermore, respondents reporting low consumption of these food groups had lower self-efficacy expectations and less positive attitudes than subjects with relatively high consumption of fruit and vegetables. It is concluded that nutrition education aimed at stimulating fruit and vegetable consumption should focus especially on changing attitudes and self efficacy expectations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents and to determine sociodemographic, personal, psychosocial, and behavioral correlates of inadequate consumption. METHODS: Data presented in this study were taken from the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey, a classroom-administered questionnaire, which was completed by 36,284 adolescents in grades 7-12. Chi-square analyses and multivariate logistic regressions controlling for socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, gender, and BMI were done. RESULTS: Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables was common among the study population. Less than daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by approximately 40% of adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Ethnic differences in eating patterns were also apparent in that American Indians were at highest risk for inadequate fruit consumption and African Americans were at greatest risk for inadequate vegetable consumption. Psychosocial correlates of inadequate intake included low family connectedness, weight dissatisfaction, and poor academic achievement. Frequent dieting was associated with inadequate fruit consumption but not with vegetable consumption. Health-compromising behaviors such as binge eating, substance abuse, and past suicide attempts were correlated with inadequate intake. CONCLUSIONS: The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at increased consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents. While programs need to reach all adolescents, approaches need to be suitable to those at highest risk for inadequate consumption, in particular those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Fruit and vegetable consumption and diabetes mellitus incidence among U.S. adults.

BACKGROUND: Adequate fruit and vegetable intake may lower the risk of several chronic diseases, but little is known about how it affects the risk of diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We examined whether fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with diabetes incidence in a cohort of U. S. adults aged 25-74 years who were followed for about 20 years. RESULTS: In the analytic sample of 9,665 participants, 1,018 developed diabetes mellitus. The mean daily intake of fruits and vegetables as well as the percentage of participants consuming five or more fruits and vegetables per day was lower among persons who developed diabetes than among persons who remained free of this disease (P < 0.001). After adjustments for age, race or ethnicity, cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, serum cholesterol concentration, body mass index, recreational exercise, nonrecreational exercise, and alcohol consumption, the hazard ratio for participants consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day compared with those consuming none was 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54-0.98) for all participants, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.36-0.81) for women, and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.63-1.87) for men. Adding education to the model changed the hazard ratios to 0.79 (95% CI, 0.59-1.06) for all participants, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.42-0.88) for women, and 1.14 (95% CI, 0.67-1.93) for men. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake may be inversely associated with diabetes incidence particularly among women. Education may explain partly this association.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Chemical composition of indigenous wild herbs, spices, fruits, nuts and leafy vegetables used as food.

Thirty wild fruits, nuts, herbs, spices and leafy vegetables were characterized and their chemical composition determined. Some of them were not only used for food, but for medicine in minor aliments by the natives. Results of the proximate analysis showed that on dry weight basis, the crude protein content ranged from 4.6 to 22.1 percent for spices and herbs, 3.2 to 43.1 percent for fruits and nuts, and 15.9 to 35.7 percent for leafy vegetables. The fat (ether extract) ranged from 7.5 to 36.0 percent for spices and herbs, 1.8 to 72.6 percent for fruits and nuts and 10.6 to 22.6 percent for leafy vegetables. Total carbohydrate content ranged from 34.6 to 71.9 percent for spices and herbs, 11.3 to 76.1 percent for fruits and nuts, and 24.6 to 51.4 percent for leafy vegetables. The wild fruits, nuts and leafy vegetables are high in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C.) Ascorbic acid content ranged from 18 mg/100 g dry sample to 113 mg/100 g sample for fruits and nuts, and 23 mg/100 g to 232 mg/100 g sample for leafy vegetables. The levels for peroxide value and free fatty acids (as percent oleic acid) of the spices are generally low indicating good storage stability of these plant materials. The flavour imparting essential oils (as percent oleoresin) content of the spices/herbs were fairly high and ranged from 0.1 to 5.2 percent.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2004

Dietary intake of Cruciferous vegetables, Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in a Caucasian population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible interactions between dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables and the glutathione s-transferase mu and theta (GSTM1 and GSTT1) genotypes in lung cancer risk. METHODS: Hospital-based case-control study of 716 Caucasian lung cancer cases and 939 spouse and friend controls conducted in Boston, Massachussetts between 1992 and 2000. Dietary intake was collected through a food frequency questionnaire and blood was obtained for genotyping. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, gender, total calories and smoking variables. RESULTS: Higher intakes of cruciferous vegetables reduced lung cancer risk among GSTM1 present individuals (odds ratio (OR)highest versus lowest tertile = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.39-0.95) but not among GSTM1 null individuals (OR(highest versus lowest tertile) = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.78-1.68). We observed statistically significant interactions between GSTM1 and cruciferous vegetable intake overall (likelihood ratio test (LRT): p = 0.05) and among current smokers (LRT: p = 0.01). No significant interactions were observed for GSTT1 or the combined GSTM1/T1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, higher cruciferous vegetable intake reduced lung cancer risk only among individuals with the GSTM1 present genotype. Our findings differed from prior studies that specifically assessed isothiocyanates found in cruciferous vegetables or evaluated Asian study populations with higher levels of cruciferous vegetable consumption.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Effects of vegetable diets on nitrogen metabolism in cirrhotic subjects.

This study compared the effect of a vegetable diet with an animal protein diet on various aspects of nitrogen metabolism to identify what components of the vegetable diet might be causing beneficial therapeutic effects in hepatic encephalopathy. Vegetable diets contained 4.5-fold greater amounts of fiber (56 +/- 3 g/day) and reduced amounts of methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In 6 stable cirrhotic subjects without encephalopathy, vegetable diets caused a significant reduction in the urea production rate from 106 +/- 5 to 89 +/- 5 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1 of urea nitrogen. This was mainly accounted for by a fall in urinary urea output. Vegetable diets also caused a fall in total urinary nitrogen, which was accounted for by the fall in urea nitrogen, and a comparable increase in fecal nitrogen from 12 +/- 2 to 28 +/- 5 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1. The fecal bacterial fraction contained 63% of the increase in stool nitrogen. Most plasma amino acids, including methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, as well as total and free tryptophan, were unchanged. The effect of vegetable diets on nitrogen metabolism can be mainly accounted for by the increased intake of dietary fiber and increased incorporation and elimination of nitrogen in fecal bacteria.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Use and perceived attributes of cruciferous vegetables in terms of genetically-mediated taste sensitivity.

Bitter tasting compounds in cruciferous vegetables resemble chemically the compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). As sensitivity to PTC is genetically mediated, it was hypothesized that this characteristic would be linked to greater sensitivity of the bitter tasting components in cruciferous vegetables, and that PTC sensitivity would be reflected in less favourable sensory perceptions and lower use of the vegetables. PTC status was determined for healthy, racially and culturally similar women, alike in foodways and aged 18-46 years. The frequency of use and perceptions of sensory, post-ingestional and social attributes of 11 cruciferous and two non-cruciferous vegetables in both raw and cooked forms were compared between the PTC tasters and non-tasters. Minimal effects of PTC status on these factors were observed. Only two vegetables showed significant differences in use--PTC non-tasters used cooked turnip and raw watercress significantly more than did PTC tasters. Perceived bitter taste and aroma did not offer an explanation for the findings. Similarly, familiarity, early exposure, and tolerance did not account for any group differences. PTC status, especially in terms of non-tasting propensity, may have some sensory-specific effects which will impact on the use of cruciferous vegetables by young and mature women, but environmental factors may offset this effect and must be considered in studies of food behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China.

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal contamination in soils and vegetables, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain transfer near a smelter in Nanning, southern China. Contamination levels in soils and vegetables with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured, and transfer factors (TF) from soils to vegetable plants and its health risk (risk index, RI) were calculated accordingly. Results showed that both soils and vegetables from villages 1 and 2 (V1 and V2, 1500 m and 500 m from the smelter) were heavily contaminated, compared to a village 50 km from the smelter. Geometric mean of Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables for V1 and V2, respectively, were 0.15 and 0.24 mg Cd kg(-1) and 0.45 and 0.38 mg Pb kg(-1) (on fresh weight basis). Oral intake of Cd and Pb through vegetables poses high health risk to local residents. Risk indices for V1 and V2, respectively, were 3.87 and 7.42 for Cd, and 1.44 and 13.5 for Pb. The complexity of metal contamination and their health risks are also discussed.

China↗

PubMed2005

Tissue-dependent distribution and accumulation of chlorobenzenes by vegetables in urban area.

Five seasonal vegetables from three growing sites in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, were studied for the levels of four chlorobenzenes(CBs): o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), m-dichlorobenzene (m-DCB), and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB). Samples of each vegetable from each site were subdivided into leaves, stems, and roots, and these subsamples were analyzed separately for the levels of accumulated CBs. Relations between the levels of CBs in vegetables with the total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil, the lipid content of the vegetable, and the physicochemical properties of CBs were established. Results showed that o-DCB, p-DCB, m-DCB, 1,2,4-TCB were present in all vegetables analyzed. For spinaches (Spinacia oleracea), Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), and celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce), the highest level of CBs was with roots, followed by leaves. While for radishes (Raphanus sativus), and carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), the highest level was with leaves, followed by stems. The accumulation of CBs was found to have a good correlation with the plant-tissue lipid content, the contaminant air-water Henry's coefficient (H), the contaminant octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)), and the physiological characteristics of the vegetables.

1-Octanol↗