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PubMed2003

The mechanism of the surfactant-aided soil washing system for hydrophobic and partial hydrophobic organics.

A surfactant-aided soil washing mechanism is proposed in this study by examining nine common organic contaminants, which were divided into two groups, hydrophobic compounds and partial hydrophobic compounds, depending on the respective soil partitioning of contaminants, K(oc). The presence of a free non-aqueous phase liquid in the soil washing system is critical to determine the soil washing performance curves. A mathematical model is proposed to describe soil-washing performance at various surfactant concentrations. The resulting slopes and intercepts from the model for the performance prediction are linearly related to K(oc). In addition, a transition zone between the hydrophobic and partial hydrophobic compounds was observed, and has been used in verifying the proposed mechanism successfully by overdosing and underdosing the contaminants in the system.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Does bottle type and acid-washing influence trace element analyses by ICP-MS on water samples? A test covering 62 elements and four bottle types: high density polyethene (HDPE), polypropene (PP), fluorinated ethene propene copolymer (FEP) and perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA).

Groundwater samples from 15 boreholes in crystalline bedrock aquifers in South Norway (Oslo area) have been collected in parallel in five different clear plastic bottle types (high density polyethene [HDPE], polypropene [PP, two manufacturers], fluorinated ethene propene copolymer [FEP] and perfluoroalkoxy polymer [PFA]. In the cases of polyethene and polypropene, parallel samples have been collected in factory-new (unwashed) bottles and acid-washed factory-new bottles. Samples have been analysed by ICP-MS techniques for a wide range of inorganic elements down to the ppt (ng/l) range. It was found that acid-washing of factory-new flasks had no clear systematic beneficial effect on analytical result. On the contrary, for the PP-bottles concentrations of Pb and Sn were clearly elevated in the acid-washed bottles. Likewise, for the vast majority of elements, bottle type was of no importance for analytical result. For six elements (Al, Cr, Hf, Hg, Pb and Sn) some systematic differences for one or more bottle types could be tentatively discerned, but in no case was the discrepancy of major cause for concern. The most pronounced effect was for Cr, with clearly elevated concentrations returned from the samples collected in HDPE bottles, regardless of acid-washing or not. For the above six elements, FEP or PFA bottles seemed to be marginally preferable to PP and HDPE. In general, cheap HDPE, factory new, unwashed flasks are suitable for sampling waters for ICP-MS ultra-trace analysis of the elements tested.

Acids↗

PubMed1995

Ephedrine-saline nasal wash in allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Ephedrine nasal wash (0.25% to 1%) was once used in the treatment of sinusitis and other nasal and paranasal symptoms, but there are no reported controlled trials in allergic rhinitis. METHODS: In a blinded study, 118 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into two groups of 65 and 53 patients, respectively, and administered either a placebo or a 1% ephedrine-saline nasal wash once every 48 hours for a period of 4 weeks. These groups were then crossed over after a 4-week interval, and their weekly symptom scores and peak nasal inspiratory flow rates were monitored. RESULTS: Use of ephedrine-saline nasal wash resulted in significant improvement in symptom scores and peak nasal inspiratory flow rates as compared with placebo (p < or = 0.001). A statistically significant difference between the two groups began in the second week. The effects of treatment lasted for more than 2 weeks after the study, without notable side effects, in most patients. CONCLUSION: A 1% ephedrine-saline nasal wash is an inexpensive and effective treatment for allergic rhinitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bathing or washing babies after birth?

One group of healthy full-term newborn babies was washed after birth and another was bathed to remove vernix caseosa and clean the skin. Few infections, none of them serious, occurred in either group. Bacterial colonisation of the umbilical cord on the third day of life was similar in both groups. The rectal temperature fell further and more infants cried during washing than during bathing. Thus bathing the baby after birth makes it calmer, quieter, and more comfortable than washing and causes less heat-loss. Clinical signs of infection and bacterial colonisation rates are no higher after bathing than after washing.

Baths↗

PubMed1999

Full-scale and pilot-scale soil washing.

The purpose of this paper is to describe soil washing and to present results obtained from pilot-scale and full-scale projects. The soil washing system to be described is a water-based physical separation process which relies on traditional physical and chemical extraction and separation processes for removing a broad range of organic, inorganic, and radioactive contaminants from soil. Although soil washing is becoming more accepted as a treatment technology in the United States, limited experience in field application still appears to be a barrier to more widespread implementation. This paper will attempt to overcome some of those barriers by describing the system and its applications, and providing case histories of successful experiences in full-scale and pilot-scale field operations. Both levels of operations have been very successful, and confirm the viability of soil washing for treating contaminated soils.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1999

Application of remedy studies to the development of a soil washing pilot plant that uses mineral processing technology: a practical experience.

Soil washing employing mineral processing technology to treat radionuclide-contaminated soils has been examined as a remedy alternative to the exclusive excavation, transportation, and disposal of the soil. Successful application depends on a thorough remedy study, employing a systematic tiered approach that is efficient, self-limiting, and cost effective. The study includes: (1) site and soil characterization to determine the basic mineral and physical properties of both the soil and contaminants and to identify their relative associations; (2) treatment studies to evaluate the performance of process units for contaminant separation; (3) conceptual process design to develop a treatment pilot plant; and (4) engineering design to construct, test, and optimize the actual full-scale plant. A pilot plant using soil washing technology for the treatment of radium-contaminated soil was developed, tested, and demonstrated. The plant used particle-size separation to produced a remediated product that represented approximately 50% of the contaminated soil. Subsequently, it was modified for more effective performance and application to soil with alternate characteristics; it awaits further testing. The economic analysis of soil washing using the pilot plant as a model indicates that a remedy plan based on mineral processing technology is very competitive with the traditional alternative employing excavation, transportation, and disposal exclusively, even when disposal costs are modest or when recovery of remediated soil during treatment is low. This paper reviews the tiered approach as it applies to mineral processing technology to treat radionuclide-contaminated soils and a pilot plant developed to test the soil washing process.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1999

Simplified soil washing processes for a variety of soils.

A soil washing process is described in which high shear mixing, sprays, hydrosizing, flotation, and screening are integrated to countercurrently clean sand, silt and clay. Chemical techniques are summarized that can be used to remove selected contaminants from the soil and then clean the wash water for reuse. Descriptions of simple and complex processes, and a recent project are used to illustrate the points: (1) Soil washing is not a single process, but a collection of unit operations assembled for each project; (2) all process must be coordinated for the project to be successful; and (3) combining techniques in a few pieces of equipment debottlenecks soil washing.

Decontamination↗

PubMed1999

Comparison between supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and aqueous surfactant washing of an oily machining waste.

Mathematical models are developed to compare aqueous surfactant washing to supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction. These two cleaning processes are potentially competitive technologies which can be used to remove oily contaminants from a solid waste. In both processes, the cleaning efficiency for a batch of waste is evaluated by quantifying the residual oil content in the treated sample. A mass transfer model is used to simulate a semi-continuous washing process, and the experimental data, obtained in a batch operation, are used to estimate the equilibrium parameters in the model. For SCCO2 extraction, a linear desorption model is used to describe the supercritical desorption of oil from the solid phase into the CO2 phase and the simulated results agreed very well with the experimental data. The oil removal in aqueous surfactant washing is viewed to be controlled primarily by the diffusional transport of oil from the interiors of the waste elements to the surface, thus, it can be significantly affected by the size of the particles. A pre-cleaning pulverization is then recommended to improve the cleaning efficiency without increasing any other operation costs. In SCCO2 extraction, the desorption of oil from the solid waste is the controlling step and consequently, the solvent flow rate has no influence on oil removal. Our theoretical studies show that the difference between the cleaning efficiencies of these two technologies is not significant, with the oil concentration in the washing products approximately 5% lower than that in the extraction products.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1998

[Quality of blood salvaged in orthopedic surgery by washing swabs].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the feasibility and safety of recuperating blood absorbed by swabs used during orthopaedic surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Open, prospective study. PATIENTS: Included were children undergoing potentially haemorrhagic orthopaedic surgery for whom intraoperative blood salvage seemed possible. Excluded were those with contraindications for this procedure such as septic surgery and cancer surgery. METHOD: Intraoperative swabs used within the surgical field were collected by a surgical assistant, also in charge of weighing and washing them. The liquid was collected by the aspiration system of a recuperation-washing machine (RWM). The salvaged red blood cells were collected and retransfused at the end of surgery. Several samples of the washing liquid of the swabs and salvaged blood were taken during the procedure. The correlation between the quantity of blood shed and salvaged was calculated. The biological and clinical tolerance of the transfusion was assessed. RESULTS: Twelve patients undergoing surgery for scoliosis have been included. An average of 278 mL of blood were salvaged. In the washed cell concentrates the haematocrit was 54% and the free haemoglobin concentration was 3.84 g.L-1. All the bacteriological tests were negative over the first 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Provided that a strict operatory protocol is followed, this study demonstrates the possibility of recuperating blood from swabs used during major orthopaedic surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Evaluation of a PCR based assay for specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken washes.

An assay for Campylobacter jejuni based on the polymerase chain reaction was developed in our laboratory and shown to be a sensitive and specific method to identify this bacterium in pure culture. This assay was evaluated as a method to rapidly detect C. jejuni attached to chicken carcasses. Chicken carcasses were sampled for PCR using three methods including pre-enrichment of the washes, direct plating of the washes and differential centrifugation of the washes prior to testing. It was found that plating the wash solutions on Campy Cefex plates prior to performing PCR was the most specific and reliable of the three treatment methods evaluated.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in lung tissue, bronchial washing, and plasma in patients given multiple oral doses of 500 and 1000 mg daily.

The present study compares the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in plasma, lung tissue, and bronchial washing after oral administration of 500 mg (standard dose) versus 1000 mg daily for 3 days. Samples were taken during surgery for lung resection at various time points up to 204 h after the last drug dose, and azithromycin levels were analyzed by HPLC method. Azithromycin was widely distributed within the lower respiratory tract; sustained concentrations of the drug were detectable at the last sampling time (204 h) in lung tissue and bronchial washing, with long terminal half-lives of 132.86 and 74.32 h at 500 mg daily and 133.32 and 70.5 h at 1000 mg daily, respectively. Doubling the drug dose resulted in a remarkable increase in lung area under the curve (AUC, 1318 hx microg g(-1) vs 2502 hx microg g(-1)) and peak tissue concentration (9.13+/-0.53 microg g(-1) vs 17.85+/-2.4 microg g(-1)). In addition to this, enhanced azithromycin penetration from plasma into bronchial secretion and lung tissue was evidenced by the increase in the ratio of AUC(bronchial washing) versus AUC(plasma) (2.96 vs 5.27 at 500 and 1000 mg, respectively) and AUC(lung) versus AUC(plasma) (64.35 vs 97.73 at 500 and 1000 mg, respectively). In conclusion, the exposure of lung and bronchial washing to azithromycin is increased by doubling the dose, which results in favorable pharmacokinetic profile of the drug in the lower respiratory tract.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2000

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in salivas and throat washings in healthy adults and children.

It is well known that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is excreted from oral regions in the patients with infectious mononucleosis. We analyzed the prevalence of EBV in saliva and throat washings from healthy people in Japan by the polymerase chain reaction assay. EBV DNA was detected in 43 (90%) of the 48 throat washings from healthy adults (21 to 57 years old) and in 35 (38%) of the 93 salivas from healthy children (0 to 6 years old). The percentages of the EBV DNA-positive ratio in salivas increased in proportion relative to the increase of the children's ages. EBV type 1 was predominant and was detected in 86 and 94% of adults and children, respectively. Umbilical cord lymphocytes were transformed by some throat washings from EBV seropositive donors. EBV DNA was detected in throat washings from two healthy adults whose EBV antibody was not detected. In both cases, higher amounts of EBV DNA were detected in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells than in those of other, EBV antibody-positive donors. These results demonstrated the incidence of EBV excretion in oral regions of healthy individuals in Japan and defined a novel type of EBV infection in healthy adults.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The population of coloured textile fibres in domestic washing machines.

A population survey was carried out to analyse examples of the coloured fibre population that may be expected to exist in both front- and top-loading domestic washing machines during Spring, in Sydney, Australia. White cotton T-shirts were washed both individually, and with a normal household wash load, then taped to recover extraneous fibres transferred during the wash cycle. Twelve thousand one hundred and seventy-eight fibres were classified according to length, colour and generic class. Cotton fibres were most prevalent (69.4%), followed by man-made fibres (24.2%). The most common colour/generic class combinations were black/grey cotton (27%), blue cotton (20%) and red cotton (15.6%). Other combinations generally represented under 2% of the total fibre population. Two thirds (65.9%) of the recovered fibres were under 2 mm in length, the proportion of fibres decreasing with increasing fibre length. Variations in machine type did not affect the distribution of fibres with respect to fibre type, colour or length.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review.

We set out to determine the impact of washing hands with soap on the risk of diarrhoeal diseases in the community with a systematic review with random effects meta-analysis. Our data sources were studies linking handwashing with diarrhoeal diseases. Seven intervention studies, six case-control, two cross-sectional, and two cohort studies were located from electronic databases, hand searching, and the authors' collections. The pooled relative risk of diarrhoeal disease associated with not washing hands from the intervention trials was 1.88 (95% CI 1.31-2.68), implying that handwashing could reduce diarrhoea risk by 47%. When all studies, when only those of high quality, and when only those studies specifically mentioning soap were pooled, risk reduction ranged from 42-44%. The risks of severe intestinal infections and of shigellosis were associated with reductions of 48% and 59%, respectively. In the absence of adequate mortality studies, we extrapolate the potential number of diarrhoea deaths that could be averted by handwashing at about a million (1.1 million, lower estimate 0.5 million, upper estimate 1.4 million). Results may be affected by the poor quality of many of the studies and may be inflated by publication bias. On current evidence, washing hands with soap can reduce the risk of diarrhoeal diseases by 42-47% and interventions to promote handwashing might save a million lives. More and better-designed trials are needed to measure the impact of washing hands on diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in developing countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Discrimination between orange juice and pulp wash by (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy: identification of marker compounds.

The potential of NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis methods to detect the adulteration of orange juice with pulp wash is demonstrated. Principal component analysis has been applied to (1)H NMR spectra of >300 orange and pulp wash juices, and stepwise linear discriminant analysis was used to classify the samples. A model with six principal components gave a high success rate of classification (94%) for both training and validation sets. An important principal component loading showed that dimethylproline played a key role in the discrimination between the two types of juice, with higher levels in pulp wash. Dimethylproline was not previously known as a marker compound for orange juice adulteration. An ANOVA test revealed at least 21 other NMR signals that differed significantly between the authentic and pulp wash groups. The compounds they represent could be seen as potential marker compounds in addition to dimethylproline. This makes NMR with chemometrics an attractive screening tool with advantages in terms of rapidity, simplicity, and diversity of information provided.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2002

Effect of gamma-irradiation combined with washing and waxing treatment on physicochemical properties, vitamin C, and organoleptic quality of Citrus clementina Hort. Ex. Tanaka.

To enhance the shelf life of a late variety of Moroccan Citrus clementina (Nour), ionizing treatments were applied at 0.3 kGy, as well as washing (cold water) and waxing treatments. It has been found that, despite the irradiation treatment, the washing and waxing treatment do not improve the quality of C. clementina, but rather result in yellower peels, peel injury, and reductions of vitamin C content, acidity, and soluble solids. However, gamma-irradiation alone enhanced significantly (p <or= 0.05) the level of vitamin C and the total phenolic content and maintained the color of the C. clementina during the entire storage period (49 days at 3 +/- 1 degrees C and 84% relative humidity). Finally, sensory evaluation further confirmed the beneficial effect of gamma-irradiation. Irradiated clementines were found to be sweeter. Also, the sensorial score of irradiated (I) and washed, waxed, and un-irradiated (LC) fruits was maintained over 7 days during 21 days as compared to 14 days for unwashed, unwaxed, and un-irradiated (C) and for washed, waxed, and irradiated (LCI) fruits.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2004

Effects of released iron, lipid peroxides, and ascorbate in trout hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation of washed cod muscle.

Approximately 7% of the iron associated with hemoglobin was released from the heme protein during 2 degrees C storage in washed cod muscle. EDTA (2.2 mM) neither accelerated nor inhibited hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation based on the formation of lipid peroxides and TBARS. This suggested that low molecular weight iron was a minor contributor to hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscle. Ascorbate (2.2 mM) was a modest to highly effective inhibitor of hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation depending on which washed cod preparation was assessed. Experimental evidence suggested that the ability of residual ascorbate to breakdown accumulating lipid hydroperoxides to reactive lipid radicals can explain the shift of ascorbate from an antioxidant to a pro-oxidant. Increasing the lipid peroxide content in washed cod muscle accelerated hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation and decreased the ability of ascorbate to inhibit lipid oxidation. Preformed lipid peroxide content in cod muscle was highly variable from fish to fish.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Mechanisms of heme protein-mediated lipid oxidation using hemoglobin and myoglobin variants in raw and heated washed muscle.

The hemoglobin variant rHb 0.1, which possesses a decreased ability to form subunits, stimulated lipid oxidation in washed fish muscle less effectively as compared to wild-type hemoglobin (rHb 0.0). This could be due to the lower hemin affinity and more rapid autoxidation rate of subunits as compared to tetramers. To differentiate between hemin affinity and autoxidation effects, ferrous V68T Mb was compared to ferrous wild-type myoglobin (WT Mb). WT Mb has a more rapid hemin loss rate (25-fold) than does V68T, while V68T autoxidized more rapidly than did WT Mb (60-fold). Ferrous WT Mb promoted TBARS and lipid peroxide formation more rapidly than did ferrous V68T (p < 0.01). This indicated hemin loss rate was more critical in determining onset of lipid oxidation as compared to autoxidation rate. Hemin alone was capable of stimulating lipid oxidation. Albumin enhanced the ability of hemin to promote lipid oxidation. MetMb promoted lipid oxidation more effectively than did ferrous Mb, which could be due to the lower hemin affinity of metMb as compared to that of ferrous Mb. EDTA, an iron chelator, had no effect on the rate or extent of lipid oxidation mediated by Mb in the cooked system. Variants with a 975-fold range of hemin affinities promoted lipid oxidation with equivalent efficacy in cooked washed cod contrary to results in uncooked washed cod. The cooking temperatures apparently denature the globin and release hemin reactant to such an extent that the impact of hemin affinity on lipid oxidation observed in the raw state is negated in the cooked state. These studies collectively suggest released hemin is of primary importance in promoting lipid oxidation in raw and cooked washed fish muscle.

Animals↗