[Sanitary importance of meal mites (Acarus siro L., Acarina, Tyroglyphidae)].
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Animals↗
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[Occurrence in Poland of Acarus nidicolous Griffiths, 1970 (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes)-(Hypopus) associated with Siphonoptera].
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Acari↗
Lepidoglyphus destructor acarus in the urban house environment.
To assess the presence of Lepidoglyphus destructor in the household environment of sensitized children living in an urban environment, samples of house dust were collected at the homes where two groups of patients were living, as well as in two bakeries in the city of Valencia, which were taken as a reference. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A included atopic children suffering from rhinitis and/or asthma, who were sensitized to L. destructor, as proven by prick test and specific IgE (CAP). Group B included children with the same features as those included in Group A, who were sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, with prick and CAP tests showing no significant sensitization to L. destructor. The samples of dust were analyzed, and the amounts of Der p I, Der f I, Der II and Lep d I per gram of dust were assessed through a solid-phase ELISA with monoclonal antibodies. In Group A, all patients but two showed a sensitization to D. pteronyssinus by prick test and serum IgE. At the homes of the patients from both groups, significant levels of Dermatophagoides were found. In Group A, only three houses showed levels of L. destructor which were comparable to those found in bakeries. Lep d I was not found in the houses of Group B patients. This means that a sensitization to L. destructor, as assessed with full extracts, is not always an indicator of its presence at the patient's house environment; it may rather refer to cross-reactivity to Dermatophagoides. Thus, availability of the main antigen Lep d I seems necessary to increase the specificity of the allergologic study.
Adolescent↗
Mite fauna of German farms.
Storage mites are important sources of airborne allergens, especially on farms. A mite survey was conducted in the working environments of 121 farms in five regions of Germany. Of 859 samples, 743 (86.4%) contained mites, representing 547,857 astigmatic mites in 723 g of dust and 34,501 prostigmatic mites in 469 g of dust. Dust samples from nine sites of each farm were collected and analyzed. Ninety-three percent of all mites belonged to the order Astigmata (storage- and house-dust-mite species); 35 Astigmata and 14 Prostigmata mite species were identified. According to the abundance and steadiness of the important astigmatic mite species, the following order was found: Lepidoglyphus destructor > Glycyphagus domesticus > Acarus siro > Tyrophagus longior > Blomia tjibodas > Chortoglyphus arcuatus > Thyreophagus entomophagus > Tyrophagus putrescentiae > Euroglyphus longior > Tyrophagus palmarum > Acarus farris > Acarus immobilis > Gohieria fusca. Blomia tjibodas was described for the first time as an abundant species of farms in Germany.
Agriculture↗
Comparison of communities of stored product mites in grain mass and grain residues in the Czech Republic.
In storage facilities one can find grain either in stored grain mass or in grain residues in the store corners or machinery. Although it is claimed that grain residues are serious pest reservoirs since they harbor numbers of stored product arthropods and are connected via continuous emigration with grain mass, the documentation for this is not convincing. Therefore in 78 selected grain stores, we simultaneously sampled the grain mass and residues in order to compare concurrent mite communities in these two different habitats. We found 30 species in about 614,000 individuals in residues and 23 species in about 20 000 individuals in grain mass. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of transformed abundance data showed differences in the communities of mites in grain mass and residues: (i) species associated to grain residues (e.g. Tyrophagus longior, Tydeus interruptus, Acarus farris and Cheyletus eruditus) and (ii) species associated to both grain mass and grain residues (e.g. Tarsonemus granarius, Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Cheyletus malaccensis). Although the residue samples had more mites and higher species diversity than the stored grain mass, no correlation in mite abundance and species numbers between samples from grain residues and grain mass was found, thereby indicating low connectivity of these two habitats.
Acaridae↗
Allergens in Japanese patients with allergic conjunctivitis in autumn.
PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the relation between various specific class E immunoglobulins (IgE) in the serum and allergic conjunctivitis in autumn. METHODS: Total IgE and specific IgE to 12 inhalant allergens were measured using the CAP system in 32 patients with allergic conjunctivitis in spring (spring group), 27 patients with allergic conjunctivitis in autumn (autumn group), and 40 healthy volunteers (control group). RESULTS: Specific IgE levels caused by house dust, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and orchard grass were higher in the autumn group than in the spring group. The highest positivity rate for a specific allergen was 51.9% for house dust, followed by D. pteronyssinus(48.1%) in the autumn group, while the highest rate was 68.8 % for cedar pollen, followed by cypress pollen (59.4%) in the spring group. Correlation analysis showed that house dust was significantly correlated with animal epithelia, D. pteronyssinus, acarus, and Alternaria tenuis in the autumn group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that house dust is the main cause of allergic conjunctivitis during autumn. In spring, cypress pollen is the largest cause of allergic conjunctivitis, while indoor allergens such as house dust, animal epithelia, D. pteronyssinus, and acarus are not causative allergens in Japan.
Adolescent↗
Occurrence of storage mites in Finnish farming environments.
Qualitative and semi-quantitative microscopic analyses were performed on the mite populations in dust samples collected from the byres and hay and grain storages of 11 farms in Eastern Finland. Storage mites were found in all farms. The mite fauna was more abundant in the byres and hay storages than in the grain storages. The most common species or genera were Acarus siro, Acarus farris, Glycyphagus domesticus, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Cheyletus eruditus, Tydeus spp., and Tarsonemus spp. The results imply that also in northern climates storage mites should be considered as possible causes of allergic disorders among farming populations.
Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
Allergy to storage mites or cow dander as a cause of rhinitis among Finnish dairy farmers.
The role of storage mites Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, compared with that of cow dander, as a cause of allergic rhinitis was studied by nasal challenges in a population of 106 non-smoking dairy farmers. Thirty-six of the subjects were challenged with storage mites alone, each with only one of the three species in consecutive order, 43 with cow dander alone, and 27 with both. Thus mite challenges were performed on 63 farmers and cow dander challenges on 70. Challenges with any one of the storage mite species were positive in 18% and with cow dander in 20% of farmers with allergic rhinitis. All challenges to asymptomatic farmers were negative. Five of the eight positive reactions to storage mites were due to Lepidoglyphus destructor, and three to Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Acarus siro was not responsible for any of the positive reactions. The results indicate that, among dairy farmers, storage mites are as common as cow dander as a cause of allergic occupational rhinitis.
Allergens↗
Acaroid mite, intestinal and urinary acariasis.
AIM: To investigate epidemiology and pathogenic mite species of intestinal and urinary acariasis in individuals with different occupations. METHODS: A total of 1994 individuals were tested in this study. History collection, skin prick test and pathogen identification were conducted. The mites were isolated from stool and urine samples by saturated saline flotation methods and sieving following centrifugation, respectively. RESULTS: Among the 1994 individuals examined, responses to the skin prick test of "+++", "++", "+","+/-" and "-" were observed at frequencies of 3.96 % (79), 3.21 % (64), 2.31 % (46), 1.25 % (25) and 89.27 % (1780), respectively. A total number of 161 (8.07 %) individuals were shown to carry mites, with 92 (4.61 %) positive only for stool samples, 37 (1.86 %) positive only for urine samples and 32 (1.60 %) for both. The positive rate of mites in stool samples was 6.22 % (124/1994), being 6.84 % (78/1140) for males and 5.39 % (46/854) for females. No gender difference was observed in this study (chi(2)=1.77, P>0.05). The mites from stool samples included Acarus siro, TyroPhagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Glycyphagus domesticus, G. ornatus, Carpoglyphus lactis and Tarsonemus granaries. The positive rate of mites in urine samples was 3.46 % (69/1994). The positive rates for male and female subjects were found to be 3.95 % (45/1140) and 2.81 % (24/854) respectively, with no gender difference observed (chi(2)=1.89, P>0.05). Mites species in urine samples included Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, T. longior, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Caloglyphus berlesei, C. mycophagus, Suidasia nesbitti, Lardoglyphus konoi, Glycyphagus domesticus, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Euroglyphus magnei, Caloglyphus hughesi, Tarsonemus granarus and T. hominis. The species of mites in stool and urine samples were consistent with those separated from working environment. A significant difference was found among the frequencies of mite infection in individuals with different occupations (chi(2)=82.55, P<0.001), with its frequencies in those working in medicinal herb storehouses, those in rice storehouse or mills, miners, railway workers, pupils and teachers being 15.89 % (68/428), 12.96 % (53/409), 3.28 % (18/549), 2.54 % (6/236), 5.10 % (13/255) and 2.56 % (3/117), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of human intestinal and urinary acariasis was not associated with gender, and these diseases are more frequently found in individuals working in medicinal herb, rice storehouses or mills and other sites with high density of mites. More attention should be paid to the mite prevention and labor protection for these high-risk groups.
Acaridae↗
Sensitization to different mite species in German farmers: clinical aspects.
Various mite species referred to collectively as house dust and storage mites are recognized worldwide as a cause of allergic airway disease. Our study aimed to investigate the frequency of sensitization and potential importance of mite species in farmers using a broad mite spectrum. A total of 86 German farmers with rhinitis and/or asthma were studied by skin prick testing and/or enzyme allergosorbent test (EAST) with the following mites: Blomia tjibodas, Blomia tropicalis, Blomia kulagini, Glycyphagus domesticus, Thyreophagus entomophagus, Euroglyphus maynei, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus farris and Cheyletus eruditus. Sensitization to at least one mite species was detected in 51 patients (59%) by skin prick testing, and in 31 patients (36%) by EAST. The most frequent sensitizations determined by skin tests were found for the three Blomia species, E. maynei and G. domesticus. Twelve patients (14%) gave a positive EAST with the predator mite C. eruditus. A total of 22 patients gave positive EAST results with the Dermatophagoides species. We were able to document sensitization to C. arcuatus, E. maynei and T. entomophagus for the first time in Germany. A considerable proportion of the German farmers tested were sensitized to storage mites. The allergological potential of various mite species has been recognized, some for the first time. It was concluded that B. tjibodas, G. domesticus, C. arcuatus and C. eruditus in particular should be included in an allergy diagnosis. Further investigations into the clinical relevance of the sensitizations and possible cross-reactivity between the mite species are necessary.
Adult↗
[The remarkable debate during the beginning of the nineteenth century concerning the aetiology of scabies].
The scabies mite (acarus or sarcoptes scabiei) was known already to Aristoteles, to the Arabic medicine during the early and to European physicians as well as laymen during the later Middle Ages, depicted in 1687 by Bonomo in Italy and by Schwiebe in Germany during the beginning of the eighteenth century. Later in the middle of the century three pupils to Linnaeus in their doctor's theses stated that the scabies mite (Acarus humanus subcutaneus) was the cause of scabies. The best pictures of the scabies-mite as well as of the flour- and cheese-mite was given by the Swedish entomologist Charles de Geer in 1778. In spite of all these facts the real aetiology of scabies seemed to be unknown in France and in most parts of Europe. This was probably due to the fact that no one had learned the rather simple method to extract the mite from the skin with a needle and thereby verify its existence. In the beginning of the twentieth century scabies was a real problem for the health authorities. In Paris l'Académie de Médecine even offered a reward to the person who could solve the enigma of the itch. Jean Chrysanthe Galés was the pharmacist at l'Hôpital St. Louis, the famous skin hospital in Paris, where at this time about 65 percent of the beds were occupied by patients suffering from scabies. Galés also studied medicine and wanted to write a doctor's thesis. As the theme of a dissertation he was given the cause of the itch. In 1812 he published his thesis ("Essai sur la Gale") including a plate with sketches of mites that he claimed to have extracted from vesicules on the skin of his scabies patients. His findings could not be verified by other investigators. Galés however refused to take part in any control experiments and left the hospital. The debate concerning the supposed cause of the itch continued for two decades both inside and outside the hospital. F.C. Raspail, a famous natural scientist, was interested. After having studied the literature and especially the drawings by de Geer he was convinced that the mites depicted by Galés were similar to de Geers' flour-and cheese mite and that they had no resemblence to his picture of scabies-mite. In a control experiment Raspail could show how Galés had cheated by contaminating his slide with cheese-mites. However, a Corsican student at l'Hôpital St. Louis named S.F. Renucci knew the answer to the riddle. He had long ago been taught by peasant women of his home island how to extract the mite and he could now show the method to the doctors at l'Hôpital St. Louis. this was on August 13 in 1834, which usually in the literature is looked upon as the day when the discovery of the aethiology of scabies was made. Maybe we have a different view in Sweden.
Animals↗
[Acarofauna of house dust in Barcelona and surrounding cities].
The study of the house-dust acarofauna has aroused great interest since Voorhorst and colls. (41), in 1964, showed the continual presence of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in this habitat; and considered by these authors to be mainly responsible for the allergenic capacity of housedust. Studies carried out by other authors around the world confirm the universal character of this acarus and its prevailing presence in house-dust biocenosis. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is usually accompanied with other species of the same Pyroglyphidae family (see table II and III), and by species belonging to other acarian families and groups (table I). In this work 182 house-dust samples have been analyzed; these samples were collected in Barcelona and its surrounding. All have been found to be positive to acari. Samples of 5 g of house-dust were used for the study. The number of acari present in each sample showed a great variation both in relation to the total of acari present and to the number of isolated Pyroglyphidae (table VII and VIII). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus appeared to be the prevailing species, found in 175 of the 182 samples examined and representing 39.70% of the total population of the acari collected. Other Pyroglyphidae isolated were D. farinae (95 samples), Euroglyphus maynei (75 samples), D. microceras (19 samples), D. passericola (1 sample) and Malayoglyphus carmelitus (1 sample) (table VI). The frequency and density in which other species of acari appeared in house-dust samples studied are shown in table VII. If we compare our results with those obtained by others (1, 7, 11, 21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 38) we see a great difference according to the frequency of acarian infestation in house-dust. We think that the causes of this variation are the diverse methods and techniques employed in the isolation and enumeration of acari. The low infestation percentages given by some authors could be due to the following: a) a study of insufficient amounts of house-dust samples; b) the lack of a method used for processing the samples; c) the interaction of both factors. The discovery of three single D. passericola specimens found in one sample lets us assume that the pressence of this acarus in house-dust has been sporadic. We think it could originate from birds' feathers or nests. Despite the very high number of Tarsonemus sp. collected (37.17% of the acari total) the representative of this species is actually very low, since almost all of them were found in two different samples taken from the same house.
Acari↗
Sensitization to different mite species in German farmers: in vitro analyses.
Allergic airway diseases are often caused by house dust mites (HDM) and storage mites (SM), respectively, and we were recently able to demonstrate that symptomatic German farmers are frequently sensitized to different mite species. The present study aimed to obtain information on the protein and immunobiochemical characteristics of the extracts of the following mites: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Acarus siro, Acarus farris, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Blomia tjibodas, Blomia topicalis, Blomia kulagini, Glycyphagus domesticus, Thyreophagus entomophagus, and Cheyletus eruditus. Specific IgE determinations were performed with EAST. The protein patterns of the mite extracts were studied by SDS-PAGE estimating the weighted-average molecular weights of the proteins. Using the Western blot technique, we determined the allergen pattern in several mite extracts. The allergens in each extract were classified in terms of the frequency of sensitization as major, intermediate, and minor allergens using allergograms. As already reported, a positive EAST to at least one mite was measured in 31/86 patients, and most sera were positive with several mite species. The majority of the mite extracts exhibited a very complex protein pattern according to SDS-PAGE. An allergen was found in Western blots of nearly all species equivalent to a molecular weight of 14 to 15 kD. This was, in our opinion, the first time that this particular allergen was detected in Blomia tjibodas and Glycyphagus domesticus. In conclusion, using EAST we were able to show that 36% of the German farmers tested were sensitized to SM. All mite extracts showed a complex protein pattern in the molecular weight range -95 kD to -10 kD. A common allergen band in the region of -14 to -15 kD was found in the majority of the mites studied, and it can be assumed that this corresponds with the group 2 allergen.
Adult↗
Occupational exposure to allergenic mites in a Polish zoo.
The study was carried out from April 2000-March 2001. During this period 49 samples of dust, litter, debris and residues from cages and run-offs of mammals, birds and reptiles in the Silesian Zoo, were examined for the presence of mites, especially the allergenic taxa. Mites were extracted using the Berlese method and preserved in 70 % ethanol. For identification, the mites were mounted in Hoyer's medium on microscope slides. Mites were found in 44 of 49 samples analyzed (89.8 %). A total of 5,097 mites were collected, from which 60.3 % were found in samples collected in spring, whereas only 13 % in summer and 24.1 % in autumn. The remaining 2.6 % of the total mite population was found in winter. Majority of mites (82.7 %) were collected from aviaries of macaws and cockatiels (Ara ararauna and Nymphicus hollandicus). A total of 10 species of astigmatid mites were identified that belong to 4 families--Acaridae, Glycyphagidae, Anoetidae and Pyroglyphidae. Generally, the allergenic mites of the order Astigmata constituted 49.5 % of the total count. Among them Acarus farris was predominant (34 % of the total count), followed by Tyrophagus putrescentiae (4.7 %), Caloglyphus sp. (4.35 %) and Acarus immobilis (4.31 %). Dermatophagoides farinae, the house-dust-mite species, was for the first time found in this environment. D. farinae (0.05 % of the total population) was associated with parrots, canids and artiodactyls. Summarizing, it should be stressed, that cages and run-offs of different mammals, aviaries of parrots and terrariums of snakes are important sources of some allergenic mites, especially A. farris and T. putrescentiae, that might cause allergies in workers.
Air Microbiology↗
[House dust mite in Kutahya, Turkey.].
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and species of house dust mites (HDM) in Kutahya (Turkey). The prevalence of house dust mites (HDM) was found to be 18.05%. The following species were identified: Tyrophagus putrescentiae, (43.96%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (31.03%), Acarus siro (13.79%), Lepidoglyphus destructor (1.72%), Glycphagus domesticus (2.58%) and Cheyletus spp. (1.72%). HDM were found from April to October and a high rate, from April to June. A very high rate of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was found in August and of Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro in July. The number of collected HDM was high in July. The amount of HDM per gram was determined to be 0.13.
English Abstract↗
Systematics and evolution of the genus Paraceroglyphus and related taxa (Acari: Acaridae) associated with fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera).
Collections of fleas from terrestrial Sciuridae from New Mexico and Montana yielded 2 species of acarid mites: Acarus monopsyllus from Ceratophyllus ciliatus and Paraceroglyphus cynomydis n. sp. from 4 species of Oropsylla. The genera Acarus, Paraceroglyphus, and Trichopsyllopus form a clade distinct from other genera of flea-associated mites, with Paraceroglyphus the sister group of the other 2 genera. Paraceroglyphus cynomydis is the sister group of a clade comprising P. xenopsylla and possibly P. californicus, with P. meles as the nearest outgroup.
Animals↗
Storage mites in the work environment of farmers.
Occurrence of storage mites was studied in cow houses and hay stores on 19 farms, most of which were located in eastern Finland. On two farms we did a monthly follow-up. Mites were extracted from hay by sieving, using the so-called "water trap" and for longitudinal analysis, with a warm extractor. The mites isolated in the water trap were identified under a microscope. Contrary to previous Finnish findings, there apparently were more mites in cow houses than in hay stores. In cow houses there were an average of 1,650 mites per gram of dust and in hay stores about 1,100 mites per gram of dust. Acarus siro was most abundant in cow houses (67% of all the mites found in cow houses) and more than 1,000 mites/g of sample material. The second most numerous was Tydeus spp. (178 mites/g of sample material). After that, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus longior, Glycyphagus domesticus occurred in about equal numbers. In hay stores Tydeus spp. was slightly more common (341 mites/g of sample material) than Acarus siro (317 mites/g of sample material). Lepidoglyphus destructor (64 mites/g of sample material), Glycyphagus domesticus (60 mites/g of sample material) and Mesostigmata (57 mites/g of dust) occurred in about equal numbers. According to the analysis based on one farm the number of mites in hay stores decreased considerably from September to February. Based on four measurements in the cow house of another farm, however, no steady trend of longitudinal variation could be found. Mites were most abundant at the beginning of January. There were few or no mites in bales of dry and unmoulded hay.
Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
[Acari of food storage facilities. An ecologic and immuno-allergic study].
The authors studied the commonest species of storage mites, living in granaries and in house dust. They found nine species of mites belonging to different systematic groups and were identified: Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Glycyphagus domesticus, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Androlaelaps casalis, Cheyletus fortis, Cheyletus tenuipilis, Thyreophagus entomophagus. Skin tests were performed on 14 patients with house dust allergy, using extracts of three storage mites, most commonly found in house dust (Acarus siro, Glycyphagus domesticus, Lepidoglyphus destructor) and Euroglyphus maynei, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae. The results of the skin tests have suggested that sensitization to storage mites may be due a degree of cross-reaction between storage species and the two Dermatophagoides.
Acari↗