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PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing oral presentations through visual images.

As more graduate programs emphasize the preparation of expert clinicians, fewer masters-prepared nurses have been offered the opportunity to select a teaching track. As a result, new faculty members in colleges and universities have limited knowledge and skills in basic education concepts. The articles in this series will address some of these basic concepts, providing practical information for new faculty members in the areas of test development, use of audio-visuals, classroom methods, and teaching strategies.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1992

Speech pattern hearing aids for the profoundly hearing impaired: speech perception and auditory abilities.

A family of prototype speech pattern hearing aids for the profoundly hearing impaired has been compared to amplification. These aids are designed to extract acoustic speech patterns that convey essential phonetic contrasts, and to match this information to residual receptive abilities. In the first study, the presentation of voice fundamental frequency information from a wearable SiVo (sinusoidal voice) aid was compared to amplification in 11 profoundly deafened adults. Intonation reception was often better, and never worse, with fundamental frequency information. Four subjects scored more highly in audio-visual consonant identification with fundamental frequency information, five performed better with amplified speech, and two performed similarly under these two conditions. Five of the 11 subjects continued use of the SiVo aid after the tests were complete. A second study examined a laboratory prototype compound speech pattern aid, which encoded voice fundamental frequency, amplitude envelope, and the presence of voiceless excitation. In five profoundly deafened adults, performance was better in consonant identification when additional speech patterns were present than with fundamental frequency alone; the main advantage was derived from amplitude information. In both consonant identification and connected discourse tracking, performance with appropriately matched compound speech pattern signals was better than with amplified speech in three subjects, and similar to performance with amplified speech in the other two. In nine subjects, frequency discrimination, gap detection, and frequency selectivity were measured, and were compared to speech receptive abilities with both amplification and fundamental frequency presentation. The subjects who showed the greatest advantage from fundamental frequency presentation showed the greatest average hearing losses, and the least degree of frequency selectivity. Compound speech pattern aids appear to be more effective for some profoundly hearing-impaired listeners than conventional amplifying aids, and may be a valuable alternative to cochlear implants.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The audio-visual revolution: do we really need it?

In the United Kingdom, The audio-visual revolution has steadily gained converts in the nursing profession. Nurse tutor courses now contain information on the techniques of educational technology and schools of nursing increasingly own (or wish to own) many of the sophisticated electronic aids to teaching that abound. This is taking place at a time of hitherto inexperienced crisis and change. Funds have been or are being made available to buy audio-visual equipment. But its purchase and use relies on satisfying personal whim, prejudice or educational fashion, not on considerations of educational efficiency. In the rush of enthusiasm, the overwhelmed teacher (everywhere; the phenomenon is not confined to nursing) forgets to ask the searching, critical questions: 'Why should we use this aid?','How effective is it?','And, at what?'. Influential writers in this profession have repeatedly called for a more responsible attitude towards published research work of other fields. In an attempt to discover what is known about the answers to this group of questions, an eclectic look at media research is taken and the widespread dissatisfaction existing amongst international educational technologists is noted. The paper isolates out of the literature several causative factors responsible for the present state of affairs. Findings from the field of educational television are cited as representative of an aid which has had a considerable amount of time and research directed at it. The concluding part of the paper shows the decisions to be taken in using or not using educational media as being more complicated than might at first appear.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1990

The effect of the lecture discussion teaching method with and without audio-visual augmentation on immediate and retention learning.

This study determined whether students taught using the lecture-discussion method augmented with audio-visuals would achieve a higher mean score on an immediate post-test and delayed retention test than students presented with a lecture-discussion without audio-visuals. A convenience sample of 52 students divided into two groups voluntarily participated in the quasi-experiment. Two teaching sessions averaging 90 minutes in length were taught by the researcher. Learning and retention were measured by a 10-item multiple choice test with content validity. Immediate learning was measured with a post-test administered immediately following each of the teaching sessions. Delayed learning was measured with a retention test administered 25.5 days following the teaching sessions. Group data was analysed using an independent one tailed t-test for mean scores. Students attending the lecture-discussion with audio-visual augmentation did not achieve significantly higher mean scores on the two tests than the non-augmented group (p less than or equal to 0.05). Analysis using a paired t-test revealed that the difference in scores between the post-test and retention test for the group without audio-visual augmentation was significant (t = 2.31; p less than 0.05). Delayed retention appears to have been influenced by the use of audio-visuals. Nurse educators need to consider ways in which the lecture-discussion may be enhanced to maximise student learning and retention.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1991

The use of video tape in teaching how psychological factors influence nutritional status in chronic/terminal illness.

The medical students of Louisiana State University Medical School in New Orleans are required to take a clinical nutrition course in their senior year. In 1989, audio-visual media were used to introduce the students to the ways that the psychological aspects of chronic/terminal illness can influence nutritional status. In order to illustrate this topic, a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was interviewed by a psychiatrist, internist, and a dietitian over several weeks. The interviews were videotaped and the videotape was edited to 25 minutes to address specific areas including psychiatric symptomatology, coping with illness, attitude towards treatment, diet and nutritional status, and results of the anthropometric and clinical exams. During the nutrition course, the videotape was presented to the students with subsequent discussion facilitated by the psychiatrist. The students agreed the subject was favorably presented and had increased their understanding of psychological factors in physical illness. The pre- and post-film examinations suggested the students were already aware of many of the psychological issues of chronic/terminal illness. The videotaped interview of a real person diagnosed with a chronic/terminal illness was found to be useful in introducing a difficult subject within a limited course schedule.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Relating media with staff development in medical education.

Medical education nowadays experiences an increasing gap between the potential didactic value of educational technology and the practical implementation thereof. One of the important obstacles is the tendency to separate media and media agencies from staff development. A new conceptual model was designed for staff development in medical education, which incorporates media as one of the fundamental components. In application of this model the Bureau for Medical and Dental Education at the University of Stellenbosch medical school directs its media activities and services to the improvement of instruction and learning. For example instead of only offering technical audio-visual production services, medical teachers are also taught how to use different media effectively in teaching and learning. In this way media are directly related to staff development.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1979

[Questions to television from psychopathology].

Progress is expected in psychopathological diagnosis by using audiovisual procedures. Nowadays, a valid psychopathology concept should be broadly planned and the important method of description as well as understanding procedures should be considered. For such a model of psychopathology it seems appropriate to investigate the different psychopathological phenomenons as expression of a disturbed communication ability. Concerning this outlook, new strategies are to be developed or procedures of other disciplines are to be adapted for the psychopathological research. It seems attractive to anticipate aid from structuralistic and information-theoretical issues for the breaking of yet substancially less good apperceived facts. The interest hereby concentrates upon the relationship between verbal and averbal phenomenons and upon better criteria for an interpretation of the phenomenons as an expression of the subjective experience of the psychiatric patient as well as of his/her communicative competence. In order to use audio-visual techniques successfully, an orientation in specfic, originary particularities of the different methodological assessments is required. The way and extent of such problems can be demonstrated for the study of psychopathological phenomenons by the importance of the camera guide, the selection, the enlargement of a sequence, and the combination of different parts of an interview. The criteria of a field-specific TV-methodology must first be elaborated for the majority of the questioning. The user of audiovisual methods not only has to consider the special needs of the psychic ill, but also has to face critically the seduction ways of this potential medium.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[On pre-requirements to the use of audio-visual techniques in deviant children. Thoughts from the psychoanalytical treatment of a thirteen months aged child (author's transl)].

This paper deals with the analytical cure of a child between 13 and 21 months and hospitalized since birth. In a first phase, one can see the start of a relationship, then the objectal relationship to primary objects: on the one hand the object food and on the other hand the therapist within the transfert. These two objects, impossible in the reality dimension from the start, are progressively characterized by "neantisation", which can reach symbolic tone. A scene in front of the picture of a child on knees of a nurse progressively introduces Nadia to the third register: the imagery one. Her behaviour is exemplary during the 17 scences on the mirror, during which she can progressively assume the image of her unified body under the view of the other, in demonstrating that she can only do it by symbolizing primary objects, in particular "to drink nothing". The symbolisation acquired at the oral level permits to verbalise on the same mode her relationship to the anal object, i.e. on the non destructive symbolic mode. This treatment raises the question of the use of audio-visual techniques for psychotic and autistic subjects, and recuses the pedagogic use of image for such subjects, taking into account the primary importance of symbolic function on imagery function demonstrated in this paper. This is a prerequisite for any research in the field of audiovisual techniques with psychotics.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1975

An objective measurement of nonspeaking children's performance with a computer-controlled program for the stimulation of language behavior.

A method is described for recording a child's performance with a computer-controlled audio-visual device designed to stimulate language behavior in nonspeaking children. From the recorded data a child's position can be estimated on a curve derived from normal children. This position could be of value in planning treatment for a nonspeaking child and assessing his progress.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1979

The resources centre in the dental school.

A brief introduction to the philosophy of resources centre based teaching has been presented. A review of the situation with respect to audio-visual usage in some dental schools in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America has been conducted. It is apparent that the trend towards the use of audio-visual material in dental teaching is increasing in both countries. Concomitant with this increase is the real requirement to develop a management function commensurate with production and usage potential. The implementation of a resources centre based teaching model in the dental school will provide a potential for enormous improvement in teaching efficiency as well as a vast increase in teaching effectiveness in the various dental disciplines. In like manner, the student population will find an opportunity to participate more fully, more positively, and more personally in an enhanced teaching and learning environment.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1977

Audiovisual materials: a survey of bibliographic controls in distributors' catalogs.

The current pattern of bibliographic control in audio-visual distributors' catalogs is described. Eight bibliographic control elements are defined, and the criteria for evaluating the occurrence of these elements in sixty-four sample catalogs are specified. When the distributors are grouped according to category, such as educational or commercial, the pattern of bibliographic control has three distinct clusters of elements. When the distributors are grouped by the number of titles handled, there is no clear pattern. The implications of these patterns are discussed in terms of practical library reference services. A solution to the problem of bibliographic control of health science audiovisual materials is proposed.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1977

Has small-scale audio-visual dental health education a viable future?

The achievement of an adequate oral hygiene status in large groups of people remains an unfulfilled objective of the dental profession. In this study an attempt was made to motivate 180 pregnant women by showing them a tape-slide program. The subjects were randomly allocated into four statistically equal experimental groups. Two examiners, who were calibrated before commencement of the survey, measured Gingival and Plaque Indices of each subject and a questionnaire was used to assess the educational potential of the tape-slide sequence over a period of 4 weeks. There was a 100% incidence of gingivitis in the study population. Those women who viewed the tape-slide program in addition to being dentally examined, achieved the greatest reduction in their GI and retained the most information. The tape-slide sequence alone did not initiate a satisfactory degree of behavioral change; similar studies have also had discouraging results and it would appear that individual attention and motivation is the only sure way to date of achieving adequate personal plaque control.

Adult↗