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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Induction of mucosal IgA following intravaginal administration of inactivated HIV-1-capturing nanospheres in mice.

Concanavalin A-immobilized polystyrene nanospheres (Con A-NS) were developed for the HIV-1 vaccine capable of preventing sexual transmission. Con A-NS could capture efficiently HIV-1 irrespective of their cell tropism (R5 or X4). Furthermore, Con A-NS captured equally infectious and heat-inactivated HIV-1. Inactivated HIV-1-capturing Con A-NS (HIV-NS) were intravaginally administered to mice. Heat-inactivated HIV-1 alone and Con A-NS alone were also administered as control immunogens. Vaginal fluids were collected during and after immunization and analyzed for their anti-HIV-1 antibody levels. Although the anti-HIV-1 IgG antibody was undetectable in any groups, increased anti-HIV-1 IgA antibody response was identified in the vaginal fluids of immunized mice with HIV-NS. The vaginal fluids obtained from the HIV-NS-administered mice showed neutralizing activity against the immunizing HIV-1 strain. A marked difference in vaginal distribution was observed between HIV-NS and other immunogens, and the toxicity of Con A was reduced by conjugation with nanospheres. Thus, HIV-NS may have great potential as a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine and should be examined further for its efficacy in non-human primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Radioimmunoassay of serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) in women following oral and intravaginal administration.

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for measuring medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, Provera) in serum has been developed utilizing benzene:iso-octane extraction, 3H-MPA to assess procedural losses, goat anti-MPA-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin serum and dextran-coated charcoal separation. Control serum blanks were undetectable, 200 pg/ml of MPA was measurable with a high reliability, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 6 and 13 percent, respectively. MPA added to control serum was quantitatively recovered. Serum MPA levels measured in 2 women after ingestion of 10 mg MPA rose to 3.4 to 4.4 ng/ml within 1 to 4 hours after oral intake and fell rapidly thereafter to 0.3 to 0.6 ng/ml within 24 hours. Insertion of Silastic intra-vaginal rings (IVRs), containing 100 or 200 mg of MPA, into 4 women for periods of 3 weeks resulted in a rapid rise of serum MPA after insertion, rather stable MPA levels of 0.9 to 1.6 ng/ml while the IVRs were in place, and a rapid decline of serum MPA following IVR removal. Serum estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentrations, measured about 3 times a week in these patients, indicated that ovulation was consistently inhibited. The serum MPA levels observed in this study were approximately 5 times lower than those reported by other investigators using a double-antibody RIA of MPA in unextracted serum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Intravaginal administration of herpes simplex virus type 2 to mice leads to infection of several neural and extraneural sites.

Female mice have been used extensively to study mucosal immunity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection of the vagina, but comparatively little is known about the spread of this virus to other tissues. Here the authors have used immunolabeling to demonstrate that HSV-2 infected the vaginal epithelium; the epithelium covering the vulva, perineum, and anal canal; and perineal hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The kinetics and basal localization of the immunolabeling indicated that the virus spread horizontally within the epithelial layer, starting in the vagina and then proceeding to the distal epithelial sites. HSV-2 also spread from the vagina to multiple neuronal sites including the paracervical ganglia (PCG), which are the major autonomic ganglia of the pelvis. The authors demonstrated both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the PCG by labeling of acetylcholinesterase and tryosine hydroxlyase, and noted that infection was limited mainly or entirely to parasympathetic neurons. Infection of the PCG was correlated with the presence of virus in the autonomic ganglia in the walls of the rectum and urinary bladder, which in turn correlated with distention of these organs and retention of urine and feces. HSV-2 infection was also detected in cell bodies and axons in the lumbosacral sympathetic chain, in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, and in the dorsal portions of the lumbar spinal cord. Collectively, the data show that vaginal HSV-2 infection in mice leads to subsequent infection of multiple neural and epithelial sites. This information should be useful for development of a mouse model that can be used to study HSV-2 latency and for development of therapeutic vaccines to prevent recurrent infections.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1994

Genetic modification of a vaginal strain of Lactobacillus fermentum and its maintenance within the reproductive tract after intravaginal administration.

Many micro-organisms cause important diseases of the female genital tract. Because systematic vaccination does not usually provide a good immune response at mucosal sites, commensal lactobacilli from the female genital tract were developed as vehicles to deliver continued doses of foreign antigen directly to the genital mucosal surface with the aim of stimulating strong local mucosal immune responses. Lactobacilli were shown to be common inhabitants of the genital tract of the animal model studied, the guinea-pig. One species, Lactobacillus fermentum, was found in all guinea-pigs studied and was chosen for genetic manipulation. Improved methods of electroporation were developed to enable the routine transformation of L. fermentum BR11 strain with the broad host range plasmid pNZ17. This recombinantly modified Lactobacillus strain was shown to possess good segregational stability over 120 generations in the absence of antibiotic selection. When this recombinant L. fermentum strain was administered to the vaginal tract of three guinea-pigs it persisted for only 5 days. Despite the relatively short period of persistence in these initial experiments, this novel vaccine approach could provide an effective means of stimulating mucosal immunity in the female genital tract.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of triclosan in rat after intravenous and intravaginal administration.

The pharmacokinetics of triclosan was studied in sexually mature virgin Wistar rats. 14C-triclosan was injected either via the femoral vein, (iv, 5 mg/kg in polyethylene glycol-400) or into the vaginal orifice (ivg, 5 mg/kg in corn oil). Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. After iv administration, the dissapearance of 14C from the blood followed the kinetics of a two-compartment open-system model. The apparent volume of distribution was 42 percent of the body weight, which is more than the extracellular water, suggesting a rapid transfer of this antimicrobial agent from plasma to tissues. The blood half-life of 14C during the beta-phase was 8.8 +/- 0.6 hr and the blood clearance rate was 77.5 +/- 11.3 ml/kg/hr. After ivg administration of 14C-triclosan, the radioactivity was detected in tail blood at 15 min, peaked between 2 to 4 hr, and declined rapidly to 6 hr more slowly thereafter. About 26 percent of the administered dose remained in the vagina after 4 hr and 12 percent after 24 hr. Tissue concentrations of 14C were highest in the plasma, kidney, and liver after ivg application, but extremely low in the brain, fat, and skeletal muscle. The percentages of the dose excreted in 24 hr in the feces and urine were 18 and 9 after iv administration, compared to 26 and 14 after the ivg route, respectively. The results show that triclosan is rapidly absorbed through the vaginal mucosa of the rat.

Absorption↗