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PubMed2000

Predictions of violent and total infractions among institutionalized male juvenile offenders.

Forensic practitioners in settings with institutionalized adolescent offenders are frequently responsible for the accurate classification of problematic and potentially violent youths. Methods of assessment often include traditional tests, such as the MMPI and MMPI-A, and interview-based determinations of psychopathy. In a study of residential male adolescent offenders, the MMPI-A and the Screening Version of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL:SV) were used to predict total, violent, self-injurious, and nonviolent infractions in a treatment-oriented facility for delinquents. In predicting the overall number of infractions, the MMPI-A was superior to the PCL:SV. Psychopaths manifested a significantly higher rate of violent infractions than nonpsychopaths. Finally, ethnic differences raise serious concerns about the generalizability of the PCL:SV; differences were found in the relationship between psychopathy and infractions based on ethnicity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Responses to frustration: comparison of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded adolescents and nonretarded children and adolescents.

Thirty adolescents (10 institutionalized retarded, 10 noninstitutionalized retarded, 10 nonretarded CA-matched) and 10 children (nonretarded MA-matched) were individually given the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (Children's Form). Responses were scored for direction of blame and reaction type, yielding nine frustration response categories. Three of the nine response categories showed significant group relationships. Retardation, institutionalization, and CA were all found to have an effect on responding, although analysis of response profiles showed all groups to be very similar in response pattern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Perceptions of family relationships by institutionalized and noninstitutionalized dependent children.

This paper reports research findings obtained regarding family relationships for three groups of adolescents: institutionalized, dependent children; noninstitutionalized, dependent children who are candidates for placement in institutions; and children living with their parents. It also describes a relatively novel, nonverbal, research instrument, the Family Relations Test, used to obtain the data. The conclusion is drawn that one of the major tasks of child care institutions is to restore children's self-esteem and confidence--yet it is far from certain as to whether these settings are capable of accomplishing this important task.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Values and antisocial behavior among Spanish adolescents.

A number of studies have indicated that delinquent adolescents have characteristic value systems. However, most of these studies have adopted a "known-groups" design--that is, they have compared institutionalized delinquents and non-institutionalized adolescents, assuming those adolescents to be non-delinquent. Designs of this type do not distinguish effectively between the statistical effects of delinquency and of institutionalization. In this study, the authors investigated relationships between values and self-reported antisocial behavior in three adolescent groups: 435 school-attending boys, 529 school-attending girls, and 95 delinquent boys in juvenile rehabilitation centers or prisons. The results indicate that antisocial behavior is associated with hedonistic values and a lack of interest in conventional values and social values. These relationships cannot be explained by the institutionalization effects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Dermatitis artefacta, onychophagia and trichotillomania in mentally retarded children and adolescents].

Systematic dermatovenorological examination included 457 mentally retarded children and adolescents institutionalized at the Institute for Mental Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents "Novi Sad" in Veternik near Novi Sad. All examined subjects were classified into 3 groups: 1. severely retarded--immobile, 2. severely retarded--mobile, and 3. moderately retarded. Dermatoses were found in 70 (15.32%) of the subjects, the most frequent being: onychophagia in 34 (7.44%), dermatitis artefacta in 17 (3.72%) and trichotillomania in 14 (3.06%) cases. Onychophagia and trichotillomania occurred simultaneously in 5 (1.09%) cases. The authors review pathogenesis of the above dermatoses as well as possible measures for their prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Factors related to the self-concept of institutionalized, white, male, adolescent drug abusers.

The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between selected drug-related, familial, and demographic variables and the self-concepts of institutionalized, white, male, adolescent drug abusers in a large midwestern city. In addition, the self-concepts of the subjects in the study were compared with the self-concepts of Pulliam et al.'s (1971) non-drug using adolescent sample. The TSCS, a family questionnaire, an index of socioeconomic status, and an interview were used to collect data from 140 subjects. The mean self-concept score of this sample was significantly lower than the mean self-concept score of Pulliam et al.'s sample. Results of a stepwise multiple regression yielded four statistically significant predictors of the subjects' self-concepts: both mother/adolescent relationship and father/adolescent relationship when the adolescent was between age thirteen and his present age; the number of the subject's prior status offenses and the subject's preference for non-depressant drugs. These variables were positively correlated with the subjects' self-concepts. This study demonstrated the importance of differentiating among institutionalized adolescents' self-concepts based on type of drug abused, prior criminal record, and parent/adolescent relationships.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Social reinforcement and the naturally occurring social responses of severely and profoundly retarded adolescents.

This study was designed to determine if the deficits in social behavior of retarded persons might be due, in part, to the failure of their environment to maintain that behavior. Using an ABAB design, we systematically ignored severely and profoundly retarded, institutionalized adolescents and gave them social reinforcement for appropriate social behavior. Social behavior decreased during nonreinforcement conditions and increased during reinforcement conditions. The data suggest that deficits in social behavior of retarded persons may be due to failure of their environment to maintain such behavior. Implications of these findings for staff behavior and the utility of the present procedure for increasing social behavior of institutionalized retarded persons were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Cognitive modifiability of adolescents with schizophrenia: a research note.

It is well documented that schizophrenic patients suffer from numerous cognitive defects. In a preliminary investigation, the Learning Potential Assessment Device was used under controlled conditions to examine the cognitive modifiability of institutionalized adolescent schizophrenics (N = 12) and a contrast group of adolescents with severe conduct disorders (N = 10). Feuerstein's theory of structural cognitive modifiability was thus applied in assessing potential for change. Results are encouraging in that there was evidence of the modifiability of the experimental subgroups of both the schizophrenic and conduct disorder groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of typical psychopathic traits with juvenile offenders].

UNLABELLED: The concept of psychopathy has received many definitions for the first days of psychiatry. Recently, the Hare's Psychopathy Check List Revised has been created. This scale has the advantage to investigate the classically characteristic traits of the syndrome (need of stimulation, lack of culpability, superficial activity, lack of empathy, impassivity) and to point out the early development of behavior disturbances. In the American classification (DSM IV), oppositional and aggressive behavior in child and adolescent is grouped under the Conduct Disorder diagnostic criteria. This trouble appears to be a strong predictive factor of psychopathy in adult. Identifying the high risk factors of evolution to psychopathic personality would allow an earlier intervention and prevention by multisystemic interventions for example. The present study aims to evaluate in what measure characteristic traits of psychopathy in adults are present in severe juvenile offenders and to point out, in a second time, the differences between adolescents meeting the DSM IV criteria for Conduct Disorder and a control population by a dimensional personality inventory. METHOD: The sample consists in 47 severe juvenile offenders referred for at least 3 months by a Youth Court to a Public Institution for Youth Protection (Belgium, Wauthier-Braine, 1999-2001), who have given an oral contentment and completely fulfilled the Temperament and Character Inventory-TCI. We have collected data about: schooling year by year, number of fails, changes of school; antecedents of oppositional defiant disorder with provocation (ODD, DSM IV criteria); antecedent of Conduct Disorder (CD, DSM IV criteria); penal antecedents (Youth Judge, works of general interest, placements); medico-psychological antecedents (consultation to a psychologist or a psychiatrist, hospitalization, illness, surgical intervention); psychoactive drug use or abuse. We used the TCI--Temperament and Character Inventory. This is a dimensional personality inventory. Based on biological, genetic and clinical hypothesis, it describes 2 types of variables defining personality: Variables of temperament (genetically transmitted and biologically controlled), and Variables of character (learned part of the personality reflecting the degree of adaptation and maturity, varying with environment through development). We have chosen this tool because of its dimensional aspect. Adolescence being a time of psychological and personality changes, such a tool is more useful than a categorical one. We also used this tool to verify the existence of the specific triad described by Cloninger and Svrakic. According to these authors, psychopathic personality in adult is characterized by a specific triad in which novelty seeking is high while harm avoidance and reward dependence are low. These observations are highly correlated to Hare's definition of psychopathy. We give the principal scores for the 7 personality dimensions expressed in global scores (total of the items for each dimension) and pondered ones (global scores divided by the number of items of the dimension x 100). RESULTS: Statistical analysis was performed with the Stateview 5.0 t-test program for data analysis. Statistical results show the absence of a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups for TCI 1, 4.5 and 7 but a statistically significant difference for TCI 2, 3 and 6 (p <.0001). DISCUSSION: The first limitation of our study is linked to the sample composed of young adolescents placed in an Institution for Youth Protection who doesn't reflect the whole population of offenders. A second limitation is correlated to the randomization system: randomization for age but not for sex, ethnical and cultural origin and socioeconomic status. Our results with adolescent offenders don't completely meet the Cloninger's psychopathy triad in adults. Moreover, in literature data, aggressive behavior is correlated to high novelty seeking and associated with low harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence in children, these items are predictive of antisocial behavior in teenage and young adulthood. In our sample where antisocial behaviors are severe, we should be expecting a high novelty seeking but that is not the case. Our results should be explained by the fact that adolescence in itself is a more powerful factor of high novelty seeking than psychopathic trait. Harm avoidance and reward dependence seem to be a real problem in offending population and reflect aggressive behaviors in adolescents (lack of harm perception, sensitivity and empathy). Another interesting element is the cooperation factor that is significantly lower in the study group. This seems to comfort the hypothesis of a lower social maturity in institutionalized adolescents. CONCLUSION: Regarding to a control group subjects from 15 to 25 years old, adolescent offenders observed in an Institution for Youth Protection show a significantly different profile in the TCI for Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperation. Regarding to adult psychopaths, adolescent offenders partially meet the classical diagnostic triad of psychopathy, what should be indicating that such adolescents already show emotional perturbations: lower harm avoidance, reward dependence and cooperation than control population. This third factor is not characteristic of psychopathy but reflects relational difficulties, which are important in adolescent offenders. So, our study point out the complex psychopathology of adolescent offenders and the coexistence in such adolescents of attachment disorder and the difficulty to treat them because of their multiple lacks (cognitive, psychopathological, familial and scholar). We think important to discuss the necessity of approaches based on the development of personal creative abilities and involving all the professionals concerned in the young's universe. Future researches should compare adolescent offenders and controls randomized for age, sex, socioeconomic, ethnical and cultural status. They also should test specifically the diagnostic triad of psychopathology developed by Cloninger, especially the novelty seeking dimension. Moreover, it would be interesting to integrate these results in a wider protocol and to compare them with clinical, forensic and neurocognitive data, individually and within the familial context.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Transition to manhood: effects of the Great Depression on male youth.

This paper has been an exploration into the social and psychological problems associated with male youth growing up in the 1930s. By first defining and understanding the major transitions to adulthood--exiting from school, leaving the house of origin, entering the labor force, getting married, and establishing a separate household--it was then possible to explore how these transitions were affected by social, economic, and political factors in the Depression. It was also possible to examine how these factors affected the search for identify and role development in male youth. The historical study of adolescence in America has concentrated primarily on demographic data and observable behavior. Likewise, psychological studies on adolescence have concentrated on the recent past, and have tended to look at the individual rather than the relationship between the individual and/or cohort, and the social values and mores as well as economic and political conditions of the period under study. Youth culture, which can be defined as a socially recognized and institutionalized adolescence, has undergone dramatic change since the late 19th century. The transition to adulthood has not been a smooth evolution, as this paper suggests. Rather, the transition has been affected by societal conditions. Future historical research of American youth should look more closely at the differences between the sexes, as well as the influence of socioeconomic status, ethnic background, environment, and so forth. For example, a possible study might look at social and psychological problems of male youth coming of age during World War II--or Korea or Vietnam--and how the transition to adulthood was affected during these times. Other questions that lend themselves to adolescent research include the following: How have youth been affected by the economic climate (i.e., prolonged during affluent times, shortened during hard times)? What has been the historical trend in the transition to adulthood, and what have been the corresponding social and psychological adjustments? How has the youth culture influenced the adolescent experience in American society? Finally, an area that invites further research--especially with the growing interest in women's studies and the new concern with the male role in society--is the different role expectations of male and female youth, and how these expectations relate to the transition process.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of mental retardation in teenagers with dissocial conduct disorder].

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) has been calculated between 4 y 10%. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mental retardation in Colombian adolescent offenders, using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children Revised (WISC R). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 106 male adolescent offenders with CD, aged 12 to 16 years, and attending to institutions of re education in Medell n Colombia were selected in a randomized approach. WISC R Hispanic version was administered to the sample, using 4 verbal (information, vocabulary, similarities and arithmetic) and 4 performance (Picture completion, block design, picture arrangement, and digit symbol) subtests for calculating verbal, performance and full scale IQs (VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ), according to the manual instructions. RESULTS: 43 participants (40.6%) obtained a FSIQ < 70, then they were categorized as mild mental retardation. 34 offenders (32.1%) had a FSIQ between 70 and 84, then they were classified as people with borderline intellectual functioning, only 29 participants (27.4%) obtained a FSIQ over 85. CONCLUSION: 72.7% of the institutionalized adolescents offenders had low intellectual functioning, which may be interfere with the re education programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Understanding the abnormal by studying the normal.

OBJECTIVE: In the present paper we ask whether it is meaningful to study psychopathic traits in non-referred youths and whether this kind of research can be used to understand the development of criminal full-blown psychopathy. METHOD: We review studies that have investigated the utility of assessing psychopathic traits in non-referred samples of youths. RESULTS: Research shows that psychopathic traits in non-referred youths manifest similarly to how they are manifested among incarcerated offenders, as indicated by similarities in factor structures. Also, psychopathic traits relate similarly to frequent, violent antisocial behavior in non-referred youths as among adult and adolescent institutionalized criminal offenders. Thus, the differences between the non-referred conduct-problem youths exhibiting a psychopathic personality pattern and the incarcerated, criminal youths identified as psychopathic seem to be quantitative rather than qualitative. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that research on non-referred youth samples can provide important knowledge about the processes that underlie the development of psychopathic traits and how this development can be prevented. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

A psychometric and behavioral comparison of delinquents who were abused as children with their non-abused peers.

Investigated responses of abused and non-abused juvenile delinquents to Bell's Adjustment Inventory and Gough's California Psychological Inventory, and information with regard to several related behavioral measures. The Ss were 52 institutionalized adolescent males and females. Results indicated that the abused Ss scored significantly higher than the non-abused group on the Home Adjustment Scale (indicative of poorer adjustment) and significantly lower than the non-abused group on the Flexibility, Tolerance, and Socialization Scales. Subsequent analysis showed a significant interaction effect on the behavioral measure with regard to the number of runaway attempts; abused males made significantly more attempts than abused females and non-abused males and females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Development of morning self-care routines in multiply handicapped persons.

This study describes the use of reinforcement procedures to develop and maintain a complete morning self-care routine in multiply-handicapped and mentally retarded persons. Following the completion of initial training in each of six skill areas--toileting, showering, dressing, toothbrushing, bedroom cubicle cleaning, and bed linen removal--baseline data were taken on the extent to which 40 institutionalized adolescents and adults completed each task on a daily basis. Token reinforcement was later provided for the completion of each skill (single response contingency) using a multiple baseline design across behaviors. Results showed performance increases in five of the six behaviors, with some response decrement over time. During a final condition in which no tokens could be earned unless all six behaviors were completed (chained contingency), performance of each skill either increased further or was maintained at a high level.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Establishment of symbolic communication in persons with severe retardation.

For persons with severe retardation, learning to communicate symbolically is a complex long-term process requiring the coordination of many components to succeed. Three of four institutionalized adolescents and young adults with severe retardation who participated in this study learned to use lexigrams to request foods and, subsequently, objects. Although their request skill did not initially generalize to labeling and to comprehension tasks, additional request experience with lexigrams resulted in consistent improvement in performance in both tasks. The emergence of subject-initiated lexigram communications and the facilitation of spoken language comprehension and/or production were also observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Institutionalizing children and adolescents in private psychiatric hospitals.

Admissions of children and adolescents to private psychiatric hospitals have been increasing more and more rapidly in recent years. However, the increasing use of inpatient treatment is not consistent with current theory and research about the mental health needs of children and adolescents; often inpatient treatment cannot be justified on the basis of the admitting diagnosis. Hospitalization has an array of negative effects and is less effective in terms of treatment outcome and cost when compared with community-based alternatives. High rates of admissions continue because of changes in the juvenile justice law, insurance practices, lack of legal protection for youths and children, inappropriate government policy, and the growth and practices of for-profit hospitals. Implications for social policy and social work practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

A Jungian approach to the Rorschach: an exploration of differing patterns of aggression.

Rorschach responses of institutionalized adolescent males exhibiting different patterns of aggressive behavior were analyzed from the perspective of Jung's archetypal psychology. Distinct differences in the individual's relationship to archetypal processes were found and were consistent with the behavioral expression of aggression. The study supports McCully's view that Rorschach plates have a potential capacity to stimulate the archetypal structure of the psyche with the resulting archetypal energies influencing the perceptual experience of the observer in lawful and ordered ways. The relationship to archetypal influence is an important but often neglected factor in the adolescent's task of becoming a separate and individual personality. A rich commentary on each individual's protocol by Professor McCully is included to more fully illustrate the archetypal approach to Rorschach symbolism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Perceived parental inconsistency as a factor in the emotional development of behaviour-disordered children.

55 English-speaking institutionalized adolescents (37 boys and 18 girls between ages of 14 and 19 yr.) were given questionnaires measuring perceived parental inconsistency and different components of emotional development. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that a significant proportion (51%) of the variation in emotional adjustment was accounted for by parental inconsistency. It is suggested that the efficiency of using parents as agents of change for their behaviour-disordered children can be enhanced by including theory on parenteral inconsistency in program content.

Adolescent↗