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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Unusual extended fibular origin of the human soleus muscle: possible morpho-physiologic significance based on comparative anatomy.

A bilateral anomalous extended origin of the soleus muscle was observed in a 73-year-old female cadaver. It arose from the head, neck, and proximal two-thirds of the medial crest of the fibula and ran through the posterior intermuscular septum of the leg, from the lateral border of the fibula. The soleus muscle formed the vault of a muscular tunnel, overcoming the deep flexor muscles of the leg that was about 15 cm in length and directed inferiorly and laterally. The extended fibular origin delimited a blind recess lateral to the muscular tunnel and parallel to the posterior surface of the fibula. This recess measured 6.5 cm in length and extended 3.5 cm above the inferior opening of the muscular tunnel; the superior portion of the flexor hallucis longus was housed within it between the portions of the extended origin from the medial crest of the fibula and posterior intermuscular septum. The neurovascular bundle of the posterior leg coursed in the muscular tunnel. The tibial origin and calcaneal insertion of the soleus muscle were normal. Phylogenetic studies of the muscles of the lower limbs in mammals indicate that the fibular origin of soleus is more constant than the tibial origin and, in primates, the fibular origin is the only one observed in most monkeys. The case reported might be considered a conspicuous enlargement of the fibular origin observed in primates. This large fibular origin of the soleus muscle may prove to be a difficulty during surgery when accessing the proximal two-thirds of the fibula for ligation of the peroneal artery.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Comparative anatomy of the superfamily Myliobatoidea (Chondrichthyes) with some comments on phylogeny.

The anatomy of species belonging to the superfamily Myliobatoidea was examined with the aim of better determining their phylogenetic relationships. A wide variation among genera was observed in skeletal anatomy, despite the fact that they all share a common morphological pattern. However, variation among species of the same genus was low, excepting Mobula. Dorsal musculature showed a substantial consistency, except for the epiaxialis muscle, which was larger in rhinopterids and mobulids. Variation in the ventral muscles was low among species of the same genus, but considerable among different genera. Mobulids have a reduction in ventral muscles, while rhinopterids and myliobatoids show an increase in muscular mass. A consensus tree shows a basal split into two groups. The first includes the family Gymnuridae with the genera Gymnura and Aetoplatea; this group is supported by seven synapomorphies, including: 27(1) ceratobranchialis fused proximally, 36(1) anterior lateral processes present in the synarcual, 52(0) quadratomandibularis internal muscle present. The second group is composed of the family Myliobatidae (Myliobatis, Aetomylaeus, Aetobatus, Rhinoptera, Mobula, and Manta), this group is supported by 11 synapomorphies, including: 5(1) first postorbital process fused with the second, 21(1) fused mandibular symphysis, 24(1) first hypobranchial cartilage absent, 48(2) epiaxialis muscle inserted in the cranial orbital region, 73(1) pectoral fins joined behind the orbital region. This study concluded that myliobatoids (Myliobatis, Aetomylaeus, and Aetobatus) integrate a monophyletic group which, unlike other phylogenies previously obtained, is the sister group of rhinopterids (Rhinoptera). Mobulids (Mobula and Manta) are the sister group of myliobatoids-rhinopterids.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1989

Major ocular glands (harderian gland and lacrimal gland) of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) with a review on the comparative anatomy and histology of the mammalian lacrimal glands.

The Harderian gland of the musk shrew Suncus murinus is elongated anteroposteriorly from in front of the eye to behind the ear. The gland is divided into two portions: an anterior portion (A portion) and a posterior portion (P portion). The single secretory duct of the gland emerges from the anterior end of the P portion, receives several secretory ducts of the A portion during the course along it, runs around the ventral aspect of the eyeball, and finally opens into the anterior corner of conjunctival sacs. The two portions of the gland show a fundamentally similar histological structure, having a poorly developed intraglandular duct system and wide tubular alveoli. The quantity of lipid vacuoles and stromal connective tissue in the A portion is greater than in the P portion. The lipid vacuoles in both portions are surrounded by unit membranes, but their contents appear different. The lacrimal gland of the musk shrew is located along the ventral side of the P portion of the Harderian gland. The lacrimal duct emerges from its anterior end, runs around the ventral and anterior aspects of the ear, crosses the A portion of the Harderian gland, and finally opens at the posterior corner of conjunctival sacs. The lobules of the lacrimal gland comprise a branched duct system and terminal acini with two types of secretory cells: 1) acidic cells positive both for the periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS) and for Alcian blue (AB) and 2) neutral cells positive for PAS and negative for AB. Both cell types tend to make separate acini, but when present in the same acinus, the acidic cells occupy relatively peripheral positions in the acinus. Both cell types lack intercellular canaliculi. On the basis of the present study as well as previous descriptions in the literature, the author suggests that the mammalian lacrimal glands can be divided into two sets: 1) a Glandula lacrimalis superior with multiple secretory ducts associated with the upper eyelid and 2) a Glandula lacrimalis inferior with a single secretory duct opening into the lateral corner of the conjunctival sacs. These glands have a fundamentally similar histological structure; but in the rabbit, which possesses both sets of lacrimal glands, they are different. On the other hand, the secretory cells of lacrimal glands generally have no intercellular secretory canaliculi, which are characteristically present between the serous secretory cells of the salivary glands.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1995

Lodewijk Bolk and the comparative anatomy of the cerebellum.

The cerebellum of mammals is histologically uniform, but it varies greatly in the relative size of its different parts. The Dutch anatomist Lodewijk Bolk studied a large series of mammalian cerebella, and put forward a general scheme of organization that can be applied to all mammals. Bolk also speculated about the functional role of different regions of the cerebellum, based on the idea that there might be a single somatotopically organized representation of the body surface on the cerebellar cortex. Although his idea of a single map is wrong, Bolk's anatomical descriptions are thorough, and his insights are profound. These descriptions formed the basis for much subsequent thinking about the structure of the cerebellum.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2006

[Comparative anatomy of the hand].

The pentadactyl scheme is common to all tetrapods, even in case of adaptative phenomenon (five digits are observed during ontogenesis), or in case of functional convergence The carpal organization with two rows is common too, if we take into account the desappearing of the central bones in mature man. The sellar shape of the trapeziometacarpal joint of the thumb, to often attributed to Man and his only thumb, is in fact the regular shape of all carpometacarpal articulations and present in very ancient primitive primate fossils. Some discontinuous caracters in Man (entepicondylar tunnel) are present in all individuals of some species (carnivors). Rarely present in Man, it can exceptionally produce a real pathology.

Anatomy, Comparative↗