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PubMed1979

[Effect of post-emergence application of two herbicides to winter wheat on the soil microflora (author's transl)].

In a field experiment the herbicides U 46 PD-Fluid (dichlorprop salt) and Tribunil (methabenzthiazuron) were applied in April 1976 post-emergence to winter wheat cultivated in 3 different soils. After 4 days, 1, 2 and 3 months samples were taken from 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth of a loamy sand soil. Dehydrogenase activity and respiration were investigated. Microbial populations were counted after 4 days only. In all 3 soils decomposition of straw in 10 cm depth was estimated using nylon gauze bags. The application of U 46 DP-Fluid stimulated bacterial and algal but reduced fungal and actinomycete populations at 0-5 cm depth. About 10% increase in the dehydrogenase activity was recorded during the whole season. Soil respiration investigated immediate after taking samples was stimulated on the 4th day after herbicide application, but reduced after 3 months. Storage of the soil samples at 5 degrees C for 10 months showed similar or opposite results depending on the incubation method used. A somewhat increased decomposition of the straw was also observed in the loamy sand until June. The application of Tribunil at the same depth stimulated populations of actinomycetes and algae but did not affect the other microflora. Reduced dehydrogenase activity was observed during the dry month of June, but the same remained unchanged at the other time of sampling. In freshly drawn soil samples, reduced soil respiration was observed after 1 and 3 months and this remained unaltered at other times. The storage at 5 degrees C of the soil samples revealed inhibition only after 1 month and at the other times a stimulation or no influence could be observed and this was found to be dependent on the incubation method. Straw decomposition was not changed following the application of Tribunil. In 5-10 cm depth, however, the above mentioned trends were only scarcely observed.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed2026

The application of artificial intelligence in healthcare practice: A mapping review of systematic reviews.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare practice, with growing evidence supporting its use in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment planning, and operational decision-making. The proliferation of systematic reviews in recent years underscores the need for an updated synthesis of the literature to inform research, policy, and practice. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and CINAHL for systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2019 and February 2026. Eligible reviews focused on AI applications in healthcare practice, were peer-reviewed, and written in English. A total of 368 reviews met the inclusion criteria. Publication volume increased steadily, peaking in 2025. AI research was concentrated in high-density domains, such as radiology, oncology, and critical care. Across reviews, diagnostic imaging, electronic health record (EHR) data, and biomarkers/laboratory results accounted for 68% of training data sources, though newer data types, such as wearable device and sensor data, emerged from 2022 onward. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment comprised over 80% of AI applications, with novel uses emerging in recent years, such as AI-assisted clinical documentation (e.g., ambient documentation tools) and patient education. Ethical concerns were reported in 78.5% of reviews, with privacy, model accuracy, data and algorithmic bias, and explainability as recurrent themes. The proportion of reviews reporting ethical concerns increased from 2021 to 2025. AI applications in healthcare are expanding in scope, diversifying in data sources, and evolving toward novel clinical and operational uses. The human-centered AI or augmented intelligence paradigm, integrating computational precision with clinical expertise, holds significant promise but will require parallel advances in governance, regulatory frameworks, and ethical oversight to ensure safe adoption.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1979

Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methyl mercury in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos.

The embryotoxic potential of external applications of methyl mercury on mallard eggs was investigated to assess the possible impact of mercury transferred from the plumage of effluent-contaminated aquatic birds to their eggs. Eggs were treated on day 3 of development with microliter applications of methyl mercury that was dissolved with ethyl acetate into an aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle. Mercury analysis by atomic absorption indicated that almost half of the mercury applied entered the eggs past the shell membranes within several days of treatment. Most mortality occurred within this period at doses of 9 microgram of mercury per egg or higher. Decreased embryonic growth resulted with similar doses. A significant incidence of malformations occurred at a dose of 1 microgram per egg. These malformations were mainly minor skeletal aberrations and incomplete ossification. With higher doses of mercury, defects included gross external ones such as micromella, gastroschisis, and eye and brain defects. Application of the aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle did not result in any of these defects.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1978

A new application tool for the ROCHE pH electrode.

Using this tool the application of the pH electrode is nearly as easy as the attachment of a common ECG-scalp-electrode [3]. Visual control and lithotomy position is not necessary any more. The different tools are adapted to each other so that incision place and the tip of the pH electrode are automatically centered perpendicularly. The first results by using this tool promise to be successful. Time of application is short, the maintenance of the pH electrode is good and the application for the patient no longer disagreeable.

Electrodes↗

PubMed1976

A physiologic model of the dehydroepiandrosterone to estrogen conversion system in the fetoplacental unit. II. Preliminary clinical application--the dehydroepiandrosterone loading test.

A dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) loading test (DLT) is described. The results of 19 DHEA loading tests in as many third-trimester obstetric patients are presented. Analysis involves inspection of the raw data and the application of the physiologic model of the DHEA to estrogen conversion system described in the preceding paper (Part I). The DLT results show that within the population studied, the conversion rate of DHEA to estrogens is lower in patients with placental insufficiency than in normal patients (N = 5, p = 0.002) or in patients with various complications of pregnancy who deliver normally grown, undistressed infants (N = 6, p = 0.001). Routine clinical application must await more extensive evaluation to preclude the existence of forms of placental insufficiency not detected by this means, or normal states resulting in "false-positive" tests. These initial clinical results are intended primarily to demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of the physiologic model described in Part I.

Dehydroepiandrosterone↗

PubMed1979

Effects of the unilateral nigral application of dopaminergic drugs on the in vivo release of dopamine in the two caudate nuclei of the cat.

The effects of the unilateral application of d-amphetamine, benztropine, haloperidol and thioproperazine to one substantia nigra on the release of 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) in the two caudate nuclei were examined in halothane-anesthetized cats. For this purpose animals were implanted with push-pull cannulae and 3H-DA was estimated in superfusates during the continuous delivery of L-3,5-3H-tyrosine. The nigral application of d-amphetamine (10-6 M) or benztropine (10-6 M) reduced the release of 3-H-DA in in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and induced an opposite effect in the contralateral side. In contrast, the nigral application of haloperidol (10-6 M) or thioproperazine (10-6 M) slightly increased the release of 3H-DA in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and induced a reduction of 3H-transmitter release in the contralateral side. These results emphasize the role of the dendritic release of DA in the control of the activity of dopaminergic neurons and confirm our previous findings concerning the existence of a reciprocal control in the activity of the two dopaminergic pathways.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Effect of catecholamine-receptor stimulating agents on blood pressure after local application in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the medulla oblongata.

The effect of various catecholamines and alpha-mimetics, given by microinjection in the A2-region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), on blood pressure was investigated in anesthetized male rats. A dose-dependent decrease of blood pressure and heart rate was induced by adrenaline as the most effective drug, followed by noradrenaline, dopamine, alpha-methylnoradrenaline and octopamine. Ablation of the rostral or caudal part of the NTS, or removal of the area postrema did not diminish the effect of alpha-methylnoradrenaline. Higher doses of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline caused an initial rise of blood pressure, while the blood pressure lowering effect of noradrenaline was diminished, and that of alpha-methylnoradrenaline and dopamine delayed. Isoprenaline and the (+)-stereoisomers of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline were ineffective. The hypotensive effect of dopamine was not prevented by systemic injection of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA 63. Prior application of haloperidol, yohimbine and phentolamine antagonized the hypotensive response to dopamine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline. Application of peripherally effective alpha-mimetics into the A2-region had no or little effect, while high doses increased blood pressure. Tyramine and clonidine caused some decrease of blood pressure. Clonidine also decreased blood pressure when it was applied in the area of the locus coeruleus. Application of isoprenaline in the locus coeruleus also decreased blood pressure while in contrast adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline increased blood pressure. The present data suggest that the catecholaminergic receptors in the A2-region of the NTS differ from the classic vascular alpha-receptor and that the NTS also may contain structures which can antagonize the decrease in blood pressure.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Memantine and its analogs: Potential applications in cancer therapy.

Drug repurposing refers to the process of using an existing drug or drug candidate for a new treatment or medical condition for which it was not indicated before. The process of "drug repurposing" usually involves an FDA-approved entity which has undergone clinical development and have a with well-established safety and toxicity profile in patients. Several convergent studies show that repurposed drugs may present a promising strategy for the management and therapy of several human cancers. Memantine is used to combat dementia in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Several convergent studies show that memantine (and its analogs) may have applications in multiple disease conditions associated with human cancers. Memantine and its related compounds have shown promise as neuroprotective agents, anti-fatigue agents and pain-relieving agents to alleviate the toxic side effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Recent publications have revealed that memantine displays anti-cancer activity by exerting direct growth-suppressive activity on the primary tumor as modulating the genomic/cellular landscape of the tumor microenvironment. Currently, clinical trials are in progress, which aim to evaluate the potential applications of memantine in cancer treatment. The adamantane scaffold in memantine has proved to be a versatile tool for the discovery of synthetic memantine analogs with robust anti-cancer activity. The discovery of second-generation memantine analogs may have wider applications in combating cancer recurrence and addressing clinical challenges in the treatment of drug-resistant and metastatic cancers.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Biotic and abiotic degradation of PHAs: mechanisms, environments, and potential applications of degradation products.

This review seeks to compile Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) degradation studies published over the past 20 years. It highlights the effect of physical properties, such as crystallinity and molecular weight, on the decomposition rate of these molecules. Both biotic processes, mediated by bacteria, fungi, and enzymes, as well as abiotic processes, such as hydrolysis and thermal degradation, are analyzed. A repertoire of diverse microorganisms, including their metabolic pathways and enzymes for PHA breakdown, is presented. Furthermore, this review presents the decomposition of PHAs in various environments, such as soil and seawater, highlighting their potential as a sustainable alternative. Finally, the resulting degradation products are described, emphasizing their potential applications in medicine and industry. Although degradation of PHAs has been extensively studied through these years, several knowledge gaps remain undisclosed, including the degradation of diverse polyester monomers. PHAs comprise numerous monomer compositions with variable properties, which present opportunities for different applications but pose a challenge in their degradation. The reader of this review can extract useful information for both the production of PHAs and their potential applications.

Biodegradation↗

PubMed2026

Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles as food-based nanocarriers: Mechanisms, functional applications, and future perspectives in food systems.

Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are a promising type of postbiotic nanoparticle derived by fermentation of probiotics, and have gained growing interest as a potential application in food science and nutrition. These are lipid bilayer vesicles of nanoscale, which are naturally released by probiotic cells and contain a wide variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. Moreover, PDEVs are highly stable, biocompatible, and can be easily engineered to have surfaces with high functionality, which makes them good candidates in functional engineering. In contrast to traditional live probiotics, PDEVs overcome the difficulties of preserving microbial viability during processing and storage, thus providing superior safety, stability, and predictable biological performance. This is a systematic review of the various functions of PDEVs in food systems. We conclude on the processes through which PDEVs control intestinal barrier integrity, alter gut microbiota composition, and alter host immune responses, and their potential to enhance gut health when added to functional foods. In addition to their health-promoting effects, PDEVs have shown significant potential as natural antimicrobial agents to preserve food and as effective nanocarriers of hydrophobic bioactive compounds, including fucoxanthin, to improve their stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Moreover, PDEVs can be used as new regulators of microbial fermentation. However, it should be noted that a lot of the evidence that is available is still preliminary and the effectiveness of these applications in real food-processing and storage conditions has not been fully proven. Although they have potential, there are a number of challenges that still hinder the widespread use of PDEVs in the food industry. These involve the creation of scalable and cost-effective production processes, batch-to-batch consistency, vesicle stability in a variety of food matrices, and regulatory and safety considerations. Other emerging engineering approaches, such as surface functionalization and cargo loading, are also discussed in this review and could further increase the specificity, functionality, and application versatility of PDEVs in food systems. Moving forward, the incorporation of PDEVs into the next generation functional foods, novel food preservation methods, and customized nutrition plans should be prioritized in future studies. Further developments in these fields can make PDEVs useful platforms at the interface of food microbiology, nanotechnology, and human health.

Probiotics↗

PubMed2026

XsiAMT1.1a was identified as a novel ammonium uptake functional gene and its overexpression combined with GA4 application significantly increased yield in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting factor for plant yield. Ammonium is one of the main N forms absorbed by plants. Overexpression of ammonium uptake functional genes, such as ammonium transporter (AMT), can increase yield. However, the AMTs reported to enhance yield significantly is still limited. No researches have focused on the effect of overexpressing AMT combined with hormone application on yield improvement. In this study, we first investigated the role of XsiAMT1.1a, a potential ammonium uptake functional gene in an ammonium preference plant Xanthium sibiricum, in ammonium uptake by the analysis of bioinformatics, gene expression and subcellular localization, and the determination of ammonium uptake rate in endogenous silencing and heterologous overexpression plants. Subsequently, the effect of XsiAMT1.1a overexpression combined with hormone application on yield increase was further investigated in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results showed that XsiAMT1.1a shared the same conserved domains with AtAMT1 subfamily members and localized on the plasma membrane. XsiAMT1.1a was induced by N deficiency and highly expressed during the reproductive period. XsiAMT1.1a endogenous silencing and heterologous overexpression significantly decreased and increased ammonium uptake rates in X. sibiricum and A. thaliana, respectively. Overexpression of XsiAMT1.1a significantly improved total N accumulation, biomass and yield in A. thaliana, while XsiAMT1.1a overexpression combined with GA4 application had a stronger promoting effect on the above indicators. Our research identified a novel ammonium uptake functional gene, XsiAMT1.1a, and provided a new yield-increasing strategy which was verified in A. thaliana.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed1979

Immune response after vaginal application of antigens in the rhesus monkey.

The immune response after vaginal application of antigens was investigated in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys. Two model antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) OF Salmonella typhosa and abortive type T-4 coliphages were applied with or without adjuvant. A plastic sponge used as the antigen carrier was introduced into the upper vagina and placed against the ectocervix. For primary immunization, each monkey received 18 vaginal antigen applications and 10 applications for each booster course. For comparison, three other female rhesus monkeys were immunized systemically. Alum or LPS was used as adjuvant. Blood was obtained two times and cervical mucus three times weekly from each monkey. Antibodies were only barely detectable in cervical mucus after the primary vaginal immunization. However, booster treatments resulted in definite antibody responses. Specific antibodies were also detected in the circulating blood after vaginal booster immunization. The antibody level in cervical secretion in three of four cases was higher than that in circulatin blood. Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of circulating antibodies, but less than 10% appeared in cervical secretions. A characteristic decrease in antibody levels in cervical mucus was usually observed at midcycle after local immunization as well as after systemic immunization. More than 90% of T-4 coliphages applied vaginally were absorbed within 48 hours. Although alum appeared to retard the absorption of antigens, it seemed to enhance the local response. More than 90% of the antibodies to the T-4 coliphages could be removed from the serum and cervial mucus by treatment with anti-immunoglobuin G antiserum. The lymphocyte response to antigens was studied by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture. A positive response was observed in three of three systemically immunized and in only two of six locally immunized aminals. In general, the immune response was significantly weaker after local vaginal immunization than after systemic immunization.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Essential fatty acid deficiency in neonates: inability to reverse deficiency by topical applications of EFA-rich oil.

Correction of essential fatty acid deficiency by transcutaneous absorption of topically applied EFA-rich oil has been reported. We measured serum EFA levels in two groups of neonates receiving fat-free total parenteral nutrition: nine control patients after 16 and 25 days of TPN, and six patients before and 12 days after beginning cutaneous application of 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid as sunflower seed oil. Progressive biochemical EFA deficiency occurred in all but one of the control patients. Of the six patients receiving 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid, one patient with mild deficiency improved, but progressive EFA deficiency occurred in the other five patients. Serum EFA levels were also measured in four patients following 76 days of TPN and daily application of high doses of topical safflower oil, all of whom had severe biochemical EFA deficiency. The topical application of EFA-rich oil cannot be assumed to be uniformly effective in reversing or preventing EFA deficiency. The transcutaneous absorption of essential fatty acids must be documented by appropriate measurements of EFA in serum lipids.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1975

Gloved hand as applicator of antiseptic to operation sites.

A 95% ethanol solution containing 0-5% chlorhexidine digluconate caused a significantly greater mean reduction in skin bacteria (99-9% plus or minus 0-024) when rubbed by a gloved hand on to the skin of one hand for two minutes than when applied to the same area for the same time with the traditional gauze applicator for operation sites (90-7% plus or minus 2-12). The latter reduction, however, was greater than that reported in five previous experiments in which application of the same solution for the same time to two hands gave mean reductions varying from 79% to 84%. An aqueous solution and a 70% alcoholic solution of chlorhexidine also gave significantly greater reduction (and alcoholic povidone iodine almost significantly greater reduction) when applied by a gloved hand than on gauze. It is inferred that the effectiveness of skin disinfection depends both on the antiseptic used and on the manner of application, and varies with the amount of friction used in applying the antiseptic. Further studies on disinfection of the surgeon's hands with 0-5% chlorhexidine in 95% alcohol rubbed on and allowed to dry have supported its value and acceptability; the mean bacterial counts of washings from gloves of surgeons after operations were lower after the use of this method than after other preoperative preparations of the hands.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy of prescription-eligible digital health applications for depression and generalized anxiety disorder in Germany: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In Germany, prescription-eligible digital mental health applications (DiGA) were introduced in 2020 as promising interventions to address, among others, depression and anxiety disorders, two of the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide. Despite growing interest in DiGAs, their overall efficacy remains uncertain. This study aimed to systematically evaluate and quantify the efficacy of prescription-eligible digital interventions for depression and generalized anxiety disorder by synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (19 trials; total N = 4,078; pooled mean age = 38.7 years, SD = 12.1). Here we show that prescription-eligible digital applications for depression and generalized anxiety disorder reduce symptom severity compared with control conditions. For depression, effects were observed both immediately after the intervention (number of apps = 5; k = 17; SMD = - 0.49; 95% CI - 0.65 to - 0.32) and at follow-up (number of apps = 1; k = 4; SMD = - 0.35; 95% CI - 0.46 to - 0.29), while evidence for generalized anxiety disorder was limited due to a small number of available studies (number of studies = 2). These findings support the integration of evidence-based digital tools into mental health treatment strategies in Germany. However, the available evidence is currently dominated by a small number of applications, particularly Deprexis, and should therefore not be interpreted as equally representative of all DiGAs currently listed for depression in Germany. The findings also highlight methodological limitations of current research and underscore the need for real-world evaluations, which address not only efficacy but also the effectiveness, content, quality and implementation.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder↗

PubMed1979

Therapeutic potential of conformal applicators for induction of hyperthermia.

One of the basic requirements for effective use of hyperthermia in treatment of cancer is the delivery of uniform heat to specific volumes of tissues and maintenance of the optimal temperature for an appropriate period of time. Preliminary results of temperature distribution in volumes of tissue placed between two conformal applicators energized at 2.45 GHz are presented. The applicators consist of a jointed-circuit antenna array comprising a multiplicity of dipoles backed by a metal cavity filled with a powder of high dielectric constant, and separated from the treatment area by a "beanbag" filled with the same powder. Uniform heating could be achieved in a tissue mass confined between two applicators placed 5 cm apart.

Diathermy↗

PubMed2026

diffMONT: predicting methylation-specific PCR biomarkers based on nanopore sequencing data for clinical application.

MOTIVATION: DNA methylation serves as a key biomarker in clinical diagnostics, especially in cancer detection. With methylation-specific PCR (MSP), a widely used approach, patient samples can be screened fast and efficiently for differential methylation. During MSP, methylated regions are selectively amplified with specific primers. With nanopore sequencing, knowledge about DNA methylation is generated during direct DNA sequencing without needing pretreatment of the DNA. Multiple methods, mainly developed for whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data, exist to predict differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the genome. However, the predicted DMRs are often very large and not sufficiently discriminating to generate meaningful results in MSP, creating a gap between theoretical cancer marker research and practical application, as no tool currently provides methylation difference predictions tailored for PCR-based diagnostics. RESULTS: Here, we present diffMONT, a tool that predicts differentially methylated regions specifically suited for MSP primer design, enabling rapid translation into practical applications. diffMONT takes into account (i) the specific length of primer and amplicon regions, (ii) the fact that one condition should be unmethylated, and (iii) a minimal required amount of differentially methylated cytosines within the primer regions. We compared the results of diffMONT to metilene and DSS based on a publicly available nanopore sequencing dataset and show that the regions predicted by diffMONT are more specific toward hypermethylated regions. diffMONT accelerates the design of methylation-specific diagnostic assays, bridging the gap between theoretical research and clinical application. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code for diffMONT, an open-source Python-based tool, is available at https://github.com/rnajena/diffMONT/, with an archived release under https://zenodo.org/records/17641031.

DNA Methylation↗

PubMed1979

Applications to undergraduate nursing courses.

Education of nurses has in recent years developed in centres of higher education, but with a rapid rise in courses offered concern has been expressed that too few suitable applicants may be available. This study has attempted to ascertain actual demand for the courses available by cross-referencing applications to a sample of courses, and has demonstrated a downward trend of suitable applications over the two years 1975 and 1976. A cautionary approach to establishing new courses or increasing numbers on existing courses may be advisable and further comparable work will be carried out to assess the validity of the trends already found.

Curriculum↗