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PubMed1998

Comparison of several equations and derivation of a new equation for calculating basal metabolic rate in obese children.

OBJECTIVES: To compare basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculated by the Harris-Benedict, Ravussin, Cunningham, World Health Organization (WHO) and Schofield equations to BMR determined in an obese pediatric population. The second objective is to derive a new equation, based on measured BMR in obese children, for calculating BMR in obese pediatric patients. METHODS: The study included 110 (50 male/60 female) healthy obese subjects (BMI > 28) (11.7 +/- 2.8 years, 73 +/- 27 kg, 152 +/- 14 cm and 38 +/- 6% fat) who had preprandial BMR determined by indirect calorimetry. These results were compared to BMR calculated with the five above mentioned equations. Fat-free mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance and body composition was calculated using the appropriate equation. The age groups analyzed were as follows: males 3 to 10 and 11 to 18 years old; females 3 to 10 and 11 to 18 years old. A new equation was derived by stepwise multiple regression analysis using 100 randomly selected subjects from our test group and tested using the remaining 10 subjects. RESULTS: Basal metabolic rate calculated by the Ravussin and Cunningham equations in all subgroups was lower (p < 0.05) than measured BMR. Basal metabolic rate calculated by the Harris-Benedict equation was lower (p < 0.05) than measured BMR in male populations ages 3 to 10, 11 to 18, and in the entire cohort. Measured BMR was overestimated by the Harris-Benedict equation (p < 0.05) in females 11 to 18 years old; by the WHO equation (p < 0.05) in both male and females 3 to 10 years old and by the Schofield equation (p < 0.05) in males 11 to 18 years old. In comparison to measured BMR, the WHO equation appeared to be the most accurate for estimating BMR in males and females 11 to 18 years old. However, BMR calculating using our new equation in the 10 test subjects was similar to measured BMR. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO equation was the most accurate of the prediction equations studied. However, our new prediction equation may be more appropriate for calculating BMR in an obese pediatric population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of physical training on basal metabolism. (1). Aging and long-term exercise loaded at a moderate intensity in rats].

Effect of training on basal metabolism in rats by means of long-term exercise loaded at a moderate intensity were studied. The Wistar-strain male rats were carefully bred at the room temperature of 23.0 +/- 1 degree C and humidity of 60%. The first physical training was carried out by motor driven treadmill for 8 weeks at a speed of 25 m/min for less than 15 min once daily and 6 times in a week after 4 weeks of birth. Continuously, the second training was carried out for 15 months at the same load of one time per week. Running ability and the recovery of glycogen in exhausted skeletal muscles on period of the first training, loaded from 4 weeks to 12 weeks after birth. There was no change on the basal metabolism between the trained and sedentary control rats. In general, the basal metabolism significantly fell by aging, for instance, 24 months rat's basal metabolism was 63% of 3-4 months rat's. The second training repressed a decline of running ability and rose the recovery of muscle glycogen in rats, though training could not be stopped lowering of basal metabolism in aged rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Factors associated with basal metabolic rate in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

To examine determinants of basal metabolic rate we studied 66 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and 24 healthy age- and weight-matched control subjects with indirect calorimetry and infusion of [3H-3-] glucose. Eight Type 2 diabetic patients were re-studied after a period of insulin therapy. Basal metabolic rate was higher in Type 2 diabetic patients than in control subjects (102.8 +/- 1.9 J.kg LBM-1.min-1 vs 90.7 +/- 2.8 J.kg LBM-1.min-1; p less than 0.01) and decreased significantly with insulin therapy (p less than 0.01). The basal rate of hepatic glucose production was higher in Type 2 diabetic patients than in control subjects (1044.0 +/- 29.9 vs 789.3 +/- 41.7 mumol/min; p less than 0.001) and decreased after insulin therapy (p less than 0.01). Hepatic glucose production correlated positively with basal metabolic rate both in Type 2 diabetic patients (r = 0.49; p less than 0.001) and in control subjects (r = 0.50; p less than 0.05). Lipid oxidation was increased in Type 2 diabetic patients compared with control subjects (1.68 +/- 0.05 vs 1.37 +/- 0.08 mumol.kg LBM-1.min-1; p less than 0.01) and decreased significantly after insulin therapy (p less than 0.05). The rate of lipid oxidation correlated positively with basal metabolic rate both in Type 2 diabetic patients (r = 0.36; p less than 0.01) and in control subjects (r = 0.51; p less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that basal metabolic rate, rates of hepatic glucose production and lipid oxidation are interrelated in Type 2 diabetic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Basal metabolic rate in myotonic dystrophy: evidence against hypometabolism.

We studied the basal metabolic rate in 13 males with myotonic dystrophy and 14 normal male subjects. Basal O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2) were measured by direct gas analysis with a ventilated hood system. Lean body mass was estimated by total body potassium (40K method) and muscle mass by urine creatinine excretion. The basal metabolic rate of patients with myotonic dystrophy was significantly reduced when related to surface area (-9%), but elevated when related to lean body mass (+17%). Previous reports of hypometabolism in myotonic dystrophy did not take into account the amount of muscle wasting in this disorder, and we conclude that in myotonic dystrophy the basal metabolic rate is actually elevated when corrected for lean body mass.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Basal metabolic rates of Indian women.

Basal metabolic rates (BMRs) in 60 Indian women resident in Bangalore and aged 18-30 years were measured during the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The data were used to obtain a predictive equation for BMR from body weight. The BMR measurements were comparable to BMRs of 52 Indian women reported more than 50 years ago, while they were 9.2% lower than Schofield's equation and 4.2% lower than that predicted by the equation of C.K.J. Henry & D.G. Rees (1991) Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 177-185. The equation obtained in this study predicts closely the BMRs of American women but underestimates BMRs of European women compared with figures recently reported in the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Factors regulating basal metabolism of the isolated perfused rabbit heart.

Basal metabolism has been measured in isolated whole hearts from rabbits and compared with myothermic and polarographic measurements on isolated papillary muscles. Hearts were perfused at constant pressure (Langendorff method) using a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution (KH) with glucose as substrate. Higher levels of basal O2 consumption (MVO2) and coronary flow (CF) were observed when arrest was induced by calcium depletion (low Ca; 0.1 mM CaCl2, 10.0 mM KCl) rather than by potassium excess (high K; 30.0 mM KCl). The metabolic rate of high K arrested hearts was close to earlier myothermic estimates (J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 16: 953-962, 1984); polarographic values, however, were about twofold higher, and somewhat higher than the value obtained in low Ca arrested hearts. The addition of erythrocytes, albumin, or dextran significantly reduced CF but did not substantially alter basal MVO2. Basal metabolic rate was substrate- and O2 tension-dependent, and under all experimental conditions there was linear relationship between MVO2 and CF. Extrapolations to zero flow showed that the basal MVO2 values so obtained were similar in low Ca or high K and were not altered by the presence of erythrocytes. Our results show that there are several factors regulating basal metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

[Basal metabolism].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1992

Energy intake and basal metabolic rate during maintenance chemotherapy.

Energy intakes and basal metabolic rates were determined in 26 children receiving chemotherapy in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or solid tumours and 26 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Body weight and height on the two groups were comparable, although one patient was stunted (height for age) and three others wasted (weight for height). Energy intake in the patients at 7705 kJ/day (1842 kcal) and controls at 7773 kJ/day (1866 kcal)) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in the patients at 4873 kJ/day (1172 kcal) and controls 4987 kJ/day (1196 kcal) for the two groups were not significantly different. Although the energy intake:BMR ratio for both groups was 1.59, the range of values for the patient group was large (0.96-2.73) and appeared to be greater than that observed in the control group (1.23-2.46). These results demonstrated that during this period of chemotherapy there was no evidence of raised energy expenditure at rest or reduced energy intake in the patient group. No indication of undernutrition in the patients as a group was evident, although some individuals might require further clinical nutritional assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comparisons between basal metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in different types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

1. Some patients with the emphysematous type of tobacco-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are hypermetabolic. Since the likely mechanism is the increased work of breathing, other groups of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be similar. We have now measured basal metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with an arterial partial pressure of CO2 of less than 5 kPa (emphysematous), nine patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with an arterial partial pressure of CO2 of greater than 6 kPa (bronchitic), eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to chronic asthma and seven control subjects. Diet-induced thermogenesis was measured for 4h after a meal of 87% carbohydrate, 11% protein and 2% fat as energy, with a total energy content of 40% of basal metabolic rate. 2. There was no difference between measured and predicted basal metabolic rate in the control (5541 +/- 272 versus 5881 +/- 245 kJ/24h) or emphysematous (5552 +/- 370 versus 6239 +/- 197 kJ/24h) groups, but measured basal metabolic rate was significantly higher than predicted in the bronchitic (6126 +/- 387 versus 5405 +/- 250 kJ/24h) and asthmatic (6293 +/- 197 versus 5701 + 245, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01) groups. All the control subjects had measured basal metabolic rates within 10% of predicted, whereas two out of six emphysematous patients, four out of nine bronchitic patients and five out of eight asthmatic patients were hypermetabolic. The contributions of fat, carbohydrate and protein oxidation rates to the overall basal metabolic rate were similar between groups. 3. Diet-induced thermogenesis was similar between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1985

[Effects of endurance moderate physical training on basal metabolism of young adult rats].

In order to clarify the conclusion that the change of basal metabolism affected by physical training, effect of endurance training for 8 weeks on basal metabolism of young adult rats were investigated. Results are as follows. Endurance training increased significantly running ability of rats, for instance the running time at a speed of 25 m/min on the control and training groups were 53.7 +/- 18.8 min, 232.8 +/- 32.8 min, respectively. The ratio of soleus's weight to the body weight in trained rats was high significantly (p less than 0.05). The glycogen contents of trained rats under the condition of feeding have higher than the control rats. Especially, glycogen contents of the soleus and red-gastrocnemius significant increased (p less than 0.05), and liver glycogen content under the same condition increased significantly (p less than 0.02). The oxygen consumption in trained rats increased significantly compared with control rats (p less than 0.03). The basal metabolism of trained rats showed 1.24-fold increase compared with those of control (p less than 0.02). Oxygen consumption of sliced ventricle in trained rats increased significantly (p less than 0.03), it's rate was 118% of control. However those of other tissues did not change significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The Zoogeography of Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate.

Zoogeographical effects on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 487 mammal species were analyzed using conventional and phylogenetically independent ANCOVA. Minimal BMR variance occurred at a "constrained body mass" of 358 g, whereas maximum variance occurred at the smallest and largest body masses. Significant differences in BMR were identified for similar-sized mammals from the six terrestrial zoogeographical zones (Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Palearctic). Nearctic and Palearctic mammals had higher basal rates than their Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan, and Neotropical counterparts. Desert mammals had lower basal rates than mesic mammals. The patterns were interpreted with a conceptual model describing geographical BMR variance in terms of the influence of latitudinal and zonal climate variability. Low and high basal rates were explained in unpredictable and predictable environments, respectively, especially in small mammals. The BMR of large mammals may be influenced in addition by mobility and predation constraints. Highly mobile mammals tend to have high BMRs that may somehow facilitate fast running speeds, whereas less mobile mammals are generally dietary specialists and are often armored. The model thus integrates physiological and ecological criteria and makes predictions concerning body size and life-history evolution, island effects, and locomotor energetics.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation↗
PubMed1996

Effects of acute changes in exercise intensity on basal metabolic rate in fit young men.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by open circuit indirect calorimetry on 3 consecutive days in 25 highly trained men aged 19-32 years. On day 1, the subjects abstained from all forms of exercise beyond normal sedentary activities. On day 2, they increased the level of exercise beyond their usual level of exertion. Measurements of BMR on day 3 showed a significant but small rise. It is suggested that in the prescription of exercise to patients in weight reduction programmes, bouts of vigorous exercise interspersed by one or more days of relative inactivity, will be more effective than a constant level of exercise.

Adult↗